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II
IHi
HU ENRH 3
^^
K^ ^^<s'ii> 7
^
"L.
ADVERTISEMKNTS.
t^vy/ W^9-}o^ isi iU 'it^ CS5 tS^ 9
53 HINDLEY STREET,
-A.i:)ELA.I3DB,
Begs respectfully to call the attention of aU persons requiring anything in the
above lines, before purchasing, to call and inspect his stock, which, for e^ent, he
can confidently assert is unequalled in the colony, and sold at such prices as to defy
competition, and render unnecessary any persons being their own importer.
Ledgers, Journals
Day Books, Cash Books
Waste Books, Invoice Books
Bill Books — Payable and Receivable
Account, Current, and Sales Books
Letter, Minute, and Order Books
Copying Presses, Stands, Books, Brushes
Damping Pans, Oil and Drying Paper.
Pencils (Lead) — Black, Blue, and Red
„ Ink and Parcel
„ Slate and French Chalk
„ Mordan's, Perry's, and other
patent
Quills, do. Pens and Toothpicks
Travelling Bags and Desks in Mo-
rocco, Russia, and other leathers
Metallic Memorandums and WaUets
Pocket Books and Bill Cases in Russia,
Morocco, Spanish Leather, &c.
Inkstands — Pewter, Glass, Papier Mache,
Mahogany, &c.
Guard Books for Letters and Invoices
Bankers' Pass and Exchange Books
Private Account Books, with Locks
Manuscript Books — ^loose Indices
Cargo Books, Bills of Lading
Bills of Exchange, Acceptance Forms
Deed Boxes — ^Jaipanned and Fire-proof
Pens — GHlott's, Perry's, and Mitchell's
Ink — Morrell's, Stephens, and Black-
wood's, Black, Blue, Red, and Copying
Writing Paper of all descriptions, plain
and fancy, with Envelopes to match
Despatch Boxes and Writing Desks in
Russia, Morocco, Walnut, Mahogany,
Rosewood, &c., plain, brass bound, &c.
&c. &c.
Post, Deliver, and Date Cases
Rulers — ^Roimd, Flat, and Parallel; in
Ivory, Box, Ebony, and Glass
Lawrie's and other Interest Tables
Byles and Chitty on BiUs
And an immense ntmiber of other Works of reference for office.
The PRINTED BOOK STOCK will be found replete in every department of
standard literature — the stock on hand at all times the labgest in the colony —
and new shipments, per L.S.R., BxnYy^mmamAmhtimmmtmiikmmiKkif^, vurMelboumd,
every ten days.
Digitized by
joogle
J. WILLIJtMS,
MANTJFAOTimmG AND (GENERAL STATIONER,
5 C3-k.esi3:jl:m: st:e?.eet,
(OPPOSITE THE SJVniGS BANK,)
ADELAIDE.
ACCOUNT BOOKS.
J. W. having imported the best description of Machinery, combining the latest improvements
(and emplo3ring none but the best workmen,) respectfully solicits a trial for First-class
Account Books, usually ordered from England ; and will guarantee all orders intrusted
to him will be executed in such a manner that they cannot be surpiissed by any English or
Colonial Manufacture.
An Assortment of Account Books, manufactured of the best Kent papers, always kept
in stock, comprising —
LEDGERS.
JOURNALS.
DAY BOOKS. I
WASTE BOOKS. !
ACCOUNT CURRENT BOOKS. |
LETTER BOOKS.
BILLS PAYABLE AND RECEIVABLE;
BOOKS. !
MINUTE BOOKS.
MACHINE COPYING BOOKS.
PETTY CASH BOOKS.
GUARD BOOKS FOR LETTERS AND
INVOICES.
BANKERS' PASS BOOKS.
MINING COMPANIES' SCRIP, SEALS,
REGISTER AND TRANSFER BOOKS, &c.
Also a variety of Account Books (Machine-made Papers) at less cost than the preceding.
J. W. invites attention to his varied Stock of Mercantile and General Stationkby,
of the best description, suitable for Bankers, Merchants, Insurance and Mining Companies,
Solicitors, Tradesmen, &c., not to be surpassed by any other house for price or quality.
Estimates will be furnished, when required, and Contracts entered into for regular
supplies of Account Books, Stationeut, Printing, &c. &c.
A Large and Miscellaneous Stock of General Stationery and Office Requisites
always on hand.
J. WILLIAMS,
MERCANTILE AND GENERAL STATIONER,
f 5 GRESHAM STREET, ADELAIDE.
(Opposite the Savings Bank.)
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11, ADVERTISEMENTS.
Sstabllshed 1839.
_ ft
I> L A.TT S' S
No. 1 HINDLEY & KING WILLIAM STEEETS.
WHOI^ESAIiE STORES, NOgBTH TERRACE
(Opposite the BaUway Terminus.)
IL.ITER.A.TTJR.E.
The newest works of interest received per overland mail and sailing vesseL Tlie
largest selection of Bailey, Parlour, and other Libraries in South Australia.
PERIODICALS AND NEWSPAPERS SUPPLIED WITH DREAT PUNCTUALITY.
Bibles, Prayer Books, and Church Services. Hymn Books for various denomina-
tions. Catholic Books.
m: xj s I c.
A LARGE SELECTION BOTH SECULAR AND SACRED. TUNE BOOKS.
STA-TIOTSTER-Y.
BOOKJBIIVDINO,
BY COMPETENT WORKMEN AND THE AID OF NEW MACHINERY.
.^CCOTJIVT BOOKS,
For Mining Companies, Banks, Building Societies, Merchants, Millers, Solicitors,
Medical and other Professional men, manufactured to order and ruled to any pattern.
COPYIIVG PRESSES, or l>est r^ondoiiL maJke.
INFERIOR ONES ARE NEVER TO Bit RELIED ON.
^WlEtAFI^JJSGr JPA.:]PER.S & BA.OS,
ALWAYS A VERY LARGE STOCK SUITABLE FOR ALL TRADES*
PHOTOGRAPH ALBUITIS,
A Large .Variety, Elegant Bindings, New Designs, Photographs and Cartes de
Visite received every mail.
AH€HER¥ AND CRICKETRT,
A LARGE STOCK OP THE ABOVE WELL SEASONED, ALWAYS IN STOCK.
• FANCY OOODS
In Leather, Papier Mach6, Gold and Silver, suitable for presents, &c.
AGENT FOR THK HOME NEWS.
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ADVERTISEMENTS. • Ul.
G. H. EGREMONT-GEE,
68 », U IV r> IL. E STjaEET.
SOLE AOEKTS FOB CBAHBB & CO., BEaBNT STBBET, LONDON.
PIANOFORTES,
OF BEASS, WOOD, OE PERCUSSION,^
LONDON OB CONTINENTAL MANUFACTURE,
AT SEASONABLE PEICES.
Vooal and InstiniiiieiiLtaly
Always on Hand, and Liberal Discount allowed to the Profession
and Teachers generally.
Concerts Arranged and Artistes engaged.
COMPETENT HANDS FOR TUNING S REPAIBISG.
68 BUNDLE STBEET, ADELAIDE.
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IV. ADVEBTIttBMENTS.
i
■^. .
xmiiiiiEirsE stock
OF
FtTSHI
&e. &c. &c.
DISPLAYED IN FOUR LARGE SHOW ROOMS.
103, 103J, 105, 105,i BUNDLE STREET.
Fill MMI S18W I88MS,
WHEEE PARTIES FURNISHING WILL FIND ELEGANT
«
BIAVIHS-iiiH riBEiriiB
IN WALNUT AND ROSEWOOD
WELL gSSASOXrSD CSSDJUK I'^BXTIX^BS:,
At very Low Prices, all manufactured on the Premises. ^
^ IRON BEDSTEADS, TUBULAR AND SOLID,
rOUE-POST, TENT, FEENCH, &c.
CHIMNEY, CHEVAL, AND DKESSING GLASSES.
HORSEHAIR MATTRESSES, FEATHER BEDS, &c.
FLOORCLOTH FOR ROOMS AND PASSAGES.
HXJNJDLE STREET, .^^JDEXj^^^JDE.
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ADVERTISEMENTS. V,
SAMUBL PBAI^GB,
HINDLEY STREET WEST.
Bents and Debts Gollectedi Bills Discounted^ and Loans
Negotiated.
Conmmnications from any part of the Colony will meet ^th prompt
attention.
ADELAIDE LOAN OFFICE,
HINDLEY STREET WEST,
Ofla.ce Hours, from Ten till Fonr O'clock.
Saturdays, Ten till One.
; #
From £5 and upwards, on Personal Security or
Deposit of Title Deeds.
SAMUEIL. PEAROE,
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ADTERTI BEMEK TS.
TOWNSEND, BOTTIN&, & KAT,
AFFBAISSES, LAND, HOUSE,
ilTD
fecral C^mmissbtt Agents,
AUCTION MART,
mt& SfBEll,
j^^DELi^IDE.
SAXES ATTENDED TO IN ALL PAETS OF
THE COLONY.
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.1
/
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Digitized by VjOOQIC
ADVERTISEMENTS. vii.
BOOK & STATIONERY WAEEHOUSE,
12 RUNDLE STREET,
E. S. "VV^IGG; Aoprietor.
WITH AN ACTIVB
x.03sri>03sr ^gj-ki^cy,
AND IMPOBTINO ON BEST TEBMS PROM THE CHIEF
XiOI^r>OI^ I>XJB3:,ISIIKRS,
AND A STOCK OV UPWABDS OV
4.5,000 -v o IjXJ m: K s,
E. S. Wioo offers abundant facilities for selectios, and at Prices as low as any
other Australian Importing House. Heads of Families and Schools, Committees
of Public Libraries, Institutes, and Sunday Schools should apply for his Titide
Catalogue, with special terms for quantities.
iiaga2iw^s^Xno^*i¥wspapers,
Including the Home News, on the usual Subscribing Terms.
SCHOOL BOOKS AND SCHOOL STATIONERY
AT GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.
A Large Stock always on hand, with Monthly Shipments arriving.
SEYEBAI4 THOUSAND PIECES OF
Including Music Instruction Books, Sacred Melodies, and Tune Books for Public
Social Service.
AETI8T8' OIL AND WATEE COLOURS AND MATEEIALS. *
CHROMO-LITHOGRAPHS, SKETCH BOOKS, &c.
MATHEIIATIGAL INSTRUMENTS, Loose and in Case.
*«* Engineers and ArUsta supjplied on Liberal Terms,
PLAIW AH© FAlSrCT STATIOBTEET,
ACCOUNT BOOKS AND RULED PAPERS,
• ORxcK:EiTE»ir, ace.
12 RVItDLE street ADELAIDE.
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VUl.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
ON SALE,
By Ross, Smith, Beck and Smith, Powell and Lealand and Baker.
AY OKRTLINC3f.'
I'oriiion Forceps.
Artery Forceps.
Caustic Holdera
Scalpels.
Curved Bistouries.
Sounds.
Hammers.
Gouges.
Tourniquets.
Bone Forceps.
Chain Saws,
&c,, Ac, So.
Estimates for fitUng Hospital Sorji^erys forwarded by post.
F. F. B A I L L I E R E,
104 COLLINS STREET EAST, MELBOURNE,
AND LONDON, PARIS, NEW TORE, AKD MADRV.
• Digitized<by Google
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SYNOPSIS. *
THE MOST RECENT AND ACCURATE INFORMATION
AS TO
EVERY TOWNSHIP, VILLAGE, AND HAMLET,
EVERY RIVER, CREEK, MOUNTAIN, LAKE, GOLD FIELD, ROAD, AND RAILWAY IN
SOUTH AUSTRALIA,
WITH ITS BOTANICAL, GEOLOGICAL, AND PHYSICAL FEATURES.
THE DIVISION OF THE COLONY INTO COUNTIES, ,
AND ELECTORAL, COUNCIL, PASTORAL, AND MUNICIPAL DISTRICTS AND HUNDREDS,
WITH THEIR BOUNDARIES AND STATISTICS.
TH;P NAMES, AREAS, OCCUPIERS, POSITIONS, RENTALS, NEW VALUATIONS,
AND GRAZING CAPABILITIES OF THE SQUATTING STATIONS,
WITH THE BEST MEANS OF REACHING THEM.
ALSO, PARTICULARS OF THE COAST SURVEY. «
STATISTICS OF THE PORTS, MANUFACTURES, AND AGRICULTURAL,
PASTORAL, AND MINING PURSUITS.
CENSUS OF DWELLINGS AND POPULATION, AREAS IN ACREAGE* AND MILES,
AND COMPREHENSIVE AND CORRECT ELECTORAL, MUNICIPAL, DISTRICT COUNCIL,
AND POLICE INFORMATION.
ALSO, A COMPLETE ROAD ITINERARY,
SHOWING THE EASIEST, MOST EXPEDITIOUS, AND CHEAPEST METHOD OF TRANSIT
AND CONVEYANCE OF GOODS TO AND FROM EVERY PLACE IN THE COLONY,
BY RAIL, COACH, BOAT, DRAY, OR HORSE.
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BAILLIERE'S
SOUTH AUSTRALIAN GAZETTEER
ROAD GUIDE,
CONTAINING
THE MOST RECENT AND AOrTTRATE INPORxMATloN
EVERY PLACE IN THE COLONY.
COMPILKI) 1^^ ROBT. V. WIIITWORTH.
WITH MAP.
F. F. B A I L L J K R p: , P i; J] 1. I >. II K R.
MELBOURNE: J04 COLLINS STREET EAST.
LONDON: H. BAILLIERE, REGENT STREET.
1866.
r-
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\^^ J'S^^ y
HARVARD*
[UNiVERSiTYl
LIBRARY
FEB 16 f956
MELBOURNE I
FBRGUSSON AND MOORE, GENERAL PRINTERS,
, FLINDERS LANE EAST.
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PREFACE.
k
Ik introducing this work to the notiee of the public, the compiler has great
pride in mentioning the success which ha« attended his previous efforts to
diffiise a knowledge of the physical, political, and social state of the colonies
of Victoria and New South Wales, by means of the *' Gazetteebs" of
those colonies. These books have eai^h attained an immense circulation,
both at home and abroad ; are accepted as standard work? of reference on
all questions regarding the places with which they deal, and have received
the highest e^omium? both from the colonial and the English press. The
present work will, it is hoped, further prove the desire and intention of the
projectors to carry out their original idea of giving an accurate and com-
prehensive view pf the whole of Australia, and^the information it contains
will, it is trusted, afford a correct description of the condition, productions,
industries, capabilities^ and vast resources of the colony of South Australia.
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EDITOR'S ADDRESS,
Ix accordance with the promise made in the " Victorian Gazetteer,"
and in the " New South Wales Gazetteer," of issuing in turn similar
works on all th» Australian colonies, and stimulated thereto by the incentive
of a large and rapid sale, and a highly flattering reception by the public and
the press, the proprietors hastened further to prosecute their intention, and,
almost before the ink was dry on the pages of the " New South Wales
Gazetteer," had commenced the compilation of the present one. This is
merely mentioned as proving their desire to carry out their design in such a
manner as, that the information afforded in the whole of the works shall
bear, as nearly as is po^jsible, the same date. It need hardly be mentioned
that in a work of this kind, where the difficulties of obtaining reliable
information are so great, and the sources of information so varied and widely
scattered, there must necessarily be many unforeseen delays, and from this
cause the publication of the work has been imavoidably deferred from the
middle of November, when it was anticipated it would be ready for issue,
until the present date. It is, however, hoped that the additional information
which has been obtained during the short postponement will ftdly com-
pensate for its lateness.
In a work of this nature it is, of course, impossible that the whole of
the matter it contains can be minutely correct, and this from the constantly
varying state of the colony, and the difficulties already alluded to ; but it is
hoped that the errors will be few, and, for the most part, unimportant ; and
this hope is advanced with the more confidence from the fact of the previous
, Digitized by LjOOQIC
Editor^ 8 Address, vii.
works having been found almost uniformly correct, even in the smallest
particular.
The information embodied in the work will be found to deal at consider-
able length with the three gteat interests of the colony, viz., mining, agri-
culture, and the pastoral interest, whilst other matters will be foimd not to
have been neglected.
The map given with the work is more fiill in its details than any map
of the colony ever yet published, not being a mere copy of existing ones, but
having been carefully compiled from the best authentic sources.
In conclusion, the Editor cannot but tender his most sincere thanks to
the following gentlemen who have, personally or by their infli^nce, aided
him in the compilation of the work, by affording him information, or by
placing facilities at his disposal for obtaining it : — ^The Hon. Arthur Blyth,
Chief Secretary; the Hon. W. Milne, Commissioner of Lands; and the
South Australian Ministry generally; Jos. Boothby, Esq., Government Statist;
E. W. Goyder, Esq., Surveyor-General; J. W. Lewis, Esq., Postmaster-
General; James N. Blackmore, Esq.; E. G. Blackmore, Esq., Parliamentary
Librarian; W. Hamilton, Esq. ; A. L. Smith, Esq. ; the Rev. J. E. T. Woods;
the Kev. W. W. Ewbank, . Mount Barker; the Rev. E. T. Howell, Port
Elliott; the Rev. J. A. Boake, Qare; D. Randall, Esq., J.P., Glen Para;
H. Mildred, Esq., Port Augusta; R. Gardiner, Esq., Survey Department;
G. W. O'Halloran, Esq., Survey Department; Captain H. N. Humphreys,
C.M.R. ; and S. Deering, Esq. ; the various postmasters, and several other
gentlemen.
The following maps and works of reference have be^ used in the
compilation of the work : — ^The Government map of South Australia, the
block plan of the settled districts, Austin's mining map, the squatting
Map of South Australia, the county maps as issued. Backhouse's " Aus-
tralian Colonies," " Handbook to Australia,'* the Rev. J. E. T. Woods's
*' Australian Explorations," and " Geological Observations in South Aus-
tralia," Jevon's "Essay on the Climatology of Australia," Wells's " Geo-
graphical Dictionary of Australia," Austin's " Mines of South Australia,"
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viii. Editor^s Address,
Ward's "Vineyards and Orchards of South Australia," Boothby'd
"Adelaide Almanack," the metropolitan and provincial journals, and the
Government Oaiette, Statistical Begister^ and parliamentary papers.
The Editor, in presenting the result of his labours to the pubKc, trusts
to the indulgence of his readers for any errors or omissions which may
appear in its pages, .and hopes they may be ascribed, not to any lack of
diligence or care on his part, but rather to the many difficulties in the way
of obtaining information with which he has had to contend.
R. P. WHITWORTH,
• Editor " South Australian Gazetteer."
Adelaide, 4Xh December, 1866.
ADBITTOKd AND CORBECTIOKS.
«^ 8ee Page 289.
N. B.- In the letter B, the part commencing Bi ha« been erroneously placed after,
instead of before Bl.
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THE
SOUTH AUSTRALIAN GAZETTEEE,
1 S 6 7.
[Note. — The fallowing ahhreviaUons are used in, iJvis work : — Co. for eowniy ; lat. for
laUtude; long, for longitude; mag. var. for magnetic voflriation; and the inUiaH
letters of the points of the compass for the hearings} majL.'for maainmrn; min. /or
minimwm; and t&mp, for temperatwre.']
A. B. C. KANGE is the name given to a succession of curious hills, of which
the N. side of each is steep and generally capped with rocks, lying to the S. of HArd-
wick's bluff. It has its name from an idea that the number of peaks is the same at
that of the letters oi the alphabet,
jiL'BECBLETT'S POND, 30** K/ S. lat., 138' 2(yE. long., (Flinders' ^triet) is a
water-hole lying near mount Lyndhurst, and on the upper end of the river Munday.
It lies in good pastoral country to the E. of mount Termination.
jiL'BECBLETT'8 POND STATION (N, district ;J lease No. 905; occupiers,
Davenport and Fowler; area, 90 square miles; rent and assessment, £46 10s. This
station lies on the lagoon of the same name, near mount Deception, the nearest post-
office being Angipena.
AiBERDEEN (Co. Burra) is a small township, forming part of the township of
Redruth,^lthough separated from it by the Burra creek. — See Kedbuth.
AiC&ABKAN CREEK {Flinders district) is a small creek flowing through Cooey-
ana, the sheep station of Messrs. Lindsay and (jibson, into the head of Blanche-
port Bay, a small E. indentation of Streaky bay.
jiLDEXiAZBE, 34° 57' S. lat., 138° 38' E. long. {Co. Adelaide,) is a large and
wealthy city, situate on the river Torrens, 6 miles E. from the E. shore of the gulf of
St. Vincent, and 7 miles from the port of landing, and is the metropolis of the colony
and the seat of government. Its site was fixed upon by Colonel William Light, the
surveyor-general, and commander of tlie Rapid, a ship chartered by the South Australian
comnussioners. Colonel Light, who arrived at Kangaroo island in August, 1836,
immediately proceeded to the bay, and subsequently to port Lincoln, in order to survey
those places in order to judge of their suitability as sites for a metropolis, but abandoned
them both. He afterwards, by virtue of the discretionary power vested in him, coasted
along the E. side of the gulf of St. Vincent, and discovered the estuary running up to
the present township of port Adelaide. Proceeding inland, he found a large fertile
plain, bounded on the E. by a lofty chain of mountains and watered by a small river,
and on the banks of that stream he selected the site for the m^opolis. Here he
commenced to lay out the city, which was named Adelaide in honour of Adelaide, the
queen of William IV., the stream being called the Torrens river after Colonel Torrens,
the chairman of the commissioners for South Australia. In Decetnber of the same year,
the first appointed governor, Capt. John Hiddmarsh, R.N., arrived at Adelaide with
immigrants, and on the 28th day of that month took formal possession as
governor, at Glenelg, near a singularly shaped old gum tree, where, in the
presence of the assembled colonists, about 200 in number, he issued the proclamation
estabUshing ihe government of the colony. A metal plate was attached to the
teee, in 1857, in commemoration of the event, bearing the following inscription:
"On this spo^, on the 28th Decembqj:, 1836, the oolony of South Australia
was proclaimed and established as a province, by Capt. John Hindmarsh, B.N.,
B
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2 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Ade
1 «
the goYernor thereof, acting in the name and on hehalf of His Majesty King
WillSim IV., in the presence of the chief officers of the government and other colonists.
On the 28th December, 1857, the record of the above ft^ct was here publicly affixed by
Sir R. G. Macdonnell, E:C.B., govemor-in-chief 9^he province, in the presence of me
assembled colonists, to commemorate the event Oi the colony attaining its 2l8t year,
and to testify their feelings by a day of public rejoicing. God save the Queen." During
the laying out of the city the colonists temporarily established themselves in various
places in the vicinity, and it was not until March, 1837, that the survey was completed.
The trees were rapidly cleared, the owners of land selected their town lots, and the
remainder were disposed of, by auction, at prices varying from £2 to 420 per acre.
The city itself was laid out on the S. bank of the river and comprehended 1042 acres,
a reserve of a J-mile wide completely surrounding the city, and called the park lands,
being closed against sale, and kept as a people's park, and for public purposes only.
At the same time another township on the N. side of the city, beyond the park lands
and the Torrens, which flowed through that part of them, was laid' out and called
North Adelaide, its main streets being called after the gentlemen" forming the
colonial commission; Barnard, Lefevre, Mackinuon, Montefiore, Palmer, and Pennington.
The city of Adelaide, delightfully situated on a large plain, hemmed in on the E. by
the Adelaide or Flinders range of mountains, which appear almost to overhang the
town, and whose beauty and magnificence must be seen to be fully appreciated. They
lie at a distance of about 5 miles from the city and are of every description, consisting of
beautiful bald hills and of rugged and precipitous ranges covered with the sombre
eucalyptus of Australia, of gentle slopes where the purple grapes ripen under the
summer sun, and of deep and fearful gorges and chasms down which thunder the fierce
mountain torrents in winter. Here and there embosomed in the hills peeps forth a
stately mansion, or the shingled roof of a farmer's homestead or a vigneron's cottage,
and the enti{e landscape, as seen from the streets of Adelaide, is one of loveliness and
tranquil beauty. The city is built nearly in the form of a square, its streets running
at right angles; the main street. King William street, is a fine, wide, thoroughfare,
running in a N. and S. direction. It is lined with fine public and private buildings on
both sides, and is the principal place of business, although the large and fashionable
shops are mostly situated in Bundle and Hindley streets, running at right angles to it,
and on its E. and W. sides respectively. The boundaries of the city consist of 4
terraces, each about a mil&in length, facing the park lands, and known as the North,
South, East, and West terraces. Besides the park lands, which extend about a |^-mile
on each side the town, and are reserved from sale, and which act as lungs fo%the city
and places of recreation for its inhabitants, there are 5 public parks reserved within
the city boundary. The central square, which lies in the centre of the city, is called
the Victoria square; that in the N!E. corner of the city is called Hindmarsh square;
that in the N.W., Light square; that in the S.E., Whitmore square; and that in the
S.W., Hurtle square. These reserves are planted with trees and shrubs, and have
benches placed in them for the convenience of the nursemaids and children who visit
them.
Adelaide is divided into two electoral districts, Adelaide E. and Adelaide W. The
former contains 1 647 acres, and is represented in the Legislative Assembly by 2 members,
the present ones being the hon. Thomas Reynolds, and Philip Santo, Esq. The latter
contains 1962 acres, and is also represented by two members in the Assembly, the
present ones being James Penn Boucaut, Esq., and Robert Henry Fuller, Esq. For
municipal purposes the city is also divided into four wards, — the Hindmarsh ward,
containing 507 acres; Gawler ward, 480 acres; Grey ward, 1391 acres; and Robe ward,
1231 acres; making a total of 3609 acres. The present mayor is William Townsend,
Esq., M.P., and there are 8 councillors. The receipts and expenditure for the year
1865 in this munid|)ality were as follow*:— Amount of assessment, £166,187 Ss., — rate
declared in the pound, Is ; amount of rates collected, £8592 Is. 6d.; government grant
in aid of rates, £5376 Os. 3d.; private subscriptions collected, £1373 78. 8d.; govern-
ment grant in aid of such subscriptions, £907 4s. 3d.; amounts raised from other
sources, X'6366 3s.;— total receipts, £22,614 16s. 8d. ; office expenses and salaries,
£2879 17s. 6d.; expended on public works, £13,149 8s.' 9d. The meetings of the
council are held in the town hall. King William-street, a fine building just erected by
the corporation, and containing a< large ball, a council chamber, and the necessary
offices for carrying on the business of the city. The city and neighbburhood are
supplied with water of the best quality from 2 large reservoirs lying at a few miles
distance on its E. side, and the water woiks were completed in 1861, at a cost of
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about £256,000, and water is now introduced into eyery dwelling, and the ^uantitf
unlimited. Sereral fountains are also erected in the streets and squares of the city, and
troughs placed at suitable places for cattle. Previous to this time the citizens were
supplied by watermen, who carried on a thriying trade. The chief place from whence
they obtained their supply was at a romantic spot on the riyer Torrens called the Ford,
situated in a line from Morphett-street, and on a road running to North Adelaide. On.
the banks close by were the waterworks and baths of a priyate company, f^here the water
was raised into eleyated cisterns, and supplied to those watermen who preferred to pay
the sum of threepence a load to dipping it by nleans of a tin bucket, and thus fill their
casks from the river. This was a busy spot on the breaking out of a fire in those days
— the military and police turned out tp afford help, fire engines were brought into play,
watermen were to be seen driving at a rapid rate to and from the river, over ill-made
roads, to the scene of conflagration, and the inhabitants generally were on the alert, as,
from the nui4ber of wooden houses, a fire was much dreaded. The watermen were
also compelled to keep their carts filled with water, during night-time, and the first
load arriving at the scene of danger was awarded the sum of fite pounds. At the
present time there are nearly a thousand fire plugs laid down in the city, and suitable
hose, under the control of appointed officers, being provided. The old system of alarm
by ringing a bell at the post-office, the church and chapel bells, and giving full vent to
the shrill note of the steam whistle at the Ford waterworks, are alike dispensed with.
A fire-bell, however, is erected at the back of the post-office, in case of need.
Adelaide is the seat of the bishop of Adelaide, under the Church of England,
the Bight Bev. Augustus Short, D.D., Ohristchurch College, Ozon, (now in Englfu|d,)
and of the Bight Bev. Lawrence B. ShieL The head-quarters of the Fresbytemn,
Congregational, Wesleyan, Primitive Methodist, Baptist, and other denominations are
also in Adelaide, which has been denominated the city of churches, from the number
of edifices it contains erected for the purposes of public worship. The English
churches we Trinity (670 sittings,) the Very Bev. Dean Farrell, M.A., incumbent j
Christchurch, North Adelaide (750 sittings,) the Yen. Arohdeacon Woodcock, incum-
bent; St. Luke's (600 sittings.) the Bev. James PoUitt; St Paul's (650 sittings,) the
Bev. A. B. BusseU, rural dean; and St. John's (350 sittings,) the Bev. D. H. Ibbetson.
The diocesan synod, constituted ini 1855, meets in session at the Church office on a
summons from the bishop after Easter in every year. It consists of all clergymen in
the diocese and of delegates from each congregation elected at Easter. The Boman'
Catholic churches are St.F. Xavier's cathedral and St. Patrick's. The CongregatioMklists
have 2 churches, and 1, the Stow Memorial church, in memory of the late Bev. T. Q.
Stow. There is a Congregational union, formed in 1850, and holding annual meetings
in April. The Wesleyans have 2 churches, the Baptists 2,*the Presbyterians, (the
Presbytery meeting oa the first Tuesday in every month in Chalmers's schoolroom,
the Bev. John Gardner being moderator;) the Primitive Methodists, 2; the Bible
Christians, 1; the Methodist New Connexion, 1; the Christian Brethren, 2; the
Disciples of Christ, 1 (280«sittings;) the Society of Friends, 1; the Lutherans, 1; the
New Church Christians, 1 ; the Unitarians, 1 ;iand the Hebrew congregation, a synagogue,
consecrated in 1850 (5610,) and containing 120 sittings. The diocese of Adelaide was
endowed by Miss Burdett Coutts, the endowment fand being £17,500. Besides this are
endowments left by Messrs. Leigh and Allen, yielding an annual income of nearly
iB3000. The sum of £2000 has been invested for the endowment of the dean and
chapter, and parochial endowments of from £20 to £70 have been formed in many of
the parishes. The Church of England Endowment society has £10,000 intended for
parochial endowments ; the sum of £500 per M»num*s granted by the Society for the
Propagation of the Gospel in aid of recently -lormed cures; and £100 per annum is
granted by the bishop of St. Asaph for endowment. The places of worship in
Adelaide are as follow:— Church of England: Holy Trinity, situate at the corner of
Morphett-street and North-terrace, was erected in 1838. Christ Church, a very hand-
some building, more particularly as regards the interior, is situated in North Adelaide,
and -was consecrated in December, 1849. St. John's: the foundation stone of this clfurch
was laid in October, 1839; it is situated in St. John-street, Gilles-street, and the laud
on which it was built was presented for this purpose by Osmond Gilles, Esq. St.
Luke's, situated on the W. side of Whitraore-square, was erected in 1856. St.
Paul's, Pulteney-street, was opened for public worship in 1859, and the recently-
erected nave and chancel were consecrated in August, 1865. St. Peter's College chapel,
Boman Catholic church. — The Cathedral of St. Francis Xavier is situated in Victoria.'
square, and St. Patrick's, West- terrace. Wesleyan Methodist church.— The founda-
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tton stone of Pirie-ttreet chapel was laid on the 15th July, 1850, by his Excellency Sir
H. F. Toung, and the chapel opened in 1854; and Archer-street, N. Adelaide. Con-
gregationalists— Freeman-street chapel, for a long time known as Mr. Stow% is situated
Si the street from whence it bears its name. A new building, in memory of the late
Bev. T, Q. Stow, is in course of erection in Flinders-street, to be called the Stow
Memorial church; another in Hindmarsh-square, and a chapel in Brougham-place, N^
Adelaide. Baptists: Flinders-street chapel, erected in 18G3-4, is a yery handsome strac-
tnre. There is also a chapel in connectifon with this denomination on Lefevre-terrace,
K. Adelaide, and another at Brougham place. Methodist New Connection: A hand-
fome building for this denomination, situated in Franklyn-street, was erected in 1864
at a cost of £3500. Christian Brethren : This congregation meets in Bentham-street.
diurch of Scotland: St. Andrew's, Wakefleld-street; Chalmer's Church, North-ter-
race; and United Presbyterian, Flinders-street — the latter is a very handsome struc-
ture, erected in 1864-5, and opened in October of the latter year. Bibllf Christians :
Chapel in Young-street, erected in 1857. Primitive Methodists: The building for this
body is in Morphett-street, and was erected in 1859. Disciples of Christ: Chapel in
Grote- street. Society of Friends : Meeting house in Pennington- terrace, N. Adelaide.
New Church: Meeting house in Carrington-street Qerman Evangelical: There are
two German congregations in Adelaide, one in Carrington-street, and the other in Way-
mouth -street, at the old Primitive Methodist Chapel. Unitarians : The only place of
worship in the colony belonging to this body is in Wakefield-street. Hebrew Congre-
gation : The synagogue in Bundle- street was consecrated for Divine worship in 1850.
fhe present system of education was founded by Act of Legislative Council in
A central beard of education, composed of seven members, a secretary, and two
inspectors, are appointed to guard the interests of education, with the help of the vari-
ous district councils in the country districts. Teachers licensed by the .board are
entitled to an annual stipend of £40 to ^£60, in addition to the usual school fees.
Orphans and destitute children are paid for by the Government. The 'number of
schools in the colony under the direction of the board at the present time, is 259, and
the number of scholars about 1 1,600. At the head of the educational establishments is
the collegiate school of St. Peter's— (See Stepket.) Next in importance is the Ade-
laide educational institution. It has sent out sonte excellent scholars, and although
not a denominational scho<^ is chiefly patronised by the Congregationalists.
Adelaide is lighted witn gas, supplied by the South Australian gas company. This
oomp§ny is incorporated under an act of parliament of 1861. The capital is fixed at
£30,000 in 6000 shares of £5 each, with power to increase to £60,000 by the issue of
additional shares. The liability of the shareholders is limited to double the amount of
their shares. By their act of parliament, the company have power, by giving due
notice, to break up streets, &c., for laying pipes and other purposes, but it requires the
company to reinstate all roads and streets so broken up without delay, and in case of
delay empowers parties having control of such roads or streets to repair them and
recover the expense from the company. Power is given to*the company, in their act,
to contract for lighting streets, public buildings, &c., and to let on hire meters, &c., at
a rent not exceeding 20 per cent, on the cost price in Adelaide. The meters, &c.,
rented by the company to consumei'b of gas are not subject to distress for rent, or to be
taken in execution or sequestrated with the estate of such persons. The maximum
price of the gas supplied by the company is not to exceed 30s. per 1000 cubic
feet, and it shall be of a quality capable of producing from an argand burner having
15 holes and a 7-inch chimney or other approved burner, and consuming 5 feet of
gas per hour, a light equal in ftitensity to the light produced by 12 sperm candles
of 6 to the pound, and burning 120 grains per hour. The company has power to inspect
the meters and fittings of consumers at any time between the hours of 8 a.m.
and 10 p.m., and any person obstructing any officer appointed for such inspection
would be liable to a penalty not exceeding £5. The corporation of Adelaide has
power under the act to appoint an inspector of meters, who, after notic#, there being
BOthlbg owing the company, may inspect any consumer's meter, and in case of payment
^ving been made in excess, such excess shall be refunded by the company. Power is
given to the company, where rent for gas is due, to cut off the supply 48 hours after
payment has been demanded, lind to recover the arrears of rent and cost of cutting off
the service pipe. Provision is made in the act for the removal of pipes where the use of
the gas is discontinued, and for compensation by the company whese property is damaged
in such removal. A penally of £5 can be recovered by the company from any person
who fraudulently injures any meter cnr other property, or who may waste or fraudulently
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consume $ab. There are in the act ample proyisions ibr puniihinj? the company
fiMT contaminating water, causing a nuisance, or for the escape of gas. The limits of the
company extepd to and include the city of Adelaide, the town of Fort Adelaide, and the
towns and villages included in a radius of eight miles from the general post office. Th«
first directors were the Hon. Henry Ayers, Hon. Arthur Blyth, Thomas Graves, Esq.,
J. P., George Peter Harris, Esq., and Greorge Young, Esq., J.P.; these gentlemen are
still in office, having been re-elected at different periods under the company's deed of
settlement, which provides that three directors shall retire annually, and that no
director shall remain in office for a longer period than three years without re-election.
The ordinary meetings of the shareholders are held in ^e month of July in each
year. The city works are situated at Brom^ton, near Adelaide, on the line of the city
and port railway. The coal used in the manufacture of the gas is from New Souui
Wales, and is carbonized in clay retorts. Gas was first supplied to the city on June
22nd, 1863, the price then charged being 21s. per 1000 cubic feet; this was subsequently
reduced on July 1, 1865, to ISs., and on July 1, 1866, to 17s. per 1000 cubic feet,
which Is the rate now charged. Works are nearly completed for supplying the town of
Port Adelaide with gas. These works are situated about a mile from the town, on the
line of the city and port rdilway. They are constructed on the same principle as the
city works. •
A company for the manufacture of ice, with suitable offices and works, is established
in the city, and supplies this article of luxury and comfort in warm climates at a
reasonable rate during the summer season. There is also an aerated bread company,
under the management oi Mr. P. Fox. The bakery is a large brick building, having
all the necessary appliances. This company also produces bread, not aerated, and has
a large connection.
The N. side of Adelaide proper, separated from it by the Torrens river and the
Park lands reserve, is the suburb of North Adelaide. It is a favourite place of
residence for gentlemen having business in the city, and lies on an elevation overlooking
and having a fine view over it, apd over the plains between it and the gulf of St.
Vincent to the W. A fine iron bridge of peculiar construction, and crossing the
Torrens, lies on the road from the suburb to the city (see Torb^ns River.) On the
S. side lie the suburbs ^ Farkside and Unley; and in the park lands on this side the
city is the rifie-shooting ground, a large tract of fiat land extending £. and W., and
having 5 large and sul stantial stone butts erected in the middle, with targets and
markers and umpires' shields erected. On the E. side are the suburbs of Stepney, Ken-
sington, and Norwood, taken up as villa residences, and for gardening and dairy -iiarming
purposes; and on the W. lie the suburbs of Bowden, Hindmarsh, and Brompton, in the
Litter of which places the gas works are situated, and in all of which villages brick-
making is carried on to a large extent.
Adelaide is indebted to the enterprise of its private citizens and trading companies
for the finest of its buildings, with the exception of its town hall and government offices.
The latter consist of a range of splendid stone buildings, built in the middle of the city,
having a fine but not ornamental front to the main street, and comprising the Treasury
with its offices, and the land survey and immigration offices. The design was by the late
colonial architect, Mr. E. A. Hamilton, and is in the Italian style, very clia>te and
handsome. The town hall, which is the pride and boast of Adelaide, is a magnificent
structure, erected in the best part of the town. The foundation-stone was laid on the
4th of May, 1863, by his Excellency the Governor. A peal of 8 bells, puBpltased by
iubscripiion as an Albert memorial, graces the tower, which is to be calleuthe Albert
tower, after the lamented prince— Architects, Messrs. Wright and Woods. Tht
supreme court and its offices are situated on the S. side of Victoria square, and occupy
a fine freestone building, massive in structure, and a combination of Oreciun, Doric and
Italian in style. It was built in 1849 at a cost oi £10,000. The hou&es of parliament
are on the N. side of North-terrace, and consist of a range of brick buildings with pointed
gables. This building was erected in 1 855 at a cost of £13,000. It contains th}' council
and assembly chambers with their offices, a fine parliamentary library under the charge
'Of £. Blackmore, Esq., librarian, a refectory, lavatories, and other office s. At the rear of
the premises is a large ornamental garden, which forms a pleasant adjunct to tliatpart of
tilie town. The railway station is a brick building standing about luO yards to the W.
of the parliament houses, and although small in itself, has capacious goods and other
iheds at its rear. From this station passengers and goods are conveyed to Port Adelaide
by the port line, and to Kapunda and intervening stations by,tbe northern line, the
junction of the two lines being about a mile from the city. The station was erected in
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Ths South Australian Gazetteer. [Ade
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1854 at a cost of £7111, and iu the Anglo-Italian style. The post-office is a hric^ and
ftnocoed building in King William-street, opposite the gorernment offices, and is sur-
^mounted by a tower having a clock, with 3 dials, i^hich denote the time on the N., E.,
md S. sides respectively. The money order and police offices adjoin this building on
the S. side, and are also of brick covered with dingy stuoeo. The telegraph office
is situated in the business part of King William-street, in a part known amongst
merchant.% as <'the Flags." It is a plain building, and forms the front part
of the Exchaiige, which is a long room set apart for the transaction of business,
and supplied with the colonial and many of the intercolonial and English papers.
Government house is situsfted on the North Park lands, adjacent to North-terrace and
City Bridge-road. It is in the Italian st^de, and was designed by Mr. G. S. Kingston,
architect, in the days of Governor Gawler. In 1856, it was enlarged and improved, in
accordance with the original plan, at a cost of £10,000. At its entrance is a gate- way and
guard-house, where, since the departure of H.M. troops for New Zealand, the poUce do
duty as sentinels. A marine residence at Glenelg, and a country villa are also provided
for the Govei^or. The latter is pleasantly situated in the hills, about 4 milel beyond
^itcham, and is known as* Government farm. The original humble house of the first
governor, alluded to in a previous page, was situated about 500 feet N.W. of
the proi^nt vice-regal residence. The South Australian institute is a noble building,
situate on North-terrace, immediately east of the Government domain. It was buUt
in 1859, at a cost of £7000. The institute is liberally supported by the Goviernment,
and is under the control of 4 governors elected by the members. The reading-room
is well supplied with the chief English magazines and reviews, and a good se ection of
newspapers, English and colonial. The library contains about 12,000 vols., and is free
to the public for reading at the rooms. The reading-room is open to the public from
10 a.-m. till 10 p.m. Members paying £1 per annum can take home books from the
library, on certain regulations, and have free admission to lectures. A museum, a
school of design, and other branches of education are also established. The museum is
open to the public from noon till dark. The hospital situated on the Park lands, near
the E. extremity of North-terrace, is a large and commodious building in the Italian
style, and has been erected at a cost up to the present time of £23,000. It contains
8 wards, in which accommodation is provided for upwards* of 150 patients, but the
average number of patients is about 100. This institution is supported from private
funds, and a public dispensary is attached. The friends of patients are admitted thrice
a week, with exceptions in cases of emergency. The Botanic garden, situated imme-
diately E. of the hospital, is most tastefully laid out, and a place of great attraction to
the public Its formation was commenced in 1855, the old garden behind Government
house having been then abandoned for the present more eligible site. The garden
occupies about 40 acres of ground, and has recently been beautified by fountains, lakes
~-on which may be seen both black and white swans, and many other specimens of
water-fowl — statuary, green-houses, a very handsome domed conservatory, pleasure-
grounds and sylvan-lilie walks. It also contains above 3000 species of plants, aviaries
for native and other bi»ds — including a few English songsters — enclosures for animals
&c. &c. Like the previous institute it is a government establishment under the control
of a board of governors. The public are admitted from sunrise to sunset. On Sundays,
the hours are from 2 to 5, and closing is notified by the ringing of a bell. The grounds
were laid out by the late Mr. Geo. W. Francis. The director is Mr Schomburgk.
The obsPvatory, in 34° 57' S. lat., 138° 38' E. long, is on the West-terrace. The exhi-
bition building is pleasantly situated on the park lands, a short distance from the
* hospital, and was erected in 1858 for the purpose of affording accommodation for
. holding the annual show of the Agricultural and Horticultural society. This generally
takes place about the middle of February in each year, and prizes are awarded to the
exhibitors of the best grain, fruits, wines, dairy and garden produce, and also for agri-
cultural and other implements. The show fair is a grand gala day for many of the
young and old of the city and suburbs. The city baths were opened to the public in
1862, and are conveniently situated on the City Bridge- road. The baths are available
from 5 a.m. to 9.30 p.m. during summer months; and from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. during
winter months. A first-class bath is set apart for the use of ladies only, every
Thursday and Friday from 10 to 12. The asylum for the destitute is at the rear of the
institute, and affords relief to the aged and infirm, or deserted or orphan children.
' The establishment is a government one, and is under the control of a board. The
servants' home for feftiale immigrants is provided by the aid of government and a com-
mittee of ladies. The theatre is situated in Gilles arcade, a little to the east of light-
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square, and is the property of a private gentleman. During the ^ason the most
available talent is engaged. The gaol is situated on the southern banks of the Torrens,
about a quarter of a mile W. of the city, and was erected in the year 1840, with
accommodation for about 200 persons ; but the average number of inmates, including
debtors, seldom exceeds 75. The gaol is somewhat of an ornamental looking building
on the outside, and latterly the grounds in front, to the extent of several acres, have
been planted Vith vines and fruit trees. The more incorrigible prisoners, and Uiose
long-sentenced, are sent to the stockade, about 7 miles from , Adelaide, and are
employed at stone quarrying. Keeper of gaot, Charles J. Lawrence; superintendent
at stockade, F. W. Howell. The Lunatic asylum, situated Hflittle to the rear and E.
of the botanic garden, is a building of some magnitude, in the Elizabethan style. The
private buildings of Adelaide are pumerous, and many of them very fine in their
structure. Until recently, the shops, banks and other places of business were of the
plainest description, and small in dimensions, but of late many of the old unsightly
buildings erected in the early days of the colony have been taken down, and magnificent
structures been raised in their stead. Of these, the banks and insurance offices, and
several new stores in King William-street, are the finest. Adelaide has branches of
the Soutk Australian, Australasian, Union, National; English, Scottish and Australian;
Adelaide, Savings', and Penny savings' banks: and of the Adelaide, Adelaide Marine,
Alliance, Australian Alliance,' Australian Mutual Provident, Australasian, Britannia,*
Church of England, City of Glasgow, Colonial, Cornwall, Derwent and Tamar, Eagle^
European, Hobart Town and Launceston, Home and Colonial, Imperial, Liverpool and
London and Globe, Lloyd's, New South Wales; New Zealand, North British, Northern,
Pacific, Queen, Royal. South Australian Lloyd's, Southern, and Universal insurance
and assurance companies. The mining companies are the Adelaide, Bremer, Cape
Jervis, Copper Miners, Glen Osmond, Grfttt Northern, Kanappa, Kanmantoo, Kapunda,
Karkarilla, Matta, Moonta, Murninnie, Mount Lily, New Cornwall, South Australian,
Talisker, Wallaroo, West Kanmantoo, New Kanmantoo, Wheal Coglin, Wilkawat,
Worthing, YeUa, Yorke's Peninsula, Yudanamutana, and English and Australian. The
miscellaneous companies are the Adelaide Land and Credit; Ice; .^aled Bread;
Australian Trust, General Finance, Land, Credit and Agency; Glen Osmond road
metal; Kadina and Wallaroo railway and pier; South Australian coal; South Austra-
lian slate; South Australian gas; and Northern Territory companies. The Adelaide
club, a fine large brick building, stands in North-terrace, nearly opposite Government
house. Members are admitted by ballot only, and on the introduction of 2 members of the
club. Adelaide has 2 racecourses, 1 at the suburb of Britannia, near Norwood, on the
E. side of the city, and being an excellent course, with a fine roomy stone-built grand-
stand; and the other at Thebarton, on the W. side of the city, ^d having a grand-
stand constructed of wood." There is a jockey club, a cricket club, a rowing club, an
archery club, a rifie association, a gymnastic and fencing club, an agricultural and
horticultural society (which holds »- show in February,) a horticultural and floricul-
taral society, an acclimatisation society, a pastoral association, 2 winegprowers'
associations, a total abstinence society, a philosophical society, a society of arts,
an auxiliary bible society, and benevolent society of blues, and an orphan home
for the reception and training of oiphan children, a corps ol rifie and 1 of artillery
volunteers, and a fire brigade in the city. iThe principal hotels are the York
(Hornibrook's,) and the Globe (Henning's,) in Rundle-street; the Clarence (Comock's,)
and the Criterion (Hubble's,) in King William-street; the Freemasons' (Darling's,) in
Pirie- street; the Black bull (Battam's,) in Hindley-street; and several others, also
numerous inns in all parts of the city. The newspapers are the Register ^ Advertiser and
^e/€!^ra/)^ (morning daily,) the Express and Evening Telegraph (evening daily,) and
the Observer, Chronicle and Mail (weekly,) also a German newspaper, the Deutsche
Zeitung. Adelaide has the following Masonic lodges:— E.C., Lodge Friendship, Lodge
Harmony, United Tradesmen's Lodge, Lodge Truth, Lodge Concord, Albert Lodge, a
Boyal Arch Chapter, a lodge of Mark Masters, and an encampiiient of Knights'
Templars; I.C., Duke Leinster's Lodge, Leinster Mark Lodge, and Leinster Royal
Arch Chapter. There are also 4 lodges of the Independent Order of Oddfellows,
M.U., and 5 of the Ancient Independent Order of Oddfellows; 5 Foresters' courts, '
4 Druids' lodges, and Druids' and Shepherds' friendly societies. In the city are the
following manufectories, works, &c.:— The aerated bread company's bakery, 7
agricultural implement makers' manufactories, 2 billiard table manufactories, 1
bone-dust works, 4 candle and soap makers, 4 chafi and com cutters (steam,)
14 coach manu&ctories, 1 cofiee-roasting establishments, 3 cordial manu&ctories.
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8 d^ works, 3 hat manufactories, 1 ice works, 3 jam manufactories, 1 olive <M
manufactory, 6 organ and pianoforte makers, 10 picture-frame manufactories,
7 cordial, &c., manufactories, fi?e t)reweries, 8 foundries, 8 malting houses, 1 marble
works, 18 printing-presses, 9 saw-mills (steam,) and 1 tannery. There are also 161
wholesale stores, including merchants and general stores, grain stores and wholesale
grocers, drapers, ironmongers, saddlers and wine and spirit stores; 184 <Mcea
of professional men and companies, and 137 builders, timber, iroft, stone and
liyery stable yaraa^ the shops number 1118, comprehending those of tradesman
of all kinds. The mean temperatui^ of the city, as shown by Mr. JeTons, is
64° 9^; the hottest montfi being January, when 80"^ 8' is the mean; and the ccddest,
July, when it is 50'' 7', the diflference being 30° I'. The mean annual rainfall as stated
oy G. S. Kingston, Esq., for 5 years, was 19.90 inches. The geological formation of
the plain on which Adelaide stands is principally clay and limestone, some of which is
used for building purposes, whilst that lying to the N. of the city is to a great extent
burnt for lime.
The Adelaide E. electoral district comprises that part of North and South Adelaide
snd the Park lands bounding the same, to the E. of a line drawn through the centre of
King William-street, Poole-street, John-street, and 0*Connell-street. It is dinded into
% wards — Hindmarsh ward E., containing an area of 357 acres, and a population of
2901; Hindmarsh ward W., with an area of 150 acres, and a population of 2329; Grey
ward E., with an area of 620 acres, and a population of 3628; and Robe ward E., with
an area of 520 acres, and a population of 2229— being a total area of 1647 acres, and a
total population of 11,087; of whom 2585 are adult males— -the number of electors.
The voting places for this district are on, or near to, the Corporation acre, and N.
Adelaide. The Adelaide W. electoral distric%comprises that part of North and South
Adelaide to the W. of the line drawn as aforesaid as the boundary of Adelaide E. It la
divided into 4 wards— Gawler ward E., with an area of 129 acres, and a population of
2336; Gawler ward W., with an area of 351 acres, and a population of 3365; Grey
ward W., wit%an area of 771 acres, and a population of 4440; and ^obe ward W.,
with an area of 711 acres, and a population of 2072 — being a total area of 1962 acres,
and a total population of 12,213; of whom 2897 are adult males— the number of
electors. The voting places are in, or near to, Light square, and at North Adelaide.
The total area, therefore, of the electoral district of the city of Adelaide is 3609 acres,
and the total population 23,300 persons, being identical with that within the corpo-
ration limits, which are the same as the electoral boundary. The number of adult
males is 5482. The increase of population in the city since 1861 is 4997— that of adult
,males being 1449. The number of houses is 5192, being an increase of 840 over those
in 1861. The number of electors on the rolls for Adelaide (E. and W.) for the year
1865 was — for the Legislative Council, 1496; and for the Legislative Assembly, 2686.
Adelaide E. is represented in the Legislative Assembly by the Hon. T. Reynolds and
F. Santo, Esqi, The number of registered electors for 1865 in this district, for the
Legislative Council was 716, and for the Legislative Assembly, 1188. Adelaide W. ia
represented in the Legislative Assembly by J. P. Boucaut and H. R. Fuller, Esqs.
The number of registered electors for the district for 1865, for the Legislative Council,
was 780; and for the Legislative Assembly, 1498.
▲BELAIBE COUNTY is the metropolitan county of the colony, and lies on the
E. shore of the gulf of St. Vincent, being bounded on the N. by the counties Gawler
and Light, from which it is separated by the rivers Gawler and South Para respectively,
on the S. by the county Hindmarsh, on the E. by the county Sturt, from which it is se-
parated by the main range, and on the W. by the waters of the gulf before mentioned. It
u divided into the following hundreds, viz. : — N. hundreds, Port Adelaide, MuniioPara,^
and Para Wirra; Central hundreds, Yatala, Talunga, Adelaide, Onkaparinga, and
Noarlunga ; and S. hundreds, Willunga and Kuitpo. Tliis country consists for the
most part of a fertile plain, lying back from the shores of the gulf to the W. foot ^
the main range, from wiiich spurs run out into the plain in an E. direction, having fine
• valleys between them, many of which are highly cultivated, and have hanging gardens
and extensive vineyards on their slopes. From the summits of these spurs, particularly
irom mount Lofty, the highest point of the range, are magnificent views of the plain
below, and of the rolling Onkaparinga river, and numerous small tributary creeks. Hie
N. part of the W. or coast side of the county consists of a tract of swampy flat, over-
grown with reeds, but affording capital fattening food for cattle, and in its more
elevated parts producing good crops of hay. A fine view from the hills whteh bound
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AdeJ Ths South AmtraUan Gazetteer. 9
Ur as well as of the waters of the gulf beyond, is to be obtAied, and tourists in search
oi the picturesque would do well lo Tisit them. The greater part of the county 15
purchased land, and a very large portion of this is under cultivation, and supports a
kody of industrious farmers, gardeners, and yignerons. The city of Adelaule, the
capital of the colony of S. Australia, lies in the centre of the plain, on the S. Ank of
the Torrens river, a stream which, rising in the hills to the I{^£., meanders over the
flat land, emptying itself into a reedy flat about 7 miles distant from the city. The
chief towns of the county besides Adelaide, are Port Adelaide, the shipping port of the
metropolis; North Adelaide, a residential suburb; Salisbury, on the N. line of railway;
Gmneracka, Blumberg, Hahndorf, Balhannab, Woodside, Glenelg, Brighton, Noarlunga,
Clar^don, and Willunga. The principal streams are the Torrens, Little Para, and
Sturt. The area of this county is 1 1 61 square miles, or 743,040 acres, of which 590, 564
acres are purchased land, 294,394 acres being held by freeholders, and there being 463,583
acres enclosed, 176,330 acres under cultivation, and 287,253 acres enclosed, but not
cultivated. The live stock in the county numbers 18,908 horses, 26,901 homed cattle,
94,852 sheep, 2666 goats, 21,915 pigs, and 159,015 head of poultrv. Of the land under
cultiyation, 91,786 acres are under wheat, 3104 acres under barley, 1064 acres under
oats, 44,936 acres under hay, 1445 acres under green forage, 616 acres under peas,
and 153 acres under other crops. There are 23,521 acres of fallow land, 1430 acres of
potatoes, 1482 acres of orchard, 2280 acres of garden, and 4513 acres of vineyard,
having 3,680,459 vines in bearing, and 1,291,430 vines not in bearing. The gross pro-
duce for the year ending 31st March, 1866, was 854,412 bushels wheat, 42,675 bushels
barlcfy, 13,367 bushels oats. 42,419 tons hay, 2452 tons potatoes, 617,021 gallons
wine, and 26,279 cwt. grapes. The .population numbers 78,072 persons itgainst
66,238 in 1861, being an increase of 11,834. The number of dwelling-houses is 16,544
against 15,292 in that year, being an increase of 1252.
jiLBELAIBE {Cg. Adelaide) is a centraHiundred of the county lying round the city
of Adelaide, and watered by the river Torrens. It is nearly all purchased land, and
for the most part consists of pasture land, and of gardens, orchards and vineyards,
^though some small crops of grain are grown in it. There are numerous small
Abnrban townships in this hundred, the principal ones being North Adelaide, Hindmarsh,
Unley, Norwood and Kensington.
ABELASDE PLAINS {Co. Adelaide) is the'narae given to the extensive flat lying
between the gulf of St. Vincent on the W., and the main or Adelaide range on the
E. The city of Adelaide and its surrounding suburbs lie on this plain, which consists
of level fertile country, with deep alluvial soil resting upon tertiary deposits of gravel,
sand, clay and sandstone, with tertiary limestone, which frequently penetrates
5 or 6 feet into the joints and fissures of the rocks, completely covering them with a
thin crust of white earthy carbonate of lime. Large crops of wheat and hay are grown
upon it, and productive gardens and vineyards are numerous*
AiDELASDE PORT {Co, Adelaide) is a postal and corporate town, the principal
•hipping port of the colony, and the port of the metropolis, in the electoral district and
hundred of Port Adelaide. It is situated on a mangrove swamp, on a saltwater creek or
estuary, known as the Port Adelaide channel, about 9^ miles from the mouth in the gulf
of St. Vincent, which is entered from the gulf betweui two extensive sand-shoals,
through a narrow creek, and constitutes the outer bar. There is another bar inside
the heads, known as the inner bar; but, by means of dredging, the outer bar has been
cleared so as to give a depth of 15 feet at low water spring tides, or about 23 feet at
high water, and a channel has been cut through the inner bar, giving a depth of 18
feet at high water neap tides. Both bars have a hard limestone crust, and have been
difficult and expensive to deal with; and although little inconvenience or delay need be
experienced by ships up to 800 tons register, still, vessels of 1000 to 1200 must lighten
considerably outside before they can venture to cross the bars. The question, there-
fore, of the enlargement of the port, which has been fiM* some time before the public, is
one of immediate consequence, if pace is to be kept with the great wealth-producing
powers of the colony^ Port Adelaide lies on the E. side of the creek, in a low situation,
and surrounded by swamp; it is not, ho>»ever, unhealthy, as the water is salt. Some .
(4lthe lower streets are, however, liable to inundation, and a vast amount of property
was destroyed some time back by a catastrophe of this nature. The channel or entrance
toiPort Adelaide runs between sandy banks; and is bounded on the W, by a sandy
piece of land known as Lefevre's peninsula, and on the E. by the mainland. . It is,
iMwever, divided into two branches by a large sandy island, known as Torrens island
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10 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Adb
(on which itands the quarAitine station,) the branches being known as the N. andS.
arms respectively. The latter is the one used for navigation, and is divided into two
portions, called Lipson's and Gawler reaches. On the B. side of that channel are two
indentations, forming boat harbours, and known as North cove and False bay. The
semaphore and flagstaff, whence vessels entering, the harbour are signalled to Adelaide,
lies on the W. coast of lefevre's peninsula, opposite Port Adelaide, and near the villages
of Willunga and "Weymouth.
Fort Adelaide contains 1 steam flour mill (Hart's,) also 1 in course of erection, 2
breweries, I boilermaker*s works, also extensive coppef smelting works, established by
the English and Australian Ck)pper company. There are also 2 shipbuilding yards;
Fletcher's, in which is a patent slip, capable of raising vessels of large tonnage, and
Cruickshank's, in which is a slip for small-class vessels. Port Adelaide has a sub-
stantial steamer's wharf, and other wharves for the use of the shipping which frequent
the port. These wharves are fltted with cranes and other appliances for the loading
and unloading of vessels, and a tramway runs along them in connection with the
railway to Adelaide, the terminus of which is at the other side of the to>rn. At and
near the wharves vessels drawing 18 ft. of water can lie afloat at all states of the tide.
At the steamer's wharf is a large and extensive goods shed, erected in order to prevent
cargo suffering from the inclemency of the weather. Port Adelaide has all the
characteristics of a seaport town; its shops, commodities, hotels, and manufactories,
all seem intended for the accommodation of a seafaring population. It contains many
excellent buildings, and several well-formed streets. The custom-house, police court,
railwav station, and new town hall (the latter opened in August of this year, hy a
concert given by Mr. G. Loder,) are all flne structures, as are also many of the
warehouses, mills, churches and chapels. The custom-house is the principal one of
the colony, and contains the offices of the marine board. There is also a small theatre,
which is, however, rarely open for dranfatic performances. The nearest places are
Albert Town and Queenstown, about 2 miles from Port Adelaide, on the main
road to Adelaide; Portland estate, adjoining Port Adelaide on the S.£. side; also
Glanfield, a village and district on Lefevre's peninsula, on the. N. side of the Port
Adelaide creek, being connected with that township by a wooden bridge, with thett
places, except with Albert Town or Alberton, which lies in the line of railway, there
are no regular means of communioation. A locomotive railway, 8^ miles in length,
connects Port Adelaide with the capital. A coach road, also, runs parallel most of the
distance, but it is in such bad order as to be. little used, and bears the unenviable
notoriety of being one of the worst kept and most greatly neglected roads in the colony.
A temporary hospital has been established at the police-office by the government,
fh>m which patients are removed to the Adelaide hospital. The principal hotels in Port
Adelaide are the Britannia, Port Admiral, Ford's, Wharf, Smith's, White Horse, and
Railway. There are also several smaller houses. The carrying-office of Messrs. Hill and
Co., railway contractors for delivery of goods per railway, is in the township. The
surrounding country is flat and swampy^ sand, clay, and limestone rock. The fol-
lowing banks have branches at Pprt Adelaide, viz.: — The Union Bank of Australia,
Bank of Adelaide, National Bank of Australia, and the Bank of South Australia. The
churches are, — Episcopal church of England, Roman Catholic church; chapels,
Wesleyan, Independent, and «fresbyterian. There is a post and money order office,
telegraph station, branches of the South Australian and £uroi>ean insurance offices; a
company of volunteer rifles, a battery of volunteer artillery, and a rowing club.
The receipts and expenditure for 1865 in tl^is municipality were as follow: —
Amount of assessment, £25,889 138. 6d.,— rate 2s. in the pound; rates collected,
£2379 Is. 6d.; — total receipts from All sources, £4812 12s.;; Office expenses and
salaries, £457 4s. 7d.; expended on public works, £4525 7s.' Id. The area of the
nmnicipality is 370 acres; the population numbering 2270 persons, being an increase
of 562 since 1861. The number of dwelling-houses is 603, being an increase of 53 since
that year. Within this muniqjpality are, I biscuit bakery, 1 boatbuilding yard, 2
breweries, 1 gas works, 2 malting houses, 1 large steam flour mill, 2 printing presses,
2 saw mills, and 1 smelting works; also, 40 merchants and whojh^sale stores, 25 offices
of professional gentlemen and companies, 12 builders, timber and livery stable yards,
and 111 tradesman's shops. 9
The Port Adelaide electoral district is bounded on the S. by a line commencing at
a point on the sea coast due W. of the N. W. angl»of section 1006, hundred of TatiAa;
thence E., along the N. boundary of same section, to the Port Adelaide creek; thence
N., along centre of said creek, to a point opposite the S. W. angle of section 929; thence
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E. by the S. boundaries of sections 929 and 924; N. by the road between sections 924
and 2073 to the N. W. angle of the latter section; S.E. in a straight line to the S. angle
of section 418; £. by the S. boundftry of section 417; N. by the £. boundary of section
417, to the Port road; S.E. to the S. angle of section 405; N.E. by the boundary
between sections 405 and 393; N.^. by the road to the S. angle of section 422, and N.
by the £. boundai^ of the said section; thence E. by the road to the N.E. corner of
section 360; thence N. by the road to the Gawler river, between sections 7568 and
7569, in the hundreds of Fort Adelaide and Munno Para respectively; thence W. along
the centre of the river Gawler, to a point where it cuts the dividing line of sections
7523 and 7513; thence W., by the south boundary of 7523, 7522, and 7521, to a point
where the Gawler river cuts the boundary between sections 7500 and 7510; thence by
the centre of the aforesaid river Gawler, to the sea at Port Gawler; thence S. by the
sea coast to the point of commencement; together with the whole of Yorke's peninsula
lying S. of the river Broughton and W, of the county of Stanley. It comprises the
corporate town of Port Adelaide, the district councils of Alberton and Queenstown,
Glanville, portion of Hindmarsh, Portland estate, portion of Yatala, the remainder of
the hundred of ^"t Adelaide, the N. portion of the county Daly, the S. portion of the
county Daly, and Torke's peninsula, an4 has a total area of 1,202,690 acres, or 1878'
. square miles, and a total population of 15,232, of whom 4000 are adult males. The
number of acres under cultivation is 7839, as against 3642 acres in 1861. The voting
places for this district are at Port Adelaide, Dry Creek, and Eadina. The present
representatives in the Assembly are Messrs. Smith and Bower. The number of
registered electors for the district for 1865 was, for the Legislative Council, 884; and
for the Le^slative' Assembly, 2264.
ADELAIDE PORT (Co.* Adelaide) is a hundred, lying in the N.W. corner of
the county, on the coa§t of the gulf of St. Vincent, and consisting of flat, swampy
land, much of which is purchased and used for the purpose of fattening cattle or for the
growth of hay. The Little Para river runs through the hundred, and the shipping
port of the metropolis, Port Adelaide, lies on a wide estuary in the south part of the
hundred:
ADIEU CAPE (Flinders district.) A former name of Nuyt's point,^ which see.
AHAMOLA CREEK (Flinders district.) See Abcaboola crbbk.
ALBERT COUNTY is a large tract of country lying upon the S. and E. banka
of the Murray river, and comprehending the inner angle of the great bend of that river.
It forms the N.W. corner of the electoral district of Victoria, and extends along the
bank otVihe Murray from the overland corner to the N.W. bend from W. to E., and
from that place to the Chucka bend f rOm N. to S. Its W. side, along the bank of the
Murray, is divided into the hundreds of Cadell, Randell, Paisley, Cooper, Giles, and .
Morphett, and is, as well as the land along its N. side, a tract of pastoral country.
This county has an area of 2136 square miles,* or 1,367,040 acres, of which 1690 are
purchased land, 600 acres being held by freeholders, 1 100 acres enclosed land, and only
10 acres under cultivation. The live stock numbers 125 horses, 262 horned cattle,
23;600 sheep, 7 goats 6 pigs, and 164 head of poultry. The whole of the cultivation
land was lying fallow for the year ending March, 1866, and there were consequently no
crops. The population numbers 71 persons, being an increase of 2 since 1861, and the
number of dwellings is 28.
ALBERT LAKE (Co, Russell) is a fine large inland lake, about 10 miles
in length by 8 miles in width, lying to the E. oi Lake Alexandrine and connected with
it by a narrow channel or river, about 5 miles long; a pedlnsula, about 10 miles long
and «s many wide, and forming the hundred of Baker, dividing the two lakes, the
isthmus of which peninsula separates lake Albert from the Coorong lake. The waters
of the Albert lake abound in fish, amongst which the Murray cod, called by the natives
** Poride," may be mentioned, and on its shores game is plentiful. The coast surround-
ing the lake is generally of a red sandy loam with magnesian limestone; on the shore
are numerous outcropping granite boulders, and in the middle of the lake-is a small
island formed of large blocks of the same formation. Lake Albert lies about 9 miles
K of the postal village of Point Madleay, and 21 miles S. of Wellington.
AXBE&TOM (Co. Adelaide) is a postal township and railway station, lying
Bobarban to Port Adelaide. It is in the electoral district of Port Adelaide, hundred of
Yatala, and forms part of the district council of Alberton and Queenstown. It lies on
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M The South Australian Gazetteer, [Alb — ^Alb #
the main road from Fort Adelaide to the city of Adelaide, adjoining the former place
on the S.E. side, and being 7 miles N.W. of the latter place. The nearest places are —
Qaeenstown, acyoining; Woodville, l^ miles S., and Uindmarsh, Bowden,and Brompton,
4^ miles S.E., the communication being by railway and the Port road; the latter very
mach out of repair. Alberton has a post office and 2 hotels— the British Standard and
the SlMpwrights' Arms. The surrounding country is flat and swampy, with clay and
•andy drift; much of the available ground being taken up for the oaltivation of hay,
and a small quantity of wheat. The population is included in that of the district
council—which see.
&TOH AND QUEENSTOWN (Co. Adelaide) is a district council in the
electoral district of Fort Adelaide. It is under the control of a chairman, the present
one being Mr. T. Psge, of Queenstown, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expendi-
ture in this district council for lg65 were as follows:— Assessment) £4520 lOs. rates,
Is. in the pound; rates collected, £169; total receipts, £223 Os. 9d; office expenses and
salaries, £64 4s.; expended on public works, £170 Os. 3d. The area is 275 acres. The
population numbers 1268 persons, and the number of dwelling-houses, 267.
ALDGATE PUMP {Co, Adelaide) is a small agricultural settlen^t, and the
name of a wayside hotel on the main road*from Adelaide to Mount Barker, and
near the township of Crafers.
ALDINOA BIG LAGOON (Co, Adelaide) is a swampy lagoon, lying in the
Aldinga plains, at a distance of Ij miles N.W. by W. of Sellick's hill.
ALDINOA {Co. Adelaide) is a postal township in the electoral district of
Noarlunga. hundred of Willunga, and under the control of 'the Aiding^ district
council. It lies on the Aldinga creek, and on the'main S. road from Adelaide to
Tankalilla; is an agricultural, wheat-growing district. There are 2 flour mills in the
township, and silver and lead have been found in the neighbourhood, but only in small
qvantities. The nearest places are Wellington, 5 miles S.E; and port Willunga, 1}
miles W. The communication with Willunga, as with Adelaide, is by RounseveU's
daily mail coach, the distance being 30 miles N. Aldinga has a post office, a council
chamber, a literary institute, and 1 hotel— the Aldinga. There is a public pound in
the township, and a court of Foresters is held at intervals. The surrounding country
is generally flat, with a range of hills to the E., principally of ferruginous sandstone,
with quartz and limestone. The population numbers about 500 persons, inclusive of
the fkrmers who dwell on the neighbouring agricultural settlements.
ALBINOA {Co. Adelaide) is a district* council in the electoral district of Noarlunga.
It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr. B. Butterwofth, and 4
councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district council for 1865 were as
follow: — Assessment, £4400— rate, I9. in the pound ; rates collected, £125 14s.; total
receipts,£768 Is. 8d.; office expenditure and salaries, £82 ?8. 3d.; expended on public
works, £659 6s. 7d. The population numbers 972 persons ; the area is 31 square miles
or 19,840 acres ; land under cultivation, 7984 acres; and number of dwellings, 191.
ALDZNOA BAY {Co, Hindmarsh) is a small boat harbour lying on the E. coast
of St. Vincent gulf, to the S. of Holdfast bay.
ALDINOA PLAINS {Co. HindmarsK) is the name given to a tract of undulating
land, much of which is taken up for agricultural purposes. It lies at the foot of mount
Barker, in the district of Willunga, near to Sellick's hill, and is separated from Myponga
flat by a range of hiUs running N.E. and W.
ALEXAMBKuf A ^o. Hindmarsh) is a district council in the electoral district
of mount Barker. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr .
H. Pavy, of Milang, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district
council for 1865 were as follow : —Assessment, £2886— rates, 3d. in the pound; rates
collected, £40 iOs. 5d.; total receipts, £148 17s. l^d.; pffice expenses and salaries,
£33 178. 8d.; expended on public works, £130 5s. 6d. The population numbers 340
persons; the area is 52 square miles or 33,280 acres; laud under cultivation, 4016 acres;
and number of dwelling-houses, 59.
ALEXANSBINA (Co, ffindmarsh) is a S.E. hundred of the county, lying on
the W. side of the lake of the same name. It contains about a third of its area in pur-
chased land, principally taken up for agricultural purposes. The township of Clayton
if in this hundred.
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AXtEKAWMtXNAt LAKE natire name Eayinga, (Cos. ffindmarsh. Start, and
Rvseell) la an immense inland lake lying near the coast, to the N.E. of Encounter Bay,
between SS"" SO' and 35° 35' S. lat., and 139° 5' and 139" 35' E. long. It opens to the sea
hy a narrow passage known as the Murray sea mouth, arailable for large steama**, and
forms a vast enlargement of the Murray river, whose waters it receiyes at its N.£. end.
Lake Alexandrina was discovered by Sturt. Its length from N.E. to S.W. is 30 miles,
and its breadth from S.E. to N.W. 15 miles. It contains several islands, which lie in
its S.W. corner, and the principal of which are Hindmarsh, Mundoo, Goose, Goat, Rat,
and Holmes islands. On its E. sides are two other lakes, connected with it by narrow
passages, and known respectively as the Albert and Coorong lakes. Its wfCters are
bracklBh, and abound in fine fish, particularly in Murray cod or poride, and on its
serabby shores native game is found in plenty. The townships of Milang, Clayton,
and Goolwa., the port for the Murray steamers, lie upon its S.W. coast, and the postal
Tillage of point Macleay, on a peninsula separating lakes Albert and Coorong,
on its W. side. Its shores are low and sandy, with patches of scrub and ocoasiona,
swamps. The mean annual rainfall at this port of South Australia is stated by Jevonsl
on the authority of Mr. G. S. Kingston, to be 17.45 inches.
f AXJCOB, MOUNT, (N. district) is a trigonometrical peak at the N. end of Elder's
« range, and lying to the N. of Hookina, and to the S. W. of Wilpena-and Bawnsley's
bloff.
AZiXHDEE, 32° 28' S. lat., 139° 40' E. long., (Flinders cUstrict) is a detached hill
lying in the pastoral district of Eastern plains.
AXL-ALONE, MOUNT, (flinders district.) is a S. peak of the Gawler range,
passed by Byre in his exploration joui*ney from Streaky bay to the head of Spencer's
gal^ in 1839. It lies in a dense wilderness of mallee scrub, and has some salt lakes
lying to the S.W.
Al&LANDA&E, EAST, (Co. Qrey) is an agricultural postal township* in the
electoral district of Victoria, hundred of Macdonnell, and under the control of the
central board of roads for the S.E. district. It lies 4 miles to me S.W. of the cele*
biated extinct volcano known as mount Shanck, and is an agricultural district growing
wheat, oats, hay and potatoes ; also to some extent pastoral, sheep and cattle being
depastured in small numbfrs. The nearest places are port Macdonnell, 4 miles S., the
nearest township on the coast, and Garabierton, 14 miles N. by E. Ihe communication
with these places is by mail, twice a week, and coaches are to be hir^ at each place
for passengefli. With Adelaide, 337 miles N.W. the communication is by steam
vessel, from port Macdonnell, once a fortnight, by sailing schooners, and by mail
coach, twice a week. The nearest hotels are at Port Macdonnell, and there is conveyance
to be had for goods and produce by bullock and horse drays, which ply to mount'Gam-
bier and Macdonnell bay, daily The surrounding country is low and swampy, and
partly elevated with limestone ridges. The population of AUandale East and suburbs
numbers about 200 persons*
AlrLAKHAl&E, NORTH, {Co. Light) is a small postal township in the electoral
district of Light and hundred of Kapunda. It lies on the main road from Kapunda to
Koonnga, 3 miles N. of Kapunda, and 7 miles S. of Hamilton, the communication
being by RounsevelPs daily mail coach, and with Adelaide, 52 miles, S.W. from
Kapunda by rail. AUandale is in an agricultural district, and has a post office, a mill, '
a store, a Bible Christian chapel, and I hotel, — the Wheatsheaf. The country is
undulating, and the population numbers about 70 persons, chiefly farmers.
A&LU&ZHG HILL, 29° 25'S. lat., 138° 8' E. long., {Flinders district) isasolitary
hilly lying on the E. bank of the Erome river, amidst indifferent country.
AIA If ATIOMS' MINE {Co, Bv/rra,) SeeKooRiNOA:
AILKA {Co, Gawler) is the name of a hundred in the N.E. part of the country,
ooBsisting for* the most part of purchased land, and taken up by farmers, wlio pro-
duce lai^ quantities of grain and hay. There are two post offices in this hundred
for the convenience of the settlers, one known as the Alma, and the other as
Humphrey's springs. The area of this hundred, excluding the district council of
Stockport, is 46,720 acres, of which 10,375 acres are under cultivation. The popu-
Uition of that portion numbers 707 persons.
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14 The SotUh Australian Gazetteer, [Alm — Ano
Ai:-TT#^ {OtOa/valer) is a post office in the agricultural and pastoral district lying
in the hundred of the same name. It is situated on the main road from Adelaide to
Clure, and is a post office established for the convenience of the surrounding settlers,
AIiFAGBZNA STATION ( TF. district;) occupiers, Heath and Wooldridge. See
Wallianippib Station.
ALTHO&FE ISLES {Investigator^ a strait) are three small islands, with several
rocks and a reef, that lie as far out as 5 miles to the southward from cape
Spencer, but have not been ihinutelj examined; the largest is about a mile
in extent^ and has 35 to 45 fathoms at 8 or 9 miles to the we&tward and southward of
it, and 22 fathoms 6 miles to the eastward, in which direction the shore trends
about E.N.E., upwards of 8 leagues, and forms the N. side of Investigator strait.
The S.W. island of this group, the centre of which lies in lat. 85° 23' S., long. 136**
54' 30" E.; being 26 miles N.N.E. ^E. from cape Borda, is 285 feet above low water
mark. To the N. of the S.W. Althorpe there exists a reef which generally breaks.
Betweefi this reef and the N. end of the island is a passage of upwards of a
mil^in breadth, but as the tides are rapid and somewhat irregular, the passage is not
recommended, unless a vessel when at anchor under the island should be caught in a
south-easter with the flood tide, when it would be almost impossible to beat out to the S.
The soundings between the Althorpe Group and cape Borda vary from 40 to 80
fathoms ; 6 miles to the W. of the cape soundings of 60 fathoms are obtained.
AMEBIGAN RIVEE {Kangaroo Island) is a small river flowing in the N. part
of the E. portion of Kangaroo Island at American beach, 10 miles W. of Hog bay. It
runs through scrubby pastoral land.
AMEBlCAIf RIVER RUN {Kangaroo Island nearest post town, Eingscote or
Hog bay. This run includes leases Nos. 860 and 959; occupier, R. Tapley; area, 24
square miles; rent and assessment, «£ 19 2s. 6d.
AKERZGAM RIVER STATION {Kangaroo Island;) lease No. 737 ; nearest
post town, Kiijgscote or^Hog bay ; occupier, J. Martin; area, 10 square miles ; rental
£10 5s. per annum. *
ANABIA AND BUNGAREE RUNS {Go. Stanley;) leases Nos. 131 and 139 ; occu-
pier, G. C. Hawker; area, 236 square miles; grazing capabilities, 87,000 sheep, 300 head
of cattle, and 150 horses, the greater portion feeding on purebred land in the hundreds
of BIyth and Mgne and at Auama ; old rental and assessment, £488 3s. 9d.; Goyder's
valuation, £3472, exclusive of improvements valued at £2025. The head station of
Anama lies 12 miles N.N.W. of Clare and 112 miles N. of Adelaide, and there are good
roads to Clare and Port Wakefield. It is watered by the Broughton and Hutt rivers,
and by 7 wells and dams.
ANBEMOBJLA {Flinders district) is the name of a salt lake lying on the
W. side of lake Torrens. There are several good waterholes near it, and the surround-
ing country is known as Swinden*s country — which see. *
ANDERSON RANGE (^Flinders district) is a range of low volcanic hills lying on
the N. bank of the Lindsay river, and about 26° 5' S. lat., 134° 30^ E. long. It consists
chiefly of gypsum, quartz, and ironstone. The surrounding country is scrubby, %ith
an ironi»tone soil and occasional white flint. On the range are gum-trees, with large
igouty swellings. Their bark is smooth, and of a flne white; the trees being affected
with gall-flies, which produce gall-nuts as large as turnips, and the larvse being con-
sidered a great luxury by the natives.
ANDERSON'S CREEK (Co, Adelaide) is a small creek flowing through the
township of Morphett vale, and so called from its running through the grounds of a
gentleman named Anderson. The soil on the banks is of excellent quality, and several
fine gardens and vineyards (the latter producing good wine) are in cultivation on both
sides of it. Limestone and sandstone.
ANDREWS {Co. Stanley) is a N. hundred of the county, containmg a small
quantity of purchased land, which lies along the main N. jroad via Clare. The remainder
of the hundred is taken up for pastoral purposes.
ANGAS ^{Vo, Sturt) is a N. hundred of the county, consisting almost exclusively
of pastoral country, and lymg in the belt of mallee brush, known as the Murray scrub.
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Ang — ^AnlJ The South Australian gazetteer. 15
.The areit or this hundred, including also that of Ridley and Finnis, is 263,680 acres, of
which only 1 acre is under cultivation. The population of the 3 hundreds amounts
' to 157 persons, engaged in pastoral pursuits.
ANGAS HILL (Ob. Hindmarsh) is an elevation, lying in the scruhhy country
between the Angas and Bremer rivers, about 1} miles E.«of Strathalbyn. It is a
survey point. .
ANGAS KIVER (Co, Hindmarsh) is a fine stream, rising in Anthony's hill,
about 3 miles N. of Strathalbyn, and flowing through that township in a S.E. direction
for about 18 miles until it falls into lake Alexandrina by a swampy outlet 2 mile^ to the
E. of Milang. It is crossed by the main road from Adelaide to Wellington, at
Strathalbyn, and again at a point about half way between that township and Lang-
home's bridge, on the Bremer river, and is fed by several tributaries, rising by 4
distinct head streams, which join at the foot of the ranges.
ANGAS'S RUN {Co, Gregory;) lease No. 121; occupier, J.* H. Angas; area,
474 square miles; grazing capacity, 10,450 sheep, or 220 per square mile; there being
30,000 sheep, exclusive of lambs, 3500 head of cattle, and 180 horses on this, Stony
creek, and mount Gullet runs, and in the hundred of Wongyarra and Gregory,
including about 26,000 acres of purchased land, of which 5000 acres are rented by ]^.
Angas. This run lies 2# miles E.N.E. of 0K)unt Remarkable, and 35 miles from port
Augusta.
AMGASTOV (Co. Light) is a postal township in the hundred of Moorooroo
electori^ district of Barossa, and under the control of the Angaston district council
the members of which are commissioners of roads, ex officio. It is situated on the
Angaston creek, a branch of the N. Para river, the Gawler river, also a branch of the
N. Para, running within 2 miles of the township. The surrounding district is agricul-
tural, and there is a steam flour mill at Penrill, a small hamlet 1 mile from the town.
A copper mine was formerly worked within 14 miles of the township, but it has been
closed for some time, although indications of a very fine character have been exhibited.
The nearest places are Nuriootpj^4 miles S.W.; Stockwell, 5 miles N.K.; andTanunda,
6 J miles S.W., the communication being by horse and dray, except to Stockwell, to
which place Eounseveirs coach runs daily. ^ With Adelaide, 51 miles S.E., the com-
munication is by Kouns^eli's daily mail coach, and omnibus three times a-week to
Freeling, and thence by train; also by carrier'^dray three times a-week. Angaston
has a post and money-order office, a local court-house, police station, a telegraph
station, 2 resident magistrates, G. H. Angas and E. Eeyne, Esqs., a branch of the
National bank, and an agency of the South Australian Insurance company, a Forester's
court, and a public' pound. There are also 2 licensed schools, ladies' school, 3 chapels,
and 2 hotels, the Angaston (Milsom's) and the New inn (Doddridge's.) The surround-
ing country is hilly, except to the E., where low scrubby country extends to the banks
of the Murray river. The population numbers about 370 persons, including that of the
environs. In the vicinity of Angaston is the justly celebrated vineyard known as
Evandale, producing splendid crops of the finest grapes, which make wines*of choice
quality, the Riesling, Frontignac, and Muscat being specially excellent. The other
vineyards in this neighbourhood are Lindsay house, and Tealumba.
AM G AST<^ (Co. Light) is a district council in the electoral district of Barossa .
It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr. James Jepson, and
4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district council for 1865 were
as follow:— Assessment, £11,212— rates, 9d. in the pound; rates collected, £222 15s. 5d. :
total receipts, £751 12s. 3d.; office expenses and salaries, £76 12s. Id; expended on '
public works, £612 10s. Id. The papulation cnumbers 2435 persons— the area is
70 square miles or 44,800 acres; land under cultivation, 17,913 acres; and number of
dvrelling-houses, 406. *"
AM GIVENA {N. district) is a postal village in the electoral district of J'linders,
it lies near the Mochatoona mine, and to the N. of mount Hack, on the main NT road to
Tudanamutana. There is a police station in the village. The district is exclusively a
pastoral one.
AMGORZGEMA {N. district) is a trigonometrical point on a hill lying to the
N. of Blinman. There is a resident magistrate here, W. R. Swan, Esq., J. P.
AMLABY (Co. Light) is the name of an agricultural district lying to the E. of
the township of Hamilton. It is taken up by a few small farmers engaged in the culti-
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yation of wheat. H. T. Morris, Esq., J. P., is the resident magistrate for the neigfi-
boarhood.
ANXiABY HILL, 27° 35' S. lat., 139° 30' E. long, {Flinders district) is a small
eleyation lying on the S. side of Lake Buchanan, in the midst of finely-grassed
country. *
ANl^i^BY STATION (jOo, Eyre;) lease No. 20; occupier, F. H. Dutton, is Ihe
head station and woolshed of the Emu flats run (which see.) It lies 9 miles N.E. of
Eapunda. Anlaby has an area of 150 square miles, and pays a rental and assessment
of £250 per annum.
ANMA (Co. Eyre) is a central hundred of the county, consisting almost
exclusively of pastoral land, although a small quantity has been purchased. ^
ANNA, MOUNT, 28° 40^ S. lat., 136° E. long. {Flinders district,) a flat-topped hill,
probably auriferou»; discovered by Stuart in November, 1859, and forming a prominent
point in the Denison range. He describes it as follows:—" It is a table-topped hill,
standing on high table-land, which is intersected by numerous small watercourses,
flowing towards the Douglas. On the S. and W. sides of the mount (which I have
named mount Anna,) it is a compound of ironstone, quartz, granite, and a^ chalky
substance, also an immense quantity of conglomerated quartz and ironstone, which haa
the appearance of having been run together in a smelting works; there are also
numerous courses of slate of different descriptions and colours. The quartz predomi-
nates, and gives the country the appearance of numerous springs. These patches have
deceived me two or three times to-day." Near this mountain several new species of
lizards, and Sspecimens of a large green cicindela, belonging to a genus of insects hitherto
unknown in South Australia, have been found.
AHME (Co, Stanley) is the N.E. hundred of the (ounty, containing a small
quantity of purchaaed land. The remainder of the hundred is taken up for pastoral
purposes.
AMSTEY'S HILL. See Hops Yallet.
AMSTSY CREEK (Co. Adelaide) is a small tributary of the Torrens river.
AMTEGRAMBE& BAT (Kamaroo Island) is a bigtit in the E. coast of the
island lying between cape St. Albans to*he S.E., and capepoutts to the N.W. It is about
34 miles wide, and has a sandy beach, with steep locks near cape Coutts. It is used as
an anchorage for government vessels conveying supplies to the Sturt or cape Willoughby
lighthouse.
AMTEGKAMBER BAY RUN (Kangaroo Island,) nearest post town Kings-
cote or Hog Bay. This run comprises leases No. 661, 771, and 589; occupier, Thomas
Lashmar; total area, 31 square miles; rent and assessment, £32 3s. 4d.
AN PROMT'S HILL (Co. Hindmarsh) is the name given to the S.E. extremity of
an E. spur of the main range lying between Macclesfield and Strathalbyn, and about
Ij miles from each. The Angas river rises by several heads in the S. slopes Of this hill.
The surrounding country consists of good forest and agricultural land.
ANXIOUS BAY, between 33° 11' 45" S. lat., 134° 16' 20" E. long., and 33° 36'
S. lat., 134° 44' E. long., is a wide bight in the W. part of the coafe lying between
cape Radstock on the N.W., and the Waldegrave islands on the S.E. It is about 32
*miles in width, and 14 miles in depth, but is exposed to all W. winds except those to
'the S. of S.W., and affords no secure anchorage. There are 26 fathoms of water at
3 or 4 miles from shore in all parts exy^ept the S.E. corner, where 7 fathoms on a sandy
bottom at a distance of 24 miles ot£ thQ beach.
APEX HILL {N. district) is a lofty peak and trigonometrical point lying on the
W. side ^ the great N. road, and on the N. bank of the Frome river, to the N. of
Angipena and S. W. of Yudanamutana. There is a good road and plenty of water. At
the footuf this hill a'copper lode exists, traceable for about 150 yards on the surface, the
country consisting of quartz and killas or clayslate, with strong stains of copper all
about the neighbourhood.^ The ore in the lode is not rich but looks promising,
consisting of blue and green carbonate, ^ith a little grey ore. This mine is not work^
at present.
APOINOA {Co, Burra) is a scattered agricultural village in the electoral
district of Burra, hundred of Apoinga, and under the control of the road board and
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Apo — ^Abo] The South Australian Gazetteer. 17
district council of Apoinga. It is situated on the mall route between Kapunda and
Kooringa, 78 miles N. of Adelaide. The river Light flows 4 miles S.W., TothiUt
creek 2 miles S.» Brady creek 4 miles E., and Julia creek 12 miles E., with dense scrub
to the E. extending to the Murray river. The district is both agricultural and pas-
toral; the country to the S. being chiefly agricultural, and that to the J^ pastoraL
Apoinga has a public pound and a smelting works.
APOINOA {Co, Bwrra) is a hundred in the S.W. part of the county, containing
« large area of mineral (copper) land, and being nearly all purchased. The township
of Apoinga is in this hundred. The area of this hundred is 47,360 acres, the land
nnder cultivation being 476 acres. It has a population of 286 persons, mostly miners
and small farmers.
AFFAANANA STATION (N, dUtrict;) lease No. 466; occupier, J. Wills;
area, 60 square miles; rent and assessment, ^47 13s. 9d. per annum. This station lies
near the Passmore river, to the N. of Kanyaka, the nearest post-office.
LAKE (Flinders district.) See FappbrdjLAB.
STATION {N, district;) occuiRer, Price Maurice. See Peking Run
AJlGAXtOOIiA, ILLINAWUBTINA (or Ahakola) CREEK {Flinders
district) is a fine creek, rising in the Yudanamutana hills, and following in an £.
direction past mounts Painter and Paralana into the W. side of lake Blanche, near the
Welcome mines. It waters the pastoral country known as the Eastern plains. Nardoo
grows by the side of this creek. The scenery is very fine, and the formation is of
shale, slate, and calcareous rocks, some of the latter rising to a height of from 300 to
400 ft., and being thickly covered with pine and scrub, intermingled with handisome
flowering shrubs.
AaCBSR'S CREEK {Co. ffindmarsh) is a N. tributary of Rodwell's creek,
rising in Archer's hill, and flowing about 4 miles through the agricultural country of the
hundred of Strathalbyn.
AR,GRE&'S HILL {Co. Hindma/rsh) is a lofty peak of the mount Barker ranges,
lying in rugged scrubby country, about 6 miles N.N.g. of Strathalbyn township.
Tlie Archer's creek rises in the S. slope of this eminence.
A&DSN, MOUNT (Flinders district,) is a Ibfty eminence lying near the S. part
of lake Torrens, and to the N. of mount Brown.
ARBEM, MOUNT, RUN (N, district;) leases Nos. 60 and 57 ; occupier, J.
Taylor; area 138 square miles; grazing capability 13,000 sheep; valuation by Mr.
Goyder, deducting improvements, £313 13s. 8d. This run lies 15 miles N. of mount
Brown, 2f miles E.N.E. of the Dutchman's Stern, and 30 miles E. of port Adelaide.
AKDTO&XrZSK (Co. Adelaide) is a small village inhabited by small farmers,
and lying on the Tea Tree Gully road, near Adelaide.
AJRSABA RUN (N, district;) lease No. 76; occupiers, W. J. and J. H.
Browne; area 105 square miles; Goyder's valuation, deducting improvements, ^£369 4s.
per annum. This run lies on the E. bank of the Arkaba creek, 82 miles N.E. by N.
of port Augusta, and 267 miles N. of Adelaide. This run also includes leases Nos.
424, 455, 500, 497, and 537, which have a total area of 144 square miles, and pay a
rental of £125 lis. 8d. per annum. An aboriginal depot was established at this
station for the relief of the blacks, during the late severe drought.
A&XAGB (Co, Stanley) is a small agricultural village lying a short distance
to the N. W. of the township of Clare, and inhabited by a thriving body of farmers.
A&NO VALE (Co. Gawlerj is a small agricultural settlemtnt lying in the
neighbourhood of Guwler town.
A&09MA CBJBEKy (N. district,) a flue creek rising in Hardewicke's bluf^
and flowing through the station of the same name into the Brachina Creek." It forms
into bogs which have to be fenced to keep out cattle. There are some good gardens
on its banks, where willows, vines, fig trees and vegetables flourish.
A&OOMA RUN (N. district i)\QMQ No. 83; occupier, J. F. Hayward; area,
86 square miles; grazing capabilities, 7000 sheep or 81 per square mile. Goyder's valu-
ation, deducting improvements, £120 per annum. This run lies N.E. of Hayward*s
blufi^ and 120 miles N.N.E. ot port Augusta.
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18 The South Australian Gazetteer, [Abt — ^Aug
ARTHV&, MOUNT, 27** 25' S. lat., 136' 6'E. long. {Flinders district,) is a
high flat-topped hill in the sandy plain, interrapted by low ranges of sand-hills, dis-
coTered by Stuart as lying to the N. of the Frew river, in March, 1860. One of the N.
tributaries of that river has its rise in this hill.
AJEtTHUR, PORT, {St Vincent's gulf) is a name given to the N. part of the
gnl^ and including port Wakefield, which forms its E. portion.
AJITIFEHA STATION {N, district;) lease No. 351, is a portion of the Wilpena
run, (which see) occupiers, Messrs. Brown; area, 30 square miles.
ARUNDEL PLAINS {Flinders district) is the name given to a tract of grassy
country intersected by several good creeks, and lying to the N. of the N.W. extremity
of Stuart's range of mountains, in about 28'' 20' S. lat., IZi" to 135° E. long. These
plains were discovered by Stuart on his first exploration journey in 1858, and he
describes the country good, with plenty of grass and salt-bush, and having a few stones
on the surface.
ASHBOV&NE, postal name FAniss flat {Co, Hindmarsh,) is a postal township
lately declared, in the electoral district of mount Barker, hwidred of Bremer, and
under the control of the district council of Kondoparinga. It is situated on Bull's
creek, the Finniss river, and Steel's ranges, lying near and to the S.W. The district
is an agricultural one, wheat being the principal product. A copper mine, called the
•* Great Bradford," lies on the Middle Finniss, about 4J miles from the township. The
nearest places are— Sandergrove, 5 miles S.E.; Giles's flat, 2 miles E.; M'Harg's creek,
2 miles W. ; Meadows, 10 miles N. ; and Strathalbyn, 8 miles E. ; the communication
being by horse and private vehicle, and with Adelaide, 37 J miles N.W., by Rounseveira
mail coach from the Strathalbyn, or by an occasional earner's dray. Ashbourne has a
post office and 1 hotel — the Green Man. The surrounding country is elevated, and the
flat on which the township stands (Finniss flat) consists of good alluvial soil over quartz
and trap rock. The population of the township numbers about 30 persons— that of
the flat about 200, mostly small farmers.
ASKFORD {Co, Adelaide) is the vineyard and residence of Dr. Everard, on the
Bay road, about 2 miles distant trom Adelaide. It is planted principally with grizzly,
red, black and white Frontignac, Tokay, Black Hambro' and Black Prince, and pro-
duces excellent wine. There is also a flue orangery and orchard.
ATHELSTOME {Co, Adelaide) is a postal village, in the electoral district of E.
Torrens, and hundred of Adelaide. It is situated on the Fifth creek, the river Torrens
being 1 mile distant from the post office, and Adelaide 8 miles distant. The district is
an agricultural one, wheat and farm and garden produce being grown. It is very
scrubby in some parts, and bears strong traces of copper. The nearest places are —
Paradise, IJ miles N. W., and the Montacute mine^, 6 miles E. There are no regular
means of communication with these places. The communication with Adelaide, 8 miles
S.W., is by horse or private vehicle, the mail being carried on horseback. The nearest
hotel is at Paradise. The country is hilly, and the population numbers about 200
persons, scattered over the district. The Athelstone vineyard (CouU's) is a celebrated
one, producing Black Portugal, Shiraz, Dolcetto; red, white, black and grizzly Fron-
tignac; Sweetwater, Golden Chasselas, and Muscat. The orchard at Athelstone is
almost of equal importance with the vineyard. There is a capital cellar and wine-house,
and very good wine is produced there. The Freshford vineyard also lies near this place.
ATT&AGTZOM, MOUNT, 29"* 33' S. lat., 138° E. long. {Flinders district,) is as
solitary hill lying on the W. bank of the Frome river, near the junction of Hergott's
springs with that river.
AUGUSTA, PORT, in 32° 29' 42" S lat., and 137° 47' 28" E long., the northern-
most of the South Australian ports, from which the township takes its name, in the
hundred of Davenport, county of Frome, electoral district of Flinders, and situated on
the upper shores of Spencer's gulf, is about three quarters of a mile wide, with good
anchorage in soft mud, 18 feet deep at low water springs. The old township of Port
Augusta is situated on the eastern shore, which is composed of low ridges and hillocks
of loose blown white and red sand, pretty thickly covered with myall, sandalwood,
and stunted scrub. An extension of the township, ** Port Augusta West/' has recently
been laid out and sold by the government. This place is the key outlet for a very large
tract of pastoral and mineral country extending 500 miles N. There are no rivers or
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Aug] The South Australian Gazetteer. 19
permanent water preeks in the neighbonrhood, but simply courses or channels, ^faieh
waste themselves on the plains and are dry the greater part of the year. The most
prominent natural feature is ^ Mount Brown," 3174 ieet above the sea level, bearing
E. 2^ N. from the Fort Augusta custom-house flagstaff, distant 15 miles ; it is the
highest peak of that beautiful range of hills named after the great explofer ** Flinders.**
There are also the ** Dutchman's Stem" and the ** Devil's Beak" to the northward of
mount Brown, plainly visible from Port Augusta, and *' mount Remarkable," farther
S. on the eastern side, but not visible fh>m Port Augusta. Agriculture has been
tried in the district, but from the frequency of dry seasons has proved a failure. Its
• pastoral capabilities support immense numbers of sheep and cattle, many of whidi
thrive well and fiitten on salt bush. Several copper mines have been opened, extending
16 miles off Port Augusta to some 300 miles north. Amongst the foremost of these
may be enumerated the Blinman, Yudanamutana, Mount Bo8& Wirrawilka, Welcome
Springs, Eanyaka, Nuccaleena, Sir Dominic, and Northern Mineral Association com-
pany's properties, all of which suffer materially for the want of railway commnnicatioD.
Hie nearest mines to Port Au^ta are the Horrocks Creek^ about 18 miles, recently
opened, and the Spring Creek company's property, about 30 miles distant on the
eastern side of the Flinder's range. The next townships are Stirling or Minchin's
wells, distant 5 miles S. by E. on the high roads to Horrocks pass for the soutiiern
traffic, and Pichi Rich! for the northern traffic. The 2 wells from which it is named
are 70 feet deep, but the water is not fit for domestic use- It is now supplied fh)m a
stand pipe of the waterworks. Saltia, on a creek bearing its name, 11 mUes E. by N.
of Port Augusta, situated at the entrance of the northern or Pichi Richi pass. There
are no regular conveyances between Port Augusta, Stirling, and Saltia. Port Augusta
has an overland mail twice every week from Adelaide, arriving at 2 p.uL on Mondi^s
via Melrose, and on Fridays by Clare, the last 30 miles being usually carried on horse-
back ; total distance from Adelaide, 220 miles. There is also a bi-weekly mail per
coasting screw steamer Lvbra, leaving Adelaide on Monday, calling at Port Lincoln,
and arriving at Port Augusta on Thursday. Travellers usually prefer this means of
transit for convenience and economy ; saloon passage j£4, steerage £2.; whilst the
overland route involves the cost of being specially conveyed through Horrocks pass
and Beautiful valley, there to join the mail line which passes up and down on the
eastern side of Flinder's range.
Port Augusta has an aboriginal station, a public pound, a post and money-order
office, a Foresters' court, and branches of the South Australian insurance, NeV South
Wales assurance, Adelaide assurance and guarantee companies, and the National
bank. The resident magistrates are T. K. Ellison, W. Luton, C. Ogilvie, and J. H.
Bowe, Esqs. There are no hospitals, benevolent asylums or institutions at Port Augusta,
nor has any place of worship yet been built. The Church of England holds services
regularly every Sunday at the custom-house, where is also a Sunday school with
upwards of 70 scholars. The Bible Christians also have services twice every Sabbath
at Port Augusta, and afternoon services at Stirling. Cases of destitution are relieved
locally by an auxiliary board of the Adelaide institution, consisting of three members,
who sit once a fortnight in the custom-house long room, which is also used temporarily
as a local court, until more commodious premises are erected. A branch of the Ade-
laide South Australian Institute is also supported by the inhabitants, who have also a
literary association, which meets every Tuesday evening for debating, readings and
recitations, one of the nights in each month being devoted to lecturing. The hotels at
Port Augusta are "The Northern" (Walter Hobkirk's), and the "Port Augusta"
(Alexander Mackay's). The carrying companies of the district are the South Austra-
lian Carrying company limited, at the Blinman and Yudanamatana mining company's
stores, P. A., their principal work being the conveyance of their own goods to the
Blinman mine 140 miles, returning with copper cake and ore; and the Camel Carrying
firm, Messrs Elder and Stuckey's, consisting of about 100 camels and 30 donkeys,
between Lake Hope and Port Augusta. The roads are under the Sorveyor-Geneiul's
department. The country behind the sandy ridges which border the coast is a plain
about 12 miles broad, with an easy rise to the foot of the Flinders range, and N. and S.
about 200 miles. The western side or shore, a few miles below Port Augusta township,
has less plain, and at about 2]^miles from the beach is backed by a barren stony flat-
topped range, 950 feet high. The geological formation is tertia^, with angular red and
li^t brown siUcious and quartzose san(&tones scattered over a mable light soil.
The same description applies to the E. side between the sand-hills of Port
Augusta and the Flinders range. The population of Port Augusta is 450 soula.
• c»
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•applied with good fresh water by a 4-iiich pipe of I4i miles with 900 feet fall from
the Woolandanga springs, which take their nse at mount Brown; it is delirered every
few mornings to the public at a charge of 20s. per 1000 gallons at the stand-
pipe, and aUo at Lassie's jetty end for the shipping. There are 3 jetties, 4 large
stores, 1 bonded warehouse, a branch of the National bank, custom house, and
Harbour-master's residence, besides many substantial buildings, 2 ferrying lines ion
•lock, &c, a commodious post office and telegraph station, and a racecourse 3} miles
N.E. of the town.
Memorandum of Exports and Imports at Port Augusta, during the 8 years ending
SOth June, 1866, value in pounds sterling.
BXPORTS.
Imports.
Tear.
Wool, &c.
Minerals.
Year.
General Mer-
chandise.
£
£
£
1859
25,775
•••
1859
27
1860
128,724
5,386
1860
970
1861
149,267
19,120
1861
6,551
1862
84,769
22,004
1862
9,918
1863
172,649
22,770
1863
1,992
1864
153,334
32,167
1864
8,217
1865
33,347
5,306
1865
796
1866
>•••
•••
1866
11,297
Meteorological Obseryations, by H. Mildred.
Statement showing the rainfall at Port Augusta during the period from the Ist
March, 1859, to the 31st December, 1865, and half-year ending, 30th June, 1866,
from Mr. Hiram Mildred's rain guage.
Year,
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
1864.
1865.
1866.
January ,
•••
...
0.010
0.180
0.165
1.030
0.385
February
.••
...
•••
0.557
1.015
0.018
•••
0.500
March
•••
2.858
0.555
0.770
0.305
0.005
...
0.680
April ...
...
.836
0.580
0.535
1.440
0.080
0.214
0.120
May
0.375
1,176
0.731
0.342
1.151
0.529
0.805
1.380
June
0.417
0.685
1.269
1,795
0.655
0.369
0.035
0.387
July
0.021
0.338
0.737
0.185
0.880
0.120
0.535
August
0.498
0.326
0.740
0.474
0.353
0.785
0.075
September
.727
0.466
0.492
0.956
0.889
0.405
0.010
October
•..
1.610
0.535
2.157
1.120
1.080
0.055
November
•••
0.555
0.215
0.338
0.215
0.110
0.285
December
...
1.110
1.302
0.140
0.060
0.500
0.090
Total Inches for each year
2.038
9.960
7.166
8.429
8.248
5.031
2.104
AUBUllM, 34° 2' S. lat., 138° 40' E. long. (Co, Stanley) is a postal township in
the electoral district of Stanley, hundred of upper Wakefield, and under, the control of
the upper Wakefield district council. It is situated on the river Wakefield, and on the
great northern train line of road from Adelaide, and lies about 33 miles from port
Wakefield, the chief outlet for wool and wheat. In the township there is a steam flour
mill (Field's,) and a brewery in progress; there has also been recently erected a town
ball, built by a limited liability company of 800 shares, £2 10s each. Adamson
Brothers' coacfi factory, in Auburn, employs a large number of hands. The district is
purely agricultural, chiefly wheat and hay being grown. The township lies witbin 30
mUes W. of the Burnt Burra mines, and the nearest places are Undalya, 3 miles S;
Saddleworth, 8 miles SJB.; Leasingham, 4 miles N; and Miutaro, '8 miles E.; the
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Aui>— Baa] The South AmtraLian Gazetteer. 21
communication being hy coach along main lines of road. The communication with
Adelaide, 80 miles S., is by coach to Eapunda, 30 miles, and by rail from thence, 50
miles, or by port Wakefield, 33 miles, a tramway to the latter place having been under
consideration for some time. Auburn has a mechanics' institute, schoolhouse, Episco-
palian church, and Bible Christian chapel, post and money order office, local court-
house, and telegraph and police stations. The hotels are the Rising Sun ina,
estafSshed 15 years, and the District hotel, lately established. There is a public
pound, branches of the South Australian insurance and National bank, a local court,
and 2 resident magistrates, P. Maonamara, and J. Morgan, £sqs. The district is
well supplied with limestone, sand, and the finest building-stone in the colony, and
the country is undiilating and well-wooded, the timber mostly honeysuckle and gum,
the soil bei«g a rich loam. The population numbars about 200 persons. About 7 miles
west of Auburn are extensive plains extending tor manjr miles, formerly sheep-runs,
which are now being brought under cultivation, the young crd^s looking exceedingly
{nromising.
A.VX.DANA YINEYAkD (C7o. Adelaide.) See Beaumont.
AUST&AX.XA, SOUTH.— See South Australia.
AV E HU E FLAT RUN {8,E. district;) lease No. 218; occupies, Stewar$
and Falloon; area, 42 square miles; grazing capability, 4600 sheep, or 100 per
square mile; rent, deducting improvements, as valued by Mr. Goyder, £86 per annum.
This run lies 195 miles S.E. from Adelaide, and 40 miles N.E. by E. from Guichen
bay on the road ftom that place to Narracoorte.
AVENUE RANGE RUN {S.E. district,) lease No. 200. Occupiers, Tilleyand
Ormerod; area, 699 miles; grazing capability, 10,000 sheep, or 120 per square mile;
but 24,000 sheep and lambs, and 60 head of horses and cattle, are on this' and other
runs held by the same lessees. The old rent and assessment was £152 78. 6d. Mr
Godyer's valuation, deducting improvements, is £270 10s per annum. The stock is
watered fi*om swamps, waterholes and wells. This run lies 180 miles by road S.E. by
S. of Adelaide, and 50 miles N.N.E. of Guichen bay, the shipping port.
AVENUE RUN, NORTH {8,E. district/) No. 335 lease A; occupiers, Tilley and
Ormerod; area, 50 square miles; grazing capability, 8500 sheep, or 170 per square mile.
The heEid station is on Reedy creek on the adjoining run. Mr. Goyder's valuation,
deducting improvements, £258 14s. per annum. This run lies 235 miles S.S.E. from
Adelaide, and 35 miles E.S.E. of Guichen bay. It forms part of the Avenue range
ran.
AVENUE RUN, SOUTH. (S.E. district) lease No. 355 ; occupiers, Tilley and
Ormerod ; area, 75 square miles; grazing capability, 13,500 sheep, or 180 per square
mile*; rental, deducting improvements, £142 88. This run lies 240 miles S.E. of
Adelaide, and 50 Miles N.W. of Macdonnell bay, where the wool is shipped.
AVOCA, VALE #F {N, district) is the name given to a fine valley lying
between ranges 500 feet high, near the Welcome mines. The ranges on the N. side of
tiie valley are bolder and higher than those on the S., and at the top are bare rocks of
fiemtastic forms. Halfway up them are some singular apertures, and over a small creek
or watercourse is a natural bridge of rock, consisting of a single stone 20 feet long.
AVOID BAY (Co. Flinders) is a deep indentation in the land lying to the E. of
point 'Whidbey, and about 9 miles across from that point to point Avoid is East Head.
This bay almost insulates point Whidbey, it has a small rocky islet lying about a mile
from the beach, and some black rocks and shoal water near its E. shore, with 21
latho&s, a long mile from them, but it is exposed to the S. and S.W., and is unfit for
anchorage.
AVOZD POINT {Co. Flindet^s) is the E. head Of Avoid bay, and bears from point
Whidbey E.S.E. 9 miles. It is low, and has 2 rocky islets connected by a reef lying
off it to the extent of 3 miles.
ATS&8 (Co. Stanley) is a N.E. hundred of the county, containing a small
quantity of purchased land. The remainder of the hundred is taken up for pastoral
purposes.
L SAAH HILL RUN {neu> S.E. district;) leases Nos. 762, 775, and 1036; occupiers
' Williams and Bagot ; respective areas of leases, 27, 10, and 43 square miles. This
run lies in the Tattiara country, near Border town, and is watered by swamps.
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33 The South Australian Gazetteer, Bab — H^l]
BABBAOE, MOUNT, 29° 55' S. lat., 139° 45' E. long. iFlinders district,) is the
name of a solitarj hill situated at the head of the Hamilton creek.
BA.GKSTAZ&S PASSAGE is a narrow strait lying hetween the mainlaifd on
the N. and Kangaroo island on the S.W., and leading from the ocean by the N. of that
island to Port Adelaide and the other harbours in the gulf of St. Vincent, and to
Nepean bay, Eingscote harbour, and the other ports on the N. coast of EangHtoo
island. The tides in this passage run very strongly, as rapidly as 5 knots on some
occasions, and it is supposed that the flood from the W. and the ebb from the E. meet
somewhere near a group of small rocks, lying in the passage known as the Pages. The
Yatala bank or shoal lies in the S. part of this passage, 8 miles N. of cape Willoughby.
The narrowest part of the Backstairs passage measures nearly 8 miles in width from
Cape Jervis to the n^est f>oint of Kangaroo island, and has soundings varying
tcom 12 to 22 fathoms between the shores.
BAGOT {Oo. Eyre) is a S. hundred of the county, Qonsisting almost exclusiyely
of pastoral land, although a small quantity has been purchased. There is a public
pound in this hundred.
BAGOT RANGE, 26° 40' S. lat., 134° 20' E. long. {Flinders district,) is the name
of a range of low volcanic hills, consisting principally of gypsum, quartz, and iron-
stone, discovered by Stuart in his explorations of 1860. The surrounding country is
generally scrubby, and has an ironstone soil with white flint occasionally. The
Stevenson river and its tributaries flow past the N. foot of this range, and have grassy
and gum bordered banks.
BAGOT' S WELL {Co. Light) is a small agricultural postal settlement in the
hundred of Kapunda, and electoral district of Light, lying in a wheat-growing district
to the N.E. of Kapunda, which is distant 5} miles, the mail being conveyed on horse-
back and thence per railway to Adelaide, distance 55 J miles. The surrounding
country is diversified, and contains a considerable quantity of fine land, settled on by
numerous^ farmers. At Bagot*s well, however, there are only two fiimilies resident,
^comprising 12 persons in all.
BAZBD'S BAY RUN (TF. district.) See Radstock Cape Run.
BAKEB (Co. Russdl) is a S j^. hundred of the county, including the entire
peninsula lying between lakes Alexandrina, Coorong, and Albert, and consisting
of a scrubby tract of country, having, however, some good, agricultural land
on the E. and W., which is surveyed and sold. On the W. side of this hundred, and on
the shore of lake Alexandrina lies the township of Point Madeay, and the boat hur-
hour known as Loveday bay.
BAKER'S NOB {Co. Hindmarsh) is a prominent peak in the Yankalilla ranges,
lying about 3 miles E. of Rapid bay, whence it forms a prominent landmark.
BAKER'S RANGE RUN {S.E. district;) lease No. 223; occupiers, Messrs.
Mclnnes; area, 30 square miles; grazing capacity, 5000 sheep; Mr. Goyder's valuation,
deducting improvements, £150 10s. This is part of the Grower run, and lies 54 miles
E.N.E. of Guichen Bay. This run also includes leases Nos. 223 and 284.
BAL AKLAVA (Co. Gawler) is a N. hundred of the county, containing a small
quantity of purchased land on its N. side, the S. bank of the Wakefield river. For
population, &c., see Inkerman hundbbd.
BALAUE CREEK (Ob. Victoi*ia) is a small watercourse, flowing in the S.E.
part of the Bundaleer run.
BALAGRBIX: RUN (N. district;) lease No. 69 ; occupiers, Messrs. Ragless;
area, 71 square miles; grazing capability, 9000 sheep, or 127 per square mile; old rent
and assessment, £133; Goyder's valuation, deducting improvements, £534 8s. This
run lies near the Willochra township, 35 miles N.N.E. of Port Augusta, and 215 miles
N. of Adelaide. It is watered by the Willochra and Beltana 'creeks, and by wells.
The head station is generally known as the Mud Hut.
BALGOORZE RUN {N. district,) See Baloabrib Run.
rBALGORAGANMA CREEK {N. district) is a fine stream, rising in the ranges i
to the N. W. of Blinman, and flowing past the N. of that place, in an E. direction to the
£. plains, through good pastoral country.
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Bal— Bar] The South Australian Gazetteer. 23
HILLS {Co. Hindmarah) is a postal village in the electoral district of
Encounter bay, hondried of Elankalilla, and under the control of the Tankalilla district
counciL It is situated near the Yankaiilla river, which flows through that part of the
district known as Dairy flat. The Inman river is also within a short dbtance; and
mount Eobinson, ll miles distant, is covered with scrub, and contains good building,
stone. Bald hills lies in an agricultural district, some of the best land in the colony
being found in the neighbourhood, and being largely taken up for agricultural purposes,
chiefly the growth of cereals; cattle and sheep are also grazed to a considerable extent
on the adjoining waste lands. The nearest places are — ^Yankalilla, 5 miles W.; Nor-
man ville, 7 miles W.; Victor harbour, 15 miles E.; and port Elliot, 20 miles N.E.
Nonnanville being the next seaport and telegraph station. The communication with
these places is by horse and dray; and with Adelaide, 55 miles N.E., by the same
means to Tankalilla, and thence by Rounsevell*s mail coach. Heavy goods are usually
carried to Adelaide by means of drays from Bald hills to Normanville, and thence by the
schooners Analgisia, Nancy or Resolute, the regular traders to that port Bald hills
has a i>ost office, a branch of the South Australian insurance company, and 2 stores
(Leake's and Burgess and Bostock's. ) There are 2 chapels (Wesleyan and Bible
Christian.) The surrounding country is mountainous, and is justly considered as
exceedingly salubrious; the scenery is very beautiful, and offers great attractions for
the tourist; for sportsmen the district is second to few in the colony, kangaroo and
other native game abounding on the waste lands.
BALD HILL {Oo, Light) is the name of a peak in the main range lying in the
hundred of Belvidere, near the S. bank of the light river, and about 8 miles E. of
Eapunda.
BAXJ> HILL MINE (Tor1ce*i Peninsula) is a newly found copper lode in the
Kadina mining district, and lying between the Telta mine and Eadina. A corre-
spondent writes to the Walla/roo Times, ui\der date July 9th, 1866, respecting this find,
as follows: — **I have just returned from a visit to the new discovery of copper which
has been made near the Bald hill. The genuineness of the ' find' is now placed beyond
any doubt, as the result of the day's working has opened up a splendid deposit of green
carbonate of copper. There are 2 pits sunk, one of which is about 10 feet in
length by 6 or 7 feet m width, and 2^ feet deep. This large opening seems
to have been made for the purpose of ascertaining the extent of ground through
which the ore might occur. Every portion of it shows green carbonates. A few feet
distance from the above sinking there is another pit sunk to the depth of 2 or 3
feet, which plainly discloses the back of a strong lode, with quartz, impregnated with
green carbonates of copper. This discovery fairly eclipses all the recent ones that I
have witnessed in this district, and it is very gratifying to be thus enabled to record
such an event. I have thus given you a short sketch of my first visit to this new
locality, and you can make what use you like of it."
BAU>INA CREEK (Co, Burrd) is a small mountain creek, rising and flowing
about 7 miles to the N. of Eooringa into the head of the Burra creek. It is merely a
chain of waterholes in summer.
BALBINA RUN, No. 1, (Co. Burra;) lease No. 22 ; occupier, the Hon.H. Ayers;
area, 28 square miles; grazing capability, 5600 sheep or 200 per square mile. Original
rent and assessment, £58 6s 8d.; Mr Goyder's valuation £392, excluding improvements, ,
which are valued at £405. This, is a head station and woolshed, and lies on the Stone
Chimney creek, 6 miles E. of Kooringa, 105 N.N.E. ^ Adelaide, and 70 E.N.E of
Port Wakefleld. It consists of well-grassed land, with a little mallee and sandalwood
scrub, and about 9 miles of ^saltbush and grass, It is watered by the Stone Chimney
and Baldina creeks, and has a good road to Kooringa. This run also comprises lease
No. 285, which has an area of 24 square miles adjoining the head station, and its rent
and assessment being £35. There is another run of the same name, but more usually
known as ** Barker's," which see. A. Barker, Esq., J.P. is a resident magistrate of
the district.
BAU>INA RUN, No. 2. (N, district;) lease No. 545 ; occupiers, Barrett and
Duffield ; area, 67 square miles ; rent and assessment £94 148. 4d. This run lies to
tie N. of the Burra Creek, the next post town being Kooringa.
BABSEB'S, (or Baldina) RUN, (i\r. district;) lease 33. This run also
«)mpri8e8 lease No. 504, which has an area of 43 square miles, and pays a rent and
assessment of £62 12s. lid. This run is part of Baldina No. 1.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
24 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Bal — Bab
BAZiHAHirAR, S^^'HT S. lat., Ids'" 55' E. long. {Co. Adelaide,) is a postal town in
the electoral district and hundred of Onkaparinga, and under the control of the district
council of Onkaparinga, on the rirer Onkaparinga. The Balhannah creek running from
E. to N. and £dling into the river on the N.W. side. The district is an agricultural
one, prindpally wheat growing. The nearest places are Oakhank Tillage, 1 mile N.E.
little Hampton village, 5 miles E., and Grunthal village, 2} miles S.W. The main
line of road runs between Oakbank, Balhannah, and Grunthal, and there is a district
road from Balhannah to Little Hampton, the communication being along the main road
bj Rounseveirs coaches, and with Adelaide, 181 miles W. by those coaches, along the
main E line of road. There is one hotel, the Golden Cross inn, in Balhannah. The
furrounding country is mountainous, the formation being of soft slate, with auriferous
quartz. The population oi Balhannah. about 160 persons. There are at Balhannah
2 stores, a post office 1 public school house, the best in the district 1 church (of England,)
and one chapel (Primitive Methodist.) There is a company of volunteer rifles in this
township.
BALLAST HEAD {Kangaroo island,) is a bold rocky headland, in Nepean Bay,
forming the W. horn of Eastern Cove.
BAMGHABK RUN {S.E. district;) lease No. 154; occupier, B. Cussen; area, 30
square miles; grazing capacity, |4000 sheep, or 129 per square mile; Mr.
€k>yder's valuation, deducting improvements, £56 per annum. This run lies 100 miles
N.E. of Guichen bay, and 195 miles S.E. by S. of Adelaide. It is watered by wells
aad swamps.
BAMOOR {Co. Frome) is a small village on the main N. road, lying about 10
miles S. of the township of Melrose. Copper and lead have both been found in the
locality.
BANKS'S CAPE, of Grant, or Cape Button, of the French, {Co. Grey,) is a
sandy projection in 37° 53' S. lat., and 140° 23' E. long., and is rendered remarkable by
having a conspicuous white sand hummock close to its extremity. At 3 or 4 leagues
inland there is a ridge of moderately high hills, which terminate to the southward
in a bluff bearing from the hillock on the cape N.E. f N. " The coast from cape
Buffon to Cape Banks has a sandy frontage, showing a few large stones upon the
beach, with good soundings close to the shore."
BANKS'S GROUP {Spencer^s Gulf) is the name given to a number of islands lying
on the W. side of Spencer's gulf, and to the N.E. of Port Lincoln. They were first
surveyed by Flinders in the early part of March, 1802. See also Sm Joseph Banks's
Gboup.
BABATANA EUN {N, district;) leases Nos. 544 and 566; occupiers, Messrs.
Thomas; areas, 74 and 69 square miles; rents and assessments, £37 and £34 10s. This
run lies at mount Thomas, near Burt's hill.
BABGOO RIVER {Flinders district)— &ee Cooper's Cbeek.
BABKEB, MOUNT. 35° 3' S. lat., 139° 1' E. long. (Co. Hindmarsh,) is a postal
township iu the electoral district of mount Barker, hundred of Macclesfield, and imder
the control of the mount Barker district council. It is situated on the main E. line
of road from Adelaide to mount Torrens, 3 miles west of mount Barker, and near the
head of the mount Barker creek, in an agricultural, district celebrated for the fine
wheat it produces. Samples of wheat grown in this district, by Mr. Waddell, gained
the prize medal at the exhibition, London, of 1851, and speoimens were exhibited in
the Melbourne exhibition, of 1 866, by Messrs. Waddell, B^, Venning. Frame, Hackett;
Mr. Frame also exhibited a fine specimen of oats; Mr. J. Ramsay exhibited an improved
reaping and thrashing machine. There are 2 flour mills in the township (Dunn an«i
Co.'s and Wedd's,) the flour from the first of which gained a prize medal at the
exhibition (London) of 1862. On the mount Barker mineral reserve, 9 miles from the
township, are several copper mines. The nearest places are Nairne, 4 miles which lies
N.E.; Littlehampton, 1 mile N.E.; Balhannah, 6 miles N.; Hahndorf, 4 miles
N.W. With these plaoes, as with Adelaide, 21 miles S.W., the communicatlim is
by Rounseveirs daily line of mail coaches. Mount Barker has a post and money ordir
office, a telegraph station, branches of the National bank and the South Australian
insurance company, a local court, a public pound, a Foriesters' coui't, an Oddfellows'
lodge (M . U. ,) and a volunteer rifle corps. The resident magistrates are, J. Parker,F. May,
T. Lambert, J. Dunn, and G. F. Dashwood, Esqs. There is a church of England, a Pres-
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Bau] The South Australian Qnzetteer, 26
byterian, and a BomanXatholic church, Wesleyan and Primitive Methodist cfaapeli; a
literary institute, and Aotels, the mount Barker, Oakfield, and Gray's inn. There is
no regular carrying-office, but several carriers ply with horse vans to Adelaide. The
Bsrrounding country is mountainous and highly picturesque, having deep wooded
gullies and fertile flats intersecting the mountain ranges in all directions. The soil is
rich and admirably suited to the growth of cereals, and t^e geological formation is
generally of post pliocene tertiary drift, consisting of large fragments of schist, sand-
stone and quartz, but slightly waterworn. The population numbers aboul 1000 persons,
the number of dwellings being about 150. The whole district of mount Barker may
be said to consist of hills and valleys, — the hills being formed of either granite, gneiss,
mica, slate, and quartz rock, clay slate or conglomerate of sandstone, quartz, and iron.
Their summits are rather scanty of vegetation, owing to the quantity of loose soil, the
primary rocks frequently being exposed. The valleys and slopes, on the contrary, are
extremely fertile, and usually have small streams running along their course the
greater part of the year. A sandy clay generally occupies the bottom, and part of the
slopes; higher up, the surface soil is very light in texture, and contains much decom-
posed vegetable matter. Lime is exceedingly scarce. There is abundance of good
material for road-making and building purposes. Copper pyrites have been found in
many places, but no copper mines have been opened in the district. The climate is
colder and rain nM)re frequent than on the plains. The hot winds are often felt to an
unpleasant degree, but this is amply compensated by the refreshing summer breezes.
The different aspects and sheltered slopes occasioned by the hills, with the humid and
ridi soil of the valleys, produces a varied and luxuriant vegetation. Most of the
UDcl^ired land is covered with fine specimens of eucalyptus and acacia, beneath which
flourishes a variety of orchids and other splendid flowering plants, many of them being
delightfully fragrant. Wheat is the common cereal crop. Almost every house has its
vegetable and fruit garden, which is very productive; the orange, apple, pear, cherry,
fig, strawberry, gooseberry, and other European fruits bear well. The vine is cultivated
more largely than formerly, and produces good wine, but the climate is generally
considered too variable to make it other than a precarious vintage.
Mount Barker electoral district is bounded on the E. by the river Murray, com-
mencing at its outlet into lake Alexandrina; thence northerly by the centre of the
said river to the N.E. corner of the hundred of Brinkley; on the N. and N.E. by the
district of Onkaparinga; on the N.W. by the river Onlraparinga; on the W. by the
diatrict of Koarlunga to that point of the summit of the Willunga range cut by the
Encounter bay road; thence E. to mount Magnificent, %nd S. to the range between
mount Compass and mount Observation; thence E. along the most direct spur to
mount Observation; thence by the boundary of the hundreds of Nkangkita and Kendo-
paringa, to the N.W. corner of section 2363: thence by the centre of the Finniss river,
following the S.W. boundary of the hundred ot Alexandrina. to the county boundary
of Bindmarsh and Sturt, near the east point of Hindmarsh iAnd; thence N.E. to point
Sturt; thence N.E. to the outlet of the river Murray, the point of commencing. This
district comprises the hundreds of Kondoparinga, Bremer, Alexandrina, Strathalbyn,
Macclesfield, Kuitpo, Freeling, and Brinkley, and the district councils of Alexandrina,
Bremer, Clarendon (S. part,) Echunga, Kondoparinga, Macclesfield, mount Barker, Ona-
hunga, Strathalbyn, and Willunga. It has a population of 9372 persons, and an area of 732
square miles, or 468,480 acres, of which 57,517 acres are under cultivation. The voting
places for this district are Strathalbyn, mount Barker, Echunga, Macclesfield, Milang,
and Meadows. The present representatives in the Legislative Assembly are James
Bankine and John Dunn, Esqs. The number of registered electors for 1865 in this
di£<3ict was, for the Legislative Council, 1027; and for the Legislative Assembly, 1684.
BARKER, MOUNT {Co, Hindmarsh) is a district council in the electoral district of
mount Barker. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr A. Bell, of
Dalmeny park, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district council
fbr 1865 were as follow :— Assessment, £9186; rates, Is. in the pound; rates collected,
ie445 4s. 6d.; total receipts, £1256 8s. 5d.; office expenses and salaties, £i5 7s. 8d.;
expended on public works, £1116 5s. 8^d. The population numbers 1926 persons; the
area is 35 square miles, or 22,400 acres; land under cultivation, 5801 acres; and number
Hi dwelling-houses, 379.
BARKER, MOUNT [Co. StuH,) is a lofty peak of the Hay, or main range of
mountaina, attaining an altitude of 2300 ft. above the level of the sea. This peak
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
26 Ths South Australian Gazetteer. [Bar
standi about 3 miles distant from the township of Mount Barker, which it appears to
oyerhang, and is a prominent landmark firom the western side jg the Murray river.
BABKE&y MOUNT, CREEK {Co, EindmcM'sh,) is a fine mountain stream rising
near Mount Barker township, and flowing in a general S.E. direction through fine
agricultural country for about 10 miles into the Bremer river, which it joins about 10
miles E. of Macclesfield. It is fed by Scott's and Naime creeks, which fall into it
about 3 miles above its mouth. Portion of this creek forms the N.E. boundary of the
county separating it from cqunty Sturt.
BARKER'S KNOLL {Co. Russell) is a sandy hill at the extremity of Young>
husband's peninsula, and forms the E. head of the sea mouth of the Murray.
BARKER'S RUN (Co. Burra;) lease No. 33; occupier, A. Barker; area,
83 square miles ; grazing capabilities, 6000 sheep, or 180 per square mile; original
rent and assessment, £67 7s. 6d.; Mr. Goyder's valuation, iJ363, excluding improve-
ments, which are valued at £900. This run lies on the N. of the Baldina creek— the
head station being 7 miles E.N.E. of Kooringa, 105 miles N.N.E. from Adelaide, and
70 miles E.N.E. from port Wakefield. It consists of well-grassed spurs and flats, with
bushy ranges, and a little mallee scrub and saltbush. There is a good road to
Kooringsu
BARNDEOOTOO RUN (N. district;) lease No. 117; occupiers. Grant and
Phillips; area, 47 square miles ; grazing capability, 5500 sheep, or 117 per square
mile; Mr. Goyder's valuation, deducting improvements, £263 12s. per annum. This
run forms part of the Kanyaka run, and is worked from the head station at Kanyaka.
It lies 55 miles N.N.E. of Port Augusta, and 245 miles N. of Adelaide. It is watered
by the Kanyaka and Wirrianda creeks, and by a fresh water lagoon.
BAROOTA RUN (jOo. Frmvt;) lease No. 15; occupier, Ww T. Salter; area,
65 squares miles; grazing capability, 9400 sheep, or 144 per square mile; old rental,
£108 2s. lid.; Mr. Goyder's valuation, deducting improvements, £442. This run lies
35 miles S. of Port Augusta, and 160 miles N. of Adelaide. It extends from Yatala
harbour to near mount Remarkable, and is watered by several springs and water-
courses. d
BAROSSA electoral district is bounded on theN.W. by the Moorundee road, from
the point where it crosses the main range between Hawker's hill and mount Despond to its
intersection with the North Para river, between sections 141 and 142, and by the N.
branch of the said river to its junction with the South Para river; on the S. by the
South Para, and that branch of the river running through section 669, Barossa special
survey, and by a line thence N.E. to the main range ; thence E. by the N. boundary of
the county of Sturt, along the S. boundary of the hundreds of North Rhine, Bagot,
and Fisher, to the centre of the river Murray; thence N. by the centre of the river
Murray, opposite Blancharffcown ; thence W. by the road leading from Blanche town to
Truro till that road intersects the E. boundary of the hundred of North Rhine, at the
If.E. corner of section 377 ; thence N. to the N.E. corner of that hundred; thence due
W. to Hawker's hill Trigonometrical station; thence S., by the main range, to the
point of commencement. This district comprises the hundreds of Barossa, Moorooroo,
and North Rhine, and the town of Gawler ; and the district councils of Angaston,
Barossa, Flaxman's valley, mount Crawford, and Tanunda, and ha fa population of
9502 persons, and an area of 671 square miles, or 429,927 acres, of which 51,993 acres
are under cultivation. The voting places for this district are at Tanunda, Lyndoch
valley, Gawler, Angaston, and l^uro. Barossa is represented in the Legislative
Assembly by W. Duffleld and J. Martin, Esqs. The number of registered electors for
1865 in this district was, for the Legislative Council, 810; and for the Legislative
Assembly, 1282.
BAROSSA RANGE [Cos. Light and Gawler) is a portion of the main or Adelaide
range of mountains. The highest peak of this range is mount Gould, which lies dis-
tant 14 miles E. of the township of Kersbrook, and is extremely rugged and thickly
timbered.* At a distance of 2 miles in a westerly direction from the foot of this range lies
the agricultural plain known as Rowland's flat. The Barossa range lies 10 miles S.E.
of Gawler, and is considered to possess a vast store of mineral wealth. Lead, silver,
copper, and gold have all been found in it, but not, as yet, in quantities sufficient to
pay for the labour of working.
BAROSSA EAST {Co. Adelaide,) is a district council in the electoral district of
Digitized by >^OOQlC
Bab — ^Bat] The South Australian Gazetteer. 27
Barossa. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being M. J. Sandiland
of Woodlands, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in tUs district council
for 1865 were as follow: — assessment, £3850; rates Is. in the pound; rates collected,
£71 148. Id.; total receipts, £143 Is. Ud.; ofiice expenses and salaries, £25 178.;
expended on public works, £50. The population numbers 618 persons; the area is
16 square miles, or 10,240 acres; land under cultivation, 4327 acres; and number of
dwelling-houses, 106.
BA&OSSA WEST (Co. Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral district of
Barossa. It is under the control of a chairman — the present one being Mr. S. Lindsay,
of Sandy creek, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district
council for 1865 was as follows: — Assessment, £10,418— rate, 61^. .in the pound; rates
collected, £221 18s. 2d.; total receipts, £725 17s. 2d.; office expenses and salaries,
£90 lis. 4d., expended on public works, £479 198. The population numbers 1506
persons; the area is 51 square miles, or 32,640 acres; land under cultiyation, 11,521
acres; and number of dwelling-houses, 277.
BA&OSSA {Co, Light) is a hundred lying in the S. of the county, and between the
N. and S. Para riyers, which water it on its N. and S. sides respectively. It consists
principally of purchased agricultural land, taken up by settlers for the culture of wheat
and other farm produce.
BAJIBITT'S MINE (Co. JBindmarsh,) See Normanyillb.
BA&UNGA STATION (Co. Stanley;) occupier J. Ellis. See Hummock's Run.
BASON CREEK [Co. Eyre) is a small stream rising in the ranges to the W. of
the hundred of N. Rhine, near mount Despond, and flowing N. into Truro creeks
BASSXSTT TOWN {Co. Oawler) is a small village suburban to the township of
Gawler, which township it adjoins, and of which it forms portion. It lies near the
railway station.
BATH'S ACCOMMODATION ttOUSE (Co. Cardwell) is a roadside public-
house on the main road between Wellington and Kingston.
BAUDZN ROCKS {Co. Jtobe) is the name given to 2 high rocks with a reef to
the main land, and I S. by W. 1 mile, showing heavy breakers. They lie 10 miles
to the S. of Oftpe Jaffa, and form the W. shelter of Guichen bay. They are 4^ miles
N. by W. from Cape Lannes, and are visible 7 miles.
BAUEB. CAPE, 32° 44' S. lat., 134° 1' E. long., is the name of the S. and E. head
of Streaky bay. At a distance of 4f miles E., ^ N. lies a rocky island called Olive
island, surrounded by reefs ; there is, however, a passage known as the inshore passage
into the bay, between the cape and the island. This cape forms the W. head of Gibson's
peninsala.
BAVEB, CAPE, RUN (W. district;) leases Nos. 929, 817, and 1130; occupier, J.
Forster; respective areas, 9, 28 and 9 square miles. This run lies on Streaky bay, the
post town being Flinders.
B AWLET PLAINS {Flinders district) is the name of a tract of stony country
lying in about 29° S. lat., 141° E. lone., on the E. side of Strzelecki creek. It is so
allied from the fact that a horse named Bawley, having given in from the intense heat
and want of water and food, was left there by Sturt on his return from Strzelecki creek
to the depdt at Fort Grey (New South Wales) in 1845, and was found again feeding
near lake Torrens, and driven into the settled districts 14 years afterwards. He had,
of course, become very wild,imd was quite white instead of the roan colour he had
when Sturt left him behind ; his hoo& had grown to an enormous length.
BAXTEB'S RANGE (Flinders district) is a range of lofty rocky hills lying on
the W. side of the head of Spencer's gulf, and crossed by Eyre in 1839. It lies in a
country densely scrubbed but worthless, and containing no grass or fresh water except
that to be found in the holes in the rocks after rain. There are several salt lagoons in
the neighbourhood, the principal of which are lake Gilles to the W., and Coranna
water to the Bt The country is generally of limestone formation, with granite ridges.
BAT OF BISCAY {Co, Burra) is the name of a pastoral flat lying to the S. of
Kooringa, and watered by the Brady creek. The township of Apoinga is situated on
this flat. It consists of black soil, with low scrub, and has much loose sandstone, good
for building purposes, scattered upon it
Digitized by VjOOQIC
28 The South AuMrcdian Gazetteer. TBat — Bed
'. • I: .
BAT OF SHOALS RUN {Kangaroo island;) lease No. 811; occupier, F. A.
Howell; area, 9 square miles; rent and assessment, £5 per annum. This run. lies on
the Bay of Shoals, the next post town being Hog bay.
BAT, THE {Co, Adelaide.) See Lefevre's peninsula.
BEAarSWEXJBB BUN; lease No. 38; occupier, H. B. Hughes; area, 194 square
miles; post town, Clare.
BEAK HILL {Victoria distnct) is the name of a hill lying in the pastoral country
to the S.E. of Wellington.
BEABB'8*B A Y (flinders district) is a deep indentation in the coast line, lying in
the W. part of Anxio# bay, and 12 miles W. of Venus harbour. It lies «it the back
of cape Radstock, and fi>om its being much encumbered with rocks at its entrance, and
its shoalness inside, is unfit for navigation by vessels of any size. The coast to the
E. towards Venus harbour gradually increases in height, and from its iron-bound
shores presents a most inhospitable appealrance.
BEAVLISU {Co. Adelaide) is a small agricultural settlement in the neighbour-
hood of Willunga, taken up by a few small farmers, who cultivate wheat and other
produce.
BEAVMONT {Co. Adelaide) is a small agricultural hamlet lying to the E. of'
Mitcham, and inhabited by a few farmers and gardeners. The resident magistrates are
W. Wyatt, S. Davenport, P. E. Warburton, and C. M. D. Davis, Esqs. The celebrated
Linden vineyard, comprising 9 acres of vines, chiefly the black Portugal, Grenache,
Mataro, and Carignan varieties, lies near this place, as does also Sunnyside, the vineyard
and residence of the Hon. W. Milne. The Grenache, Mataro, Carignan, black Portugal,
and Malbec ar« the principal varieties. The Auldana vineyard is in the same locality,
and is an extensive tract of excellent land planted with numerous kinds of vines. The
Stony Fell and Hazelwood vineyards are also in the same neighbourhood.
BEAUTIFUL VALLEY {Co. Frome) iHthe name of a post office on the great
N. road, where there is an accommodation house and roadside hotel, lying 16 miles N.
of Melrose, and 24 miles E. of Stirling. Beautiful Valley is situated on the main N.
road, about 16 miles N. of Melrose, and about 24 miles E. of Stirling. It is an eating-
house, built on a purchased section, and the proprietor is about to build an addition to
it, for the purpose of making it a public-house. There are 3 creeks in the
neighbourhood— one about a mile N., called Beautiful Valley creek, but there is no
permanent water in it; the other two lie to the S., and are called Stony creek, about
1 J miles, having no water, and Spring creek, about 6 miles S., with a very strong spring of
permanent water. The Flinders ranges lie about a mile W. of this; they run in a
N. direction. Mount Remarkable is about 16 miles S., and mount Brown 10 miles N.
The district is a pastoral one — sheep and cattle, chiefly the former, being grazed on the
runs in the neighbourhood. There is a copper mine about 7 miles from here,
called the Spriag creek mine; and a smelting works in course of erection at Stoay
creek, about Ij miles S. of this place. Melrose is the nearest township, 16 miles S.
Stirling is 24 miles W., and Port Augusta 29 miles W. A mail runs twice a week to
Port Augusta, mostly carried on horseback, as there is a very heavy piece of road
through the ranges. The best means of communication with Adelaide, 215 miles S., is
by the mail coach to Kapunda (vid Melrose,) and thence by rail. The country to the
W., N., and S. is mountainous; to the E., there is a fine large plain, rather stony in
places. The population of Beautiful Valley and the neighbourhood numbers about
100 persqps, but there is likely to be a larger population shortly—that is, when the
smelting works are finished. This is a very bad country for water; there is a well
sunk here about 150 feet deep, and no signs of water; and another at the smelting
works (1^ miles S.,) about the same depth, with the same prospect.
BECKWITH (Co. Gawler) is a small agricultural settlement in the neighbourhood
of Gawler, taken up by a body of industrious farmers, who cultivate wheat and other
produce.
BEDA (or Elizabeth CBEEE) {Flinders district) is a stream fleeing into the
S.W.'end of lake Torrens, and discovered by Campbell "during his exploration journey
firom the port Lincoln, crossing to the W. side of lake Torrens, in 1857. The creek is
salt, although there is plenty of fresh water to the N. of it, also found by Campbell
and Swinden, and known as the Elizabeth creek. A small flat-topped range lies
Digitized by LjOOQIC
BeM — Bel] The South Australian G€tz^teer, 29
between this creek and the lake; and a waterhole, apparently permanent, is found at
its head.
BXaXIOVTy CAPE {Kangaroo island,) is a rocky point, Ijdng about 11 miles S. of
cape Borda, on the W. coast of the island; and o£f it a reef runs a considerable distance
in a W.N. W. direction; there is also a small low island in close proximity to. the point
in connection with the reef. . The coasters report anchorage in the bay inside the reef,
but the holding-ground is stated to be most indifferent. This anchorage is termed
West bay, and has been occasionally used by sealers and the inhabitants of the island;
it is, however, quite open to the westward. Commanders of ships should give cape
Bedout a wide berth, as the sea breaks a considerable distance off the shore owing,
doubtless, more to the nature of the bottom than the shallowness of the water. Bec^
however, do exist along this shore, on which the swell breaks with tremendous force.
BtSEZiXnMtAB (Flinders district) is a large swamp with a spring in the middle,
discovered, in 1840, by Mr. Ejrre, and lying 45 miles N. of Fowler's bay. The surround-
ing country consists of alternate plains and low scrub, destitute of trees.
BSELEaSAB GAIFE (Flinders district) is a spot on the W. coast of Denial bay,
where good water can be obtained by digging in the sand-hills. It lies on the track of
Eyre's terrible journey from port Lincoln to Western Australia, in 1840. The sur-
rounding country is an arid and scrubby desert; but much of the back country is
taken up for pastoral purposes.
BEET CREEK {Flinders district) is a small wat#course rising in the dense
mulga scrub and limestone rises, to the W. of the N. part of lake Torrens, and flowing
through grassy and barren sandy and stony plains in a N.E. direction, into the S.W.
end of lake Eyre. This creek only flows in and shortly after very wet weather. Sandy
drift, strongly impregnated with soda over limestone, with granite boulders.
BELAZB ( Co. Adelaide) is a postal township in the hundred of Adelaide, electoral
district of the Sturt, and under the control of the Mitcham distri^ couiicU. It lies
in a flat about i square mile in extent, amongst sonie rugged hills, and is partly a
pastoral and partly ati agricultural district, a few sheep and cattle being grazed and a
little wheat and wine cultivated. There is a public pound in the township. Mitcham
lies 1 mile distant N. and Coromandel valley 4 miles S. The Government farm at
£. Brighton lies to the W., and the communication with Adelaide 6 miles distant, W.
by 'bus, from Mitcham. The nearest hotel is at Mitcham. The flat on which Belair
is situated lies about 900 ft. above the level of the sea, and is a sandstone plateau sur-
rounded by hills. The population is included in that of Mitcham.
BELLING A (Co. Adelaide) is a small agricultural settlement in the neighbour-
hood of Willunga, taken up by a few industrious farmers who cultivate wheat and
other produce.
BEXiL POINT, 32° 18' 30'' S. lat., 133° 8' 30" E. long. (.Flinders district,) is a
rocky point projecting from the main land into the sea. It is low, but has a knoll at
its extremity. There is a broad flat rock, surrounded by breakers, lying 1 mile to the
E. of the point. The country inland consists of dense scrub. The point lies between
Fowler's and Denial bays.
BEXiL POINT RUN (W. district;) leases No. 877, 1033, and 1153; occupiers,
Marrabel and Miller; areas, 68, 62, and 61 square miles. This run is at Bell point.
Fowler's bay, and is watered by wells dug in the sand hills bordering the coast.
BELT ANA or Mount Deception {N, district) is a postal station in the Flinders
electoral district. It is the postal centre of a large tract of pastoral (sheep) coimtry,
and lies 30 miles N.W. of Nuccaleena, where is the nearest hotel and a copper mine.
The communication with the place is by liorse and dray, and with Adelaide, 406 miles S.,
by Rounsevell's mail coach from Nuccaleena, running weekly whenever the weather and
state of the country will permit. The want of a hospital for this district has been felt
for some time, there being none nearer than Port Augusta. The surrounding, country
is mountainous. The population at Beltana numbers 10 persons, and consists of the
residents on the station. See Deception, Mount, Bun.
BELTANA (or Wabenta) RUN ; lease No. 709 ; occupier, R. B. Smith; arga,
162 square miles ; rent, £81 per annum.
*TUE (Co. Sindmarsh.) See McLaren's Yale.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
30 The SdiUh Australian Gazetteer.^ [Bel — Beb
BE&TIBE&S {Co, Hindmarsh) is a postal township in the hundreds of Strath-
albjn and Bremer, electoral district of mount Barker, and is under the control of a
district council. It is situated on the river Angas, and in an agricultural district, the
nearest places being Strathalbjn, the next telegraph station, 4 miles distant, and I^ng-
horne's creek. 6 mUes distant The communication with these places is by Kounsevell's
mail coach, and with Adelaide, 40|^ miles W., by the same means of conyeyance.
Belvidere has a post office and 1 hotel, — the Belvidere. The surrounding country
consists of undulating plains, much of the land being under cultivation. The population
is smidl and scattered.
BELTDERE {Co, Light) is an E. hundred of the county, consisting, for the
most part, of purchased agricultural land; on which are grown large quantities of wheat,
and other produce; the land being taken up by an industrious body of farmers. The
area of this hundred is 53,760 acres; of which 24,144 acres are under cultivation. liie
population numbers 1575 persons.
BELTDEBE RANGE {Co. Light) is a range of hills lying about 1} miles to the
W. of Marrabel. The Butcher's gap and Finniss point lie in the Belvidere range.
Gk>ld is reported to exist in some quartz reefs near this range, but it has never been
properly tested. There is abundance of good timber and stone, both suitable for
building purposes— granite and freestone.
BENAZAH [Flinders district) is a creek, flowing through the pastoral country in
the W. part of the E. plain^ 12 miles south of Black Bock.
BENABA (Co, Qrey) is one of the S. hundreds of the county, and consists mostly
of land sold to agriculturists. The area of this hundred, including also those of
the hundreds of Caroline, Macdonnell and Eongorong, is 258,560 acres, of which
1291 acres are under cultivation. The population of these hundreds numbers 1135
persons.
BENBONTATAy 30° 25' S. lat., 139° 20^ E. long. (Flinders district,) is a peak in
the main or Flinders range, lying about 20 miles S. of the township of Yudanamutana;
the summit of this peak is supposed to be the highest land in South Australia.
BENBONTATA RANGE {Flinders district) is the name given to a bold
massive range of mountains, several miles in length, and running N.E. and S.W,,
between Gammon hill and mount M*Kinlay. It is situated 4 miles S. of Illinawirtina
station, and is supposed to be the highest land in South Australia. The extreme
summit of this range is survey point Z.
RUN {Murray district.) See North West Bend Run.
BENSON, MOUNT, [Co. Robe) is a high peaked solitary hill, standmg about 3
miles distant in a N.E. direction from the N. shore of Guichen bay, and to the N. W. of
the Biscuit flat.
BENSON, MOUNT, RUN {Co. Rohe;) lease No. 196; occupier, H. Seymour; area,
47 square miles; grazing capability, 7500 sheep, or 150 per square mile ; old rental and
assessment, £129 5s.; Goyder's valuation, £268 12s. per annum, deducting improvements
valued at £257. This run lies on the coast 190 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 20 miles
by road N.N.E. of Guichen bay. The sheep are shorn on purchased land in the hundred
of Waterhouse, and this run and that of Killanoola are worked together. This run
consists of sand-hills and valleys, with oak, honeysuckle, flags, rushes, horbs, cutting
grass, rank coast grass, and patches of a better character ; sdso swamps and swampy
flats with tea-tree, and mesembryanthemum, and honeysuckle flats with gum, oak, and
cherry. This is one of the best runs in the S.E. district, but requires another run to
which sheep suflering from the coast disease can be removed. Its carrying capabilities
however appear to be decreasing, from the rapid growth of ferns, wattle, and native
hops. It is watered by swamps, waterholes, and wells. The Adelaide, Guichen bay,
and Narracoorte roads pass through this run. See Killanoola run.
BENSON, MOUNT, E. No. 2 RUN (Co. Robe;) lease No. 1006; area, 3 square
miles; occupiers, Ormerod and Stockdale ; rent, £5 per annum. This irun lies to the
N.E. of Guichen bay. Robe being the next post town.
• BEBESFOBD'S HILL, 29'' 20^ S. lat., 136"^ 40^ E. long. {Flinders district,) is a
low range of hills lying on the S. bank of Warriner's creek, and haying several springs,
the principal of which are known as Warburton'Si Elizabeth, and Coward's springs at
Digitized by V^OOQlC
Ber — Bla] The South Australian Gazetteer, 31
its S. foot. It lies in country now taken up for pastoral porposfli, and was discovered
by Warbnrton in 1858.
BE&nrOANA 6AIFE {Flinders district) ia a spot on the E. coast of Fowler's
bay, near point Bell, where good water can be obtained by diggin^r in the sand-hills.
It lies on the track of Eyre's terrible journey from port Lincoln to W. Australia in 1840.
The surrounding country is an arid and scrubby desert, but much of the back country
is taken up for pastoral purposes.
BE&TBA ((7o. Gawler) is a small village lying to the N. of, and adjoining the
the township of Willaston. It is inhabited mostly by small farmers engaged in the
cultivation of farm produce and grapes. It also adjoins the township of Gawler.
BETHAITT Co. Gawler)) is a small agricultural village in the neighbourhood of
Gawle];^ There is a public pound at this place.
BETERLT (Co. Adelaide) is an agricultural village lying on the main road,
about 2} mUes N.E, of Findon. It has one hotel~(the Half-way house,)— and a scat-
tered population of about 150 persons.
BLACK BOY'S NOB (Co. ffindmarsh) is a lofty peak and survey point in the
main range lying about 8 miles W. of Strathalbyn.
BXJLCKFOBA RUN iS.B. district;) lease, No. 222; occupier, A. Dunn; area, §1
square miles; grazing capability, 4000 sheep; Mr. Goyder's valuation, deducting
improvements, £147 per annum. This run lies 170 miles by road S.E. by S. of Ade-
laide, and 40 miles N.N.E. of Guichen Bay. It is watered by swamps, wells, and
troughs.
BLACK HILL (Co. Hindmwrsh) is a peak in the N. part of the Yankalilla ranges,
lying about 2 miles W.N.W. of Myporya.
BLACK HILL, SS"" S. lat., 138'' 58' E. long. ^Flinders district) is a prominent
peak in the S. part of the Ragless ii|nge, forming a landmark to the surrounding pastoral
district.
BLACK JACK (N, district) is the name of a small roadside village lying on the
mail route from Hollo welena to Adelaide, and about 45 miles W. of the former place.
BLACK POINT RUN {N. district) comprises leases Nota 116 and 395; occupier,
Hon. H. Ayers; total area, 954 square miles; total rental ana assessment, £510 1 2s.
This run lies to the E. of the Hummocks, the next post town being Port Augusta.
BLACK POINT RUN (Yorke's peninsula;) lease No. 48; occupier, S. Golds-
worthy; area, 17 square miles; rent and assessment, £21 10s. The nearest post office
is Port Adelaide, or by overland route, Moonta.
BLACK POINT ( YorJce*s peninsula) is a prominent point on the E. coast of the
peninsula standing out from that coast into the W. side of St. Vincent's gul£
BLACK ROCK CREEK (N, district) is a mountain stream flowing to the S.
from the Black rock, through the Black rock run.
BLACK ROCK, 32° 45' S. lat., 138° 55' E. long. [Flinders district,) is a high
peak of the S. part of the Ragless range, attaining an altitude of 2750 feet« and forming
a landmark to the whole of the surrounding country.
BLACK ROCK RUN, N. {N.E. district;) leases, Nos. 400, 413, 414, 717, 671,
670, 672, 668, 688, 869 and 670 ; occupiers, Ragless and Williams; total area, 721 square
miles; total rent and assessment, £491 15s. Port Augusta lies 70 miles W. of this
place.
BLACK ROCK RUN, (N. district;) lease, 112; occupier, J. Williams; area,
38 square miles; grazing capability, 4200 sheep, or 110 per square mile; old rental,
£54 lis. 8d.; Goyder's valuation, £171, excluding improvements, valued at £284. This
run liea at Black rock, 70 miles E. by S. of Port Augusta, add 170 miles from Adelaide.
It consists of rough hills, with pines, mallee scrub, dwarf scrub, and saltbush, with
fine grass, and is watered by the Black rock creek, and 3 wells near the head station.
This run also comprises leases Nos. 113, 282, 405, 60l, and 645a, which have an area
of 209 square miles, and pay a rent and assessment of £875 17s.
BLACK SPRINGS ( Co. Stanley) is a road board and postal township in the
hundred and electoral district of Stanley. . It is situated on some springs whence it
Digitized by V^OOQlC
83 The South Australian tfazetteer, [Bhk
toket its name, the Emu springs goyemment water reserve being near, and supplying
water by means of a series of troughs. There are 2 fresh water lagoons in the
neighbourhood, the Little lagoon, 2 miles S.E., and the Big lagoon, 4 miles, N. W., both
ronning N. and S. The district is both an agricultural and pastoral one, wheat being
the chief article of produce, and sheep the staple of the pastoral interest. The Ear-
kulta copper mine (see Eabkulta) lies 2^ miles N.E. of the township, and the Royal
iron mine on the N.E., at a distance of about a mile. The nearest places are Glendore,
1 mile S.W.; Waterloo, 7 miles S.; and Apoinga, 5 miles E.S.;E:. There is regular
communication with the latter place only, by means of a mail coach, and with Adelaide,
84 miles S., by mail coach to Eapunda, and thence by rail. There Is 1 hotd, the
Emu Inn, in the township. The surrounding country is flat, there being a range com-
posed of hard sandstone running N. and S., with plains suitable for agricultural purposes
on each side. The population of Black springs numbers 70 persons.
BLACK SPRINGS RUN, (Yorke's penvnmla;) occupier, M. C, Gale. See
TuoocK CowiB Run.
BLAGKSTOlf {Co. Adelaide) is a small agricultural settlement in the wheat
growing district of mount Barker. It is inhabited by a few small settles. The
resident magistrate is W. W. Ewbank, Esq.,. J.P.
• B&AGK SWAMP (Co. ^be) is a swampy lagoon lying to the E. of Guichen
bay, and supplying the pastoral country in its ndghborhood with water.
BLANGHS CAPE {Flinders district) is a remarkable cliffy projection, lyi^g to
the S.E.of Point Westall. The opening between the two points is known as Scales' bay.
BLAWGBB {Co, Grey) is a S. hundred of the county, containing a good pro*
portion of sold agricultural land, and having the township of Gambler on its E. point-
The are of this hundred, exclusive of the district council of Gambier, is 25,000 acres »
of which 165 acres are under cultivation. The population^ numbers 51 persons.
»
BLAirCHS GUP {N. district) is the name given to a spring of delicious water
on the top of a hillock, and in a kind of crater or cup about 30 feet in diameter and of
considerable depth. It is named after Lady Macdounell. It lies in Stuart's county, to
the N. of the Freelingjanges, and to the S.W. of the S. part of lake Eyre.
BLANCKB LAKE, or Blanchbwater {N, district^) is a large sheet of
water lying about 30 miles N.E. of the township of Blanchewater. It was discovered
by Babbage, who naturally considered it to form the E. arm of lake Torrens. It was,
until recently, supposed to be connected with lake Gregory, but has been found to be
distinct. The two lakes were imagined to form one large sheet of salt water, but ajflter
heavy rains they both remained fresh for fully 7 months. These lakes receive the
whole drainage of the district. Of the country to the N.E. of lake Blanche, then sup-
posed to be part of lake Torrens, Gregory says that the geological formation was
remarkably uniform; carboniferous shales and sandstones, with occasional beds of coal,
and superincumbent hills and ridges of basalt extending from the 146th meridian to
beyond the border of the colony. To the S.W. of the 146th meridian the rocks are
covered by horizontal sandstone, with beds of chert and waterworn pebbles, extending
as far as mount Hopeless.
BLAirCBEPOBT {Flinders district) is a deep indentation in the S. part of
Streaky bay, and is formed by Gibson's peninsula on the W., and the mainland on the
E. This is a magnificent harbour with an entrance half-a-mile wide, lying between a
sandspit stretching a mile E. to the E. of Gibson's peninsula, and the mainland on the
E. There is however a dangerous patch of rocks, leaving 6 feet water at low tide in
the middle of the bay. The W. portion of this harbour is generally deeper than the
IB. Water may be obtained at Cooeyena, a sheep station, belonging to Messrs. Gib-
son and Lindsay, and lying about 2 miles from the head of the bay, and it is confidintly
believed that by boring a supply could be obtained close to the landing place.
BLANCHBTOWlf {Co. Eyre) is a postal town and river port in the electoral
district of Flinders and hundred of Skurray, and on the mail coach road between
Adelaide and Wentworth (New South Wales.) It is situated on the west bank of the
Murray river, about 88 miles N.E. of Adelaide, and in the midst of a fine pastoral
district, chiefly sheep, although there are many large herds of cattle. The nearest
town is Truro, which lies distant 32 miles W., the communication being by mail twice
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Bla — Bli] The South Australian Gazetteer. 88
^week, and by 2 waggons which perform the journey to and fro weekly. With
Adelaide, 88 miles S.W., the communication is by mail conyeyance to Gawler, and
thence by rail, or by river and ocean steamers. Blanchetown has a post office, a
telegraph station, a harbour for shipment on the river, steamers, a customhouse, a
shipping agency (Peacock's,) a store (Teasdale's,) and I hotel — ^the Blanchetown.
Blanchetown is an aboriginal station. The surrounding country is high and flat, and
lor the most part scrubby. The form Aion is limestone. Fishing is carried on in the
neighbourhood but not to any extent, although fish of excellent quality may be had in
unlimited quantities. Grame of all kinds is abundant, and the place is eminently
adapted either for sportsmen or for invalids, the air being pure and the climate
salubrious. The town is prettily situated on a high bank of the river where it is 240
yards wide, and bordered with magnificent fiooded gums.
B&ANCHEWATER {N. district) is a postal township in the electoral district
of Flinders. It is situated on the George creek, there being numerous other creeks in
the neighbourhood, the principal of which are the Macdonnell, about 14 miles S., the
Tindilpa, 15 miles W., and the Hamilton, 30 miles S.E. The Flinders range of hills
lies 18 miles S., and lakes Gregory and Blanche 25 and 30 miles N.E. respectively.
The district is purely a pastoral one, and is at present only partially stocked with
cattle. The Yudanamutana copper, and the Sir Dominick copper and bismuth mines
are distant about 60 miles S. The nearest township is Blinman, which lies 160 miles
S., and with which there are at present no regular means of communication for
passengers, the mail being carried fortnightly on horseback. With Adelaide, 550
miles S., the communication is either from Blinman to Port Augusta by Rounsevell's mail
coach, and thence by steamer, or by coach via Melrose and Eooringa to Kapunda, and
thence by rail. The surrounding country is chiefly plain, and elevated very little
above the sea level. It is subject to periodical droughts, from one of which it has just
emerged, there having been no rain from January, 1864, until January, 1866; the years
1859 and 1860 were also dry, and the rain which has fallen up to the present time
since January last has hardly been sufficient to do any good, so that were the country
full^ stocked, the scarcity of grass would be greatly felt. This plain was discovered
by Babbage, in 1856, who found it covered with quartz fragments, besides specular
iron and ironstone, the small rises in it being of quartz rock, or of slate and limestone.
The white population varies from about 14 to as low as 4 persons*, the aborigines
in ^e district number about 200.
BLANCHEWATER and MOUNT DISTANCE RUN (N. district;) leases
Nos. 622, 630, 640, 641, 716, 903, and 968; occupier, the Hon. J. Baker; total area,
1027 square miles; total rent and assessment, £515 10s. This run lies near the town-
ship of Blanchewater, and is watered by the George river and Tindilpa creek.
{Flinders district) is a postal mining township, in the electoral
district of Flinders. It is situated at the head qf the Eurilkina creek, Partawafta hill
a rugged mass of hard siliceous rock, lying about 10 miles N. The— district is a copper
mining and pastoral one; the former interest being represented by several mineral
sections which have been taken up, but^ upon which only 1 mine, the Blinman, is
being at present worked. This mine is 25 fathoms deep from the surface, and levels
or passages have been ariven from S. to N., a distance of 75 fathoms. The Blinman
mine is a copper mine, belonging to the Yudanamutana mining company. There is a
large reef of indurated clay slate, intermixed with ironstone and gossan, and forming
the back of a lode running nearly N. and S., and distinctly traceable for about 200
yards on the surface. In the clay slate is found small pieces of green carbonate and
grey ore. The lode ruiys to the top of a hill, about 90 ft. in height from the creek,
and here it forms a large ** boil," in which the ore was discovered. On the rocks being
broken away a flne lode of exceedingly rich ore was seen, 8 feet wide, and underlying
westwards into the hill about 18 inches in the fathom. It was nearly solid metal for a
width of 8 feet, and had a peculiarly brilliant appearance, like a mixture of grey and
red oxides. Some rich green and blue carbonates were occasionally met with, and
specks of the flnest yellow ore, known as ** semi- metal." At the time of my
'Ait No. 1 shaft w|^ sunk 9 fathoms on the course of the lode from the top of
tff hill, and carried ore the whole way down. No. 2 shaft is about 8 fathomg
S. of No. 1, being further into the range, the first shaft commencing very near
the face of the hill; the same lode has been cut in this shaft, where it is' from
8 to 10 feet wide, and the shaft sanl^ about 5 fathoms on the lode; the ore raised
D
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84 The South Australian Gazetteer, [Blo — ^Bltj
ig of flmilar qaality to that in the other shaft, and the quantity raised is abont
100 tons of first and second quality, and 150 tons to be smelted. About 18 fathoms
larther S. No. 3 workings are going on, and which, at about 2 fathoms below the
surface, have produced 5 tons of the finest ore, and about 10 tons for smelting. About
10 fathoms still farther S. on the same lode, a shaft has been sunk 4 fathoms,
from which about 5 tons of second quality oreJiave been raised, and a few tons have
also to be reduced to regulus. About 20 fathoms N. of No. 1 shaft, another shaft (No. 5)
has been sunk 4 fathoms through a good gossan lode containing ore of fk%t and second
quality. 50 tons of ore of all qualities have been raised from this shaft, and 20 fathonis
farther N., No. 4 shaft is sunk to a depth of 10 fathoms through a good ore-bearing lode
from 3 to 4 feet wide. At the depth of 8 fathoms the lode inclines farther W., and a
drire is being carried to intersect it, and when it is cut again drives will be carried
both N. and S., on the course of the lode, under the various workings above-mentioned.
Up to the close of 1862 above 600 tons of ore of all qualities were raised here, 400 of
which were estimated to yield an average produce of 40 per cent. A fine block of this
value, and weighing about 21 tons, has been sent to Port Augusta for shipment. The
country was very dry, a well having been sunk 20 fathoms in the bed of the creek
without cutting water. There are, nevertheless, some fine springs in the immediate
neighbourhood. A number of substantial pine hut8 for the miners have been erected
on the mine, besides a good store of galvanised iron with a cellar beneath, also offices
and captains* apartments. The distance of this mine from Port Augusta, by the present
road, is about 140 miles, but a new road has been cut through the Brachina creek, and
by which a saving of about 20 miles would be effected, and a better road secured for feed
and water for cattle. About jf 80,000Vorth of copper ore have been raised from this mine.
Smelting furnaces are erected near the mine, and the ore is smelted by means of wood,
which is used as fuel, and which abounds in the neighbourhood. Bricks are made at
the Blinman mine, from stone crushed by machinery. The pastoral interest is repre-
sented by several large cattle and sheep stations in the neighbourhood. The site for a
new township has been surveyed, 1 mile S. of Blinman — a public-house and store (the
North star) is erected, and a temporary police station exists there. The nearest town-
ship is Nuccaleena, which lies about 30 miles N.W., the communication being only
occasionally by Rounsevell's coach. With Adelaide, 358 miles S., the communication
is by RounsevelPs weekly coach, via Kanyaka, Melrose and Kooringa to Kapunda,
and thence by rail. The surrounding country consists generally of low hills, running
N. and S.. Its geological formation is Taried, and is composed of ridges along the low
hills, of silica, schist and slate; between the main ridges there are outcrops of porphyry,
silica, hematite, magnetic iron, and copper ore; clay, mica and argillaceous slate
abound, also gritty slate, gossan and ferro-silicic crust. Sulphate of barytes, carbonate
of lime (in several varieties,) jaspar, common flint, and a variety of dense siliceous
stones of peculiar structure and colour are found scattered over the ground. The
popuUtion numbers about 100 persons, inclusive of wood-cutters, draymen and their
families. Blinman is an aboriginal station.^
BLOOMFXELB, MOUNT, (Kangaroo island) is a hill lying on the N. shore of
Vivonne bay, on the 8. side of the island. The Eleanor river flows past the W. base
of the hill, which forms an excellent beacon for the navigation of the bay.
BLOWHOLE CREEK (Co. HindmarsK) is a small creek rising in the Yankallila
range, and flowing S. between Campbeirs and Cobbler's hills into the sea, about 4 miles
S.E. of Cape Jervis.
BLUE CREEK (Co. Eyre) is a small watercourse flowing into the Truro creek.
BLVE LAKE {Co, Grey) is a deep lake lying at the E. end of the extinct volcano
of mount Gambler, and forming one of the craters of that volcano. It is a large and
deep body of water of irregular oval shape, whose longest diameter is nearly E. and W.
It is surrounded on all sides by banks between 200 and 300 feet high, and these so steep
and rugged that descent to the water's edge is quite impossible, except in one or two
places. The sides are thickly wooded with varieties of the Melaleuca (the tea-tree of
the colonists,) excepting where the rough rocks stand out in perpendicular escarpments,
and thus the* dark green brushwood is broken by huge and crsg gy rocks, desceni^ng
precipitously for 40 or 50 feet. These crags sometimes hang over the water, whose
already dark blue tint is rendered still more gloomy by the reflection of their black
and stony fronts. The whole appearance of the lake is wild and sombre in the extreme.
The blue or rather inky appearance of the wi^r—the blackened precipices, which be*r
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Btifr — ^Blt] The South Australian Qazstteer. 86
80 plainly the tokens of fiery rarages— the thick and tangled vatnre of the brashwood,
give the place an air of savage loneliness; and then the place is so quiet, so still, that
but for the cawing of the rooks overhead, or the splashing of a solitary water -fowl,
one might almost imagine nature to be at rest, tired with sending forth those volcanic
fires which poured forth ages ago. Looking at the walls from any side, 4 distinct
kinds of rocks are visible. There is first the larger ash, decomposed into soft black sur-
face soil, covered with grass and trees, and varying in thickness from 40 to 70 feet. It
extends, in some places^ to the water's edge uninterruptedly. Underneath this there
is a precipitous escarpment of black lava, generally 40 feet thick, but at the western end
of the lake much thicker and more precipitous. This extends nearly all round the
lake, and is very seldom inclined or broken, or in any other way than a precipice,
rough and jagged, and having no dip towards the water. Under this there is, in places,
a lu-ge layer of greyish brown ash, about 2 feet thick, and very finely laminated.
This is only occasionally seen. Beneath this there are about 20 feet of coralline
rock, full of fossils, and belonging to the mount Gambier lower crag formation, with
the strata quite horizdhtal, and bearing some marks of having been exposed to a high
temperature, but rarely crystallised. This latter bed of rock forms a well-defined
white line, nearly continuous rounc^the lake, at a uniform height o^ perhaps, rather
more than 20 feet. The lava is not vesicular, or rarely so, and seems to have
flowed from some of the lakes to the westward.
BLVFFy THE ( Co. Hindmarsh,) is the name of a copper mine on No. 1 section.
Encounter bay, distant from Victoria harbour (the nearest post town) about 34 miles in
a S. direction. It is situated on a high blufi* headland of granite, st(%tching out sear
wards from the mainland into Encounter bay, the summit of the bluflf being 240 feet
above sea level, and having been a look-out place for whalers for over 30 years. In-
dications of copper were first discovered in July, 1863, but great difficulty and loss of
timAvere experienced by the discoverers in obtaining a mineral lease, or permission
to work it. After a delay of over 12 months, however, a short bill was passed in the
House, and permission was given, when it was found to contain a deposit of rich azurite
near the surface, between the granitic and micaceous slate formations. The country is,
however, much disturbed, and, in sinking, the lode was soon lost, and for lack of
capital the discoverers, whose energy and perseverance certainly deserved a better
result, were obliged to abandon it. Silver, lead, and oxide of tin are found in the Bluff
section, and the country from the Blu£^ to Talisker in theN., abounds with silver, lead,
tin and other ores.
VIAlMXEBfi {Co. Adelaide) is a postal township in the electoral district of
Gomeracka, hunored of Talunga, and under the control of the Talunga district council.
It is situated on the upper part of the river Torrens, in an agricultural district, where
wheat is extensively grown. There is a steam flour mill in the township. The nearest
places are mount Torrens, 4 miles S., mount Pleasant, 7 miles NJ2., and Gumeracka, 5
miles TV. The communication being with the two latter places Rounsevell's mail coaches
daily; and with mount Torrens by horse and dray. With Adelaide, 28 miles W. the com-
munication is by Bounseveirs daily mail coaches. Blumberg has a post office, a store,
and 2 hotels — the Napoleon Buonaparte and the Travellers' inn. The surrounding
country is elevated. The population numbers about 150 persons. Blumberg has an
Oddfellows' lodge (A.I.O.F.) and a public pound.
B&TTB {Co. Stanley) is a central hundred of the county containing a small
quantity of purchased land. The remainder of the hundred is taken up for pastoral
purposes.
B:LTTB creek {Flinders district) is a small creek rising in the dense mulga
scrub and limestone, rises to the W. of the N. part of lake Torrens, and flowing through
grassy and barren, sandy and stooy plains in a N.E. direction into the S.W. end of
lake Eyre. As is the case with all the creeks in this neighbourhood, it ceases to run
ii dry weather. Sandy drift strongly impregnated with soda over limestone, with
broken granite boulders.
B:LTTB, LAKE, {Flinders district) is a small salt lake, forming one of the chain
of salt lakes lying between lakes Torrens and Gairdner. It is situated to the S. of the
Oakden Hills, in barren, scrubby country.
BliTTR, RIVER, {Flinders district) is a fine stream of fresh water, rising in tie
broken country to the W. of the Denison range, and floKring through grassy and mulga
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36 The SoxUh Australian Gazetteer, [Bic — ©on
fcnib plains, past the ^2. foot of mount Youngfhasband into the Neales riyer, after a
coarse of about 30 miles in a N.E. direction. There are several springs of fresh water
Bear its banks.
BZGKMORS'8 HILL. 82° 16' S. lat., 139° 20^ E. long., (Flmdera distHct) is a
detached hill, lying in the pastoral district of eastern plains.
BZO GORGE MINE {Co, ffindmarsh,) See Nobmantillb.
BIG JOBN CREEK (Flinders district) is a fine stream rising by 2 heads,
and flowing E. about 40 miles into lake Blanche on its E. side. Its N. head has its
source near Constitution hill, and its S. in the ranges near Mudlipena gap, the point of
junction being to the S.E. of mount Hawker. It waters the pastoral country known as
the eastern plains. Sandstone, shales, slates, and calcareous rock.
BIG LAGOON {Co. Stanley) is a large water-hofe lying about 4 miles N.E.
of the township of Black Springs.
BZMBAOUBIS HUN (.V. E. district;) leases Nos. 749, 7^0, 1071, 920, 919, 748
723, 977, 1116, 1117, 674, 651, 1115, and 958; occupier, John Taylor; respective
areas, 45, 53, 34, 30, 29, 45, 32, 23,48, 13, 55, 10, 99, and 161 square^miles. The post
town is Eooringa.
BZNNET'8 LOOK OUT E. RUN {S,E, district;) lease No. 866; occupier, J.
Macgeorge; area, 15 square miles; rent and assessment, £7 10s. per annum. This run
lies in the Tattjpa country, the post office being at Border town.
BZITNEY'S LOOK OUT RUN {S.E. district;) lease No. 875; occupier, D.
Gollan; area, 14 square miles; rent and assessment, £7 per annum. This run lies in
the Tattiara country, on the road to Border town from Wellington.
BZNITET'S LOOK OUT, 35° 35' S. lat., 139° 40' E. long. {Victoria distrM,) is
a camping place on the road from Wellington to Border town, about 32 miles S.E. of
the former town. There is a well at the place, known as the Thirty-two Mile well.
BZirirUM""BZNirUM run {S.E. district;) lease No. 162; occupiers, Messrs.
Jones; area, 29 square miles; grazing capacity, 7000 sheep; Mr. Goyder*s valuation,
deducting improvements, £15. This run lies 95 miles N.E. by E. of Guichen bay, and
205 S.S.E. of- Adelaide, and is watered by swamps and waterholes. It is situated on
the border of the colony,
. BZ&D ROCK {Finders district) is a granite reef Ijdng nearly midway between
the mainland and St. Peter's island, in Nuyt's archipelago, and at tttfe E. end of Denial
bay. As the rock' is nearly awash in high water spring tides, a pile of stones,
surmounted by a beacon, has been erected on its S.E. end. There are some shoids to
the N. of this rock, dry in some places at low water, but which tend to give shelter to
the coast inside them.
BISCUIT FLAT RUN (>S'.^. district;) lease No. 219; occupiers, Taylor and
Dunn; area, 164 square miles; grazing capacity, 2200 sheep, or 129 per square mile;
Mr. Goyder's Valuation, deducting improvements, £8 10s. per annum. This run lies 28
miles E. by N. of Guichen bay.
BISCUIT FLAT iS.E. district) is a singular plain lying to the E. of Guichen
bay, and covered with small stones (limestone) formed in the shape of biscuits. For a
scientific description of these remarkable objects, see the Rev. J. E. T. Woods's work
on the '^ Geology of the S.E. district of South Australia."
BOLB MOUNT (Co. Adelaide) is a lofty peak of the main range, lying on the
bank of the Onkaparinga river, and about 2 miles to the N. of mount Saddle Bags. It
is a survey station.
BOLINOBROSE POINT (Co. Flinders) is a low cliffy projection, distant ^
or 11 miles N.E. of Boston point, with which it forms a bight, 5 miles deep, called
South bay.
BON ACCORD MINE (Co, Burra) is a copper mine, not lately worked, and
lying 90 miles distant from Adelaide, N. by E. It lies on land in close proximity to
the Burra. and the buildings appear almost to belong to one establishment. There
have been favourable indications of copper, and several shafts have been sunk, but
without any satisfactory result.
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Bon — Boo] The South Australian Gazetteer. 37
BONIAH GBEEK {Co, Frame) is a stream risiag in the £. part of the mount
Lock range, and watering the pastoral country to the E. of that range.
BOmrST [Co. RussdC) is a S. hundred of the county, lying to the E. of lakes
Albert and Coorong. It has only a small tract of sold land lying on the shore of the
former lake, being mostly taken up by pastoral country.
BONNEY LAKE {N^. district) is a fresh water lake lying on the N. bank of the
Murray river, to the E. of overland Comer, and on the road from that place to Went-
worth (New South Wales.) It is connected by a small creek with the Murray river,
and lies in good pastoral country.
BONNET LAKE {Co. Orey) is a long narrow sheet of fresh water, 25 miles in
length, but, in few places more than 2 miles broad; it is shallow, and has moderately
high banks, with sandhills between it and the sea.
BONNET LAKE, RUN {N.E, district;) lease, No. 86; occupier, John Cham-
bers; area, 20 square miles; grazing capacity, 1000 sheep, or 60 per sq lare mile;
Croyder's valuation, deducting improvements, £27 128. This run is in 2 blocks^
one 17 square miles, adjoining lake Bonney, on the N. side of the Murray river; and
the other 3 squpift miles, on the S. side of the Murray, 2 miles from the river. The
next post office is Overland comer. In addition to part of lease 86, this run includes
leases Nos. 386 (part,) 389, 583 (part,) and 1150, which have an area of 204 square
miles.
BONNET, LAKE, RUN {S.E, district;) lease No. 195; occupiers, Tilley and
Ormerod; area, 6 miles; grazing capabilities, 1100 sheep, or 183 per square mile; Mr.
Goyder's valuation, deducting improvements, £23 per annum. This run lies 47 miles
S.E. of Guichen bay, and is watered from la,ke Bonney. This run also includes lease
195b.
BONNET POINT {N, district) is a prominent peak of the ranges near Wilpena.
It is a survey point.
BONNET'S BLUFF, 31° 20^ S. lat., 137° 18' E. long. {Flinders distHct^ is the
name given by Swinden, in 1858, to a bold flat-topped hill lying near some other similar
hills, in the country known as Swinden's country, to the W. of lake Torrens.
BONNET'S CAMP RUN {S.E. disU^t;) leases Nos. 787 and 807; occupier,
J. A. Cooke; area, 45 square miles; rent, £22 per annum. This run lies to the E. of
lake Coorong, between the M'Grath's flat and Kbgston post offices.
BOOBOO&OWIE RUN {Co. Stanley;) lease No. 130; occupiers, W. J. and J. H,
Browne; area, 28 square miles; grazing capability, 9000 sheep, or 320 per square mile;
old rental and assessment, £80 10s; Goyder's vdluation, £812 per annum, exclusive of
inaprovements, valued at £100. This station lies 14 miles N.E. of Kooringa, and 120
miles N. of Aldeaide, and is watered by the Broughton river and 3 springs. It is well-
grassed, and has sheoak and dwarf scrub on the spurs and slopes of Browne's hill
range. The head station is in the hundred of Ayers, and has a good road to Kooringa.
BOOKMARK and Chowilla, {N.E, district;) lease No. 95 ; occupier,
R. Holland; area 60 square miles; grazing capability, 2000 sheep, or 44 per square
mile; old rent and assessment, £67 lOs.; Mr. Goyder's valuation, deducting improve-
ments, £45 per annum. This run lies N.E. of lake Bonney on the N. side of the
Murray river; 200 miles N.E. of Adelaide, Next post town Overland corner.
This run also includes a portion of ^ase No. 583.
BOOLCAMATA RUN {N.E. district;) leases Nos. 572, 603, 1104, 702, 703,
711, 643, 891, and 1106; occupier, J. P. Hall, Esq., J. P.; areas respectively, 46, 20,
38, 20, 10, 10, 20, 25, and 60 square miles. The post office is at Kooringa. The head
station on this run is a depot for the relief of Aborigines.
BOOLGOOITBA CREEK {N. district) is a tributary of the Willochra creek,
rising near Mochra tower, and flowing in ^ W. direction into that creek to the N.E. of
the Dutchman's stern.
BOOLEROO RUN {Co.Frome;) leases Nos. 301, 333d, 541, and 263; occupier, P.
Levi; Vespective areas, 53, 50, 77, and 16 square miles. This run lies to the N.E. of
mount Remarkable; the post office being Melrose.
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38 The SaiUh AustrniUan OaaeUeer, [Boo — Bor
BOOXiO^mOO STATION (N.dUtrict;) occupier, Price Maurice. See Phkina
Bum.
BOOMAWAmA (Co. Light) i&a small agricultural hamlet adjoming the town-
ship of Greenock on its W. side. It has at present a, population of 5 persons only, and
lies in the hundred of Nuriootpa.
mOOYOOLOO BUN {Co,Vietoria;) lease No. 38; occupier, H.B. Hughes; area
194 square miles; grazing capability, 50,000 sheep or 255 per mile; old rental and
assessment, £502 5s. UdT; Mr. Gojder's valuation, £2716, excluding improvements
valued at £2387. This run is situated on the Bocky river and on the N.road via Clare, 20
miles E. of Port Peri— the shipping port, 45 miles N.W. of Clare, and 130 miles N. of
Adelaide. It contains about 7000 acres of good purchased land, and consists of well
grassed undulating and hilly country with gum flats. It is watered by the Bedbank
creek, the Bocky river, and 12 wells and dams, and has good roads it all directions.
BORDA. CAPE, 35° 45' 20" S. lat. , 136° 38' E. Ion. (Kangaroo island,) is the N.W.
extremity of the island. -This cape is formed by high land standing nearly 450 feet
above the level of the sea, and may be approached within a reasonable distance ; vessels,
however, should not borrow too closely, as in the event of light winds the ocean«8well
might set them into a dangerous proximity with the shore, on whiclf the surf breaks,
during westerly winds, with a great violence. There is a fine lighthouse, known as the
cape Borda light, on this point, exhibiting a bright and red flash alternately every half-
minute. The tower stands 60 feet above the cape, or about 510 feet above the sea
level. The bright flash may be seen 30 miles off, but the red only half that distance.
From cape Borda the coast continues high and cliffy, and trends in a southerly direction
towards cape Bedout; about 3 miles from the cape is the Bavine de Casoajrs. a remark-
able gorge. The coast in this locality assumes a more rugged and rocky character ;
straggling, detached masses appearing out of water, with the sea breaking over them
with great violence. This portion of the coast should be studiously avoided by mariners
during light winds, when the ocean-swell rolls in with considerable velocity; in
westerly gales the sea is very heavy, and offers little chance for the ship, which might
find herself jammed on the inhospitable coast presented between capes Borda and
Bedout. There is a rocket station at this lighthouse.
BOBBER TOWN {Co, MacdonneU) is a small post town in the electoral district
of Victoria, lying at the edge of the Ninety-mile desert, in the direct road from Adelaide
to the mount Alexander diggings (Victoria.) There are no rivers or creeks of any size
near the township, and but a few waterholes. The district is exclusively a pastoral
one, chiefly sheep. The nearest town is Narracoorte, which lies distant 60 miles S.,
the communication being by dray or horse. With Adelaide, 310 miles N.W., the
communication is from Narracoorte via Kingston by Bounsevell's mail coaches twice
a-week; or firom Narracoorte to Guichen bay by coach and horse, and thence by
steamer, the distance by the latter route being about 260 miles. There is 1 hotel— the
Border Town, a post oflice, and a store in the township, which is a resting-place for
bullock-teams in the wool season. The surrounding country is low and flat, and
surrounded by a low mallee scrub. The population numbers about 60 persons. Border
town is an aboriginal station.
BOSTON BAY {Co. Flinders) is an indentation on the N. side of Port Lincoln,
in any part of which may be had secure anchorage in 8 fathoms on a muddy bottom,
except on the N.E. side of Kirton point, where a bank extends a little distance off
shore, with 5^ fathoms water on it, at half-a-mile itgai the shore.
BOSTON ISLAND {Co. Flinders) is an island lying in the entrance of Port
Lincoln, and dividing that entrance into 2 channels. It is about 4 miles in length, and
has some small islands lying on its S. side between it and Cape Dorrington, called the
Bicker islands.
BOSTON POINT, 34° 40' S. lat., 135° 53' 30" E. long., mag. var„ 6° B. ((7o.
Flinders,) is a low projection Arming the N.iiead of Port Lincoln, and lying opposite
the N. pjoint of Boston island, the channel containing 10 fathoms on an even bottom,
and leading into the indentation known as Boston bay.
BOTT&S HILL, 31° 15' S. lat., 137° 15' £. long. (Flinders district,) is the-name
given by Babbage to a solitary hill lymg in a patch of good pastoral country between.
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Bou— Bra] The South Australian Oaixetteer. 89
BooDej's bluff and the Elizabeth creek, in the plains lying to the W. of lake Torrens,
and known as Swinden's country.
BOVFTUOt'S CAFE, of the French {Co. Orey,) bears S.E. \ S. from cape
Banks, distant between 6 and 7 miles, and is the S. point of a bight in the coast,
which is formed between them. In the French chart, by M. Freycinet, the breadth of
this bight is 9 miles, and it is there called D'Estaing bay; but, being nearly filled with
rocks and breakers, and quite open to the southward and westward, it can never be
used for anchorage. From Cape Boufflers to the rocks that lie off Cape Northumber-
land, the course is about S.E. by E. \ E., 9 miles.
BOVNBA&T CHEEK {Cos. Ifindmar$h and RutaeU) is the name given to the
direct N.E. channel from the sea mouth of the Murray to lake Alezandrina, and running
between Mundoo islan4 to the W. and Barker's knoll to the E. It it shallow and much
impeded with sand-banks and patches of mangroye swamp.
BO WAX A RUN (S.E. district;) lease No. 221; occupier, T. Morris; area,
49 square miles; grazing capacity, 5.500 sheep, or 112 per square mile; Mr. Goyder's
valuation, deducting improvements, £24 10s. This run lies 190 miles S.E. by
S. of Adelaide, and 25 miles N.E. of Guichen bay. It is watered from swamps and a
waterhole.
BOWDEN {Co. Adelaide) is a small suburban township and railway station on
the port line, and 1} miles distant N.W. from Adelaide. It is inhabited chiefly by
labourers and brickmakers. The townships of Hindmarsh and Brompton lie adjacent.
There are several brick-kilns in the township, and the South Australian gas company's
works lie in the adjoining township of Brompton.
BOWSR'S VALLEY (Co. Adelaide) is an agricultural settlement, lying in a
fertile valley in the neighbourhood of Willunga. Much of the land is taken up
by a body of industrious small farmers engaged in the cultivation of wheat and hay.
BOWSTHO&PE (Co. Adelaide) is the name given to a smail agricultural settle-
ment lying on a fertile flat in the neighbourhood of Willunga, and inhabited by a «few
small settlers engaged in the cultivation of farm produce, chiefly wheat.
BOWBKAIT'S FLAT (Co. Gawler) is a tract of fine agricultural land lying on the
S. bank of the Wakefield river, lying about 8 miles E. of the township of Port Wake-
field. It is taken up by small settlers, who are engaged in the cultivation of farm
produce.
BBAGHZXr A CREEK {N. district) is a fine stream flowing near Aroona, and
lying between Port Augusta and Blinman, the road between which places crosses it.
The Brachina creek has tremendous rocky ranges, from 600 to 800 feet in height, on
either side.
BBADFOBB MINE ((7o. Hindmarsh) is a copper mine lying 44 miles firom
Finniss flat. See Great Bbadfobd.
BBABT CREEK (Co. Burra) is a stream flowing in the pastoral country to the
S.E. of Kooringa, and watering the Emu flats run. Undulating forest land and well-
grassed sheoak spurs running into grassy flats.
BBAMFIELD {Flinders district) is a postal station in the electoral district of
Flinders, situated about 12 miles N.W. of lake Newland, a salt lake with several fresh
water springs surrounding its margin. The district is exclusively a pastoral one, botli
sheep and cattle being extensively grazed i n it. The nearest places are the townships
of Parkin (Venus bay,) about 40 mileWN.W., and Flinders (Streaky bay,) 90 miles
N.W., the communication being by horse or private conveyance, and the mail being
carried overland once a fortnight on horseback. With Adelaide, 326 miles E., the
communication is by horse or private conveyance to Port Lincoln, 116 miles, and
^ence by steamer. Bramfield has a post office at the Bramfield head station. The
nearest hotel is at Parkin. The surrounding country is undulating, and lightly grassed
and timbered, principally with sheoak. The formation is sandstone and alluvial drift,
with 'extensive beds of limestone. The population numbers about 40 persons.
BRAMFSBLB RUN (Port Lincoln district;) lease No. 186; occupier. Price
Haurice; area, 91 square miles; grazing capacity, 9000 sheep, or 99 per square mile;
Mr. Goyder's valuation, deducting improvements, £189 16s. This run lies on the W.
4k)list of Port Lincoln peninsula, E. of Flinders island^ about 90 miles N^. by W. of
Digitized by VjOOQIC
40 The South Australian Gazetteer, [Bbe
shipping, port at Coffin's bay, 110 miles N.N.W. of Port Lincoln, and 390 miles overland
from Adelaide, and is watered by wells. The Bramfleld post office is at the head
station of this run. This run also comprehends leases Nos. 364, 510, 930, and 1017;
the respective areas of which are 10, 40, 2, and 31 square miles.
B&BAKFAST""TZ1IE£ CREEK (N. district) is a stream, rising near mount
Hemmons, and flowing in a W. direction towards lake Torrens. It rises near the main
N. road, and to the N. W. of Blinman.
BRSmSR (Cos, Hindmarsh and Sturt) is a district council in the electoral
district of mount Barker. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one
being Mr. J. Cheriton of Belvidere, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in
this district council for 1865 were as follows:— Assessment, ^£5254 — rate, 9d. in the
pound; rates collected, £178 9s. 8d.; total receipts, £493 15s. 9d.; office expenses and
salaries, £140 Is. 2d.; expended on public works, £279 15s. 6d. The population
numbers 959 persons; the area is 94 square miles, or 60,160 acres ; land under culti-
yation, 13,284 acres; and number of dwelling-houses, 191.
B&SBUBR (Co. Hindmarsh) is an E. hundred of the county, lying on the Bremer
river and on the N. bank of lake Alexandrina. It contains about one-half of its area
in purchased land, principally taken up for agricultural purposes. The township of
Milang is in the S. part of this hundred.
B&SMSR MINE {Co. Sturt) is the name given to a copper mine, lying 25
miles E. of Adelaide. Austin describes this mine as follows:— "This mine is the
freehold property of the Woi thing Mining company, and is sometimes called the
Oallington Mine— Callington being the name of the surrounding township, which has
sprung up since the discovery of the mintt It was first discovered in 1850, and is 36
miles Irom Adelaide, on the bank of the Bremer, a considerable creek running into the
Murray, though only a chain of brackish waterholes in summer. The surrounding
^country is flat, consisting of clay-slate, shaly rock, micaceous schist, and occasionally a
little quartz. The present state of the workings may be thus described:— The engine-
shfltft is sunk to a depth of 53 fathoms, and levels have been driven at the following
depths:— 12, 23, 33, and 43 fathoms, on the course of the lode, N. 23^ W. The totid
length of the drives is above 400 fathoms. Some flne courses of ore have been met
with 5 and 6 feet wide, but occasionally rather dredgy; however, at the lower levels
there has been a decided improvement in this respect, flne yellow ore, of a quality
superior to most of what has hitherto been raised, as well as more solid in the lode,
being now in course of working at the 53 &ithom cross-cut. The ores in this mine are
sulphurets of a good average quality; the prevailing ore is yellow, there is also black,
and a little peacock met with. -IfeOO tons of ore have been raised here in 5 years, the
largest proportion of which has been obtained during the last 2 years. The large engine
is a very fine one of 60-lnch cylinder, a smaller engine (40-hor8e power) works the
machinery, and will be used for hauling. The smelting works, under the management
of the Messrs. Thomas, are about 250 or 300 yards from the mine, and comprise 1
calcining and '2 smelting furnaces. The copper made is of the quality of 96 per cent,
of pure copper, the refining process being omitted. Notwithstanding the small average
produce of the ores— only 13 per cent, — lower, I believe, than any other mine in the
colony, this mine is made to pay, owing to the very careful management adopted by
Alfred Hallett, Esq., who devotes a considerable portion of his time to the personal
supervision of the mine. Everything is done with strict economy, and the important
principle, * let nothing be wasted or lost,' is fully carried out. Machinery is made
largely available for reducing the ores; an Ahus a mine, which must at once show a
loss if worked as other mines of the colony are worked, is rendered profitable to the
proprietors, besides providing direct employment for 120 hands, including smelters;
and indirectly providing the means of living for 3 or 4 times that number. That
useful and recently invented machine, known as *Appleton*s Stonebreaker,' is employed
for crushing the inferior ores preparatory to their being sorted, the best of the ore
having been previously broken and picked by hand, when it is sent to the crushing
rollers to prepare it for the furnace. The * smalls ' are dealt with as usual, being
jigged and washed. The most important machinery for washing the smalls and the
slime ores is in use at this mine, consisting of a continuation of Vyan's Rake Buddie,
self-acting plunge jiggers, and the revolving table, hitherto only used for washing lead
ores, has been adapted by Mr. Hallett for separating the slime, and is found to answer
admirably. It is^ perhaps, scarcely necessary to give a description of this machinery
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Bbe — ^Bbi] The South Australian Gazetteer. 41
in a work like the present, but from what I saw of its performances I am conyinced
that its use in other mines would add a considerable percentage to the profits, and would
enable some mines to be profitably worked, which at present yield nothing to the pro-
prietors. Many of our mine adventurers would derive a useful lesson, and more than
one, perhaps, from a visit to the Bremer mine. There has been no extravagant outlay
in handsome buildings, and *no more cats are kept than catch mice,' yet everything
absolutely necessary appears to be provided. I look upon this as the model mine of
South Australia, and its enterprising manager, Mr. Hallett, deserves the highest praise
for the judicious and persevering manner in which he has developed the property, in
spite of difficulties that would have disheartened many."
B&EMEBrTON {Co, Hindma/rsh,) is a small agricultural township, adjoining
the postal town of Langhorne or Langhorne's creek, and taken up by settlers engaged
in the cultivation of wheat. The soil is sandy, and overlies a limestone foundation.
See also Langhorne.
RANGES (Cos, Hindmaush and Sturt) is the name given to a long
rugged spur of the main or Adelaide range of mountains. At a distance of about 23
miles E. of Woodside auriferous quartz is found, and there are several parties working
in the gullies and finding payable gold. The township of Harrogate lies at the foot of
this range.
VSLEKER BIYEB (Cos. Hindmarsh and ^turt) is a fine stream rising in the
Bremer ranges, and flowing in a S. direction. It is fed by the mount Barker, BodwelFs,
and some other smaller creeks, and empties itself into lake Alexandrina, about 5 miles
B. of Milang. The lower portion of this river forms the boundary line of county
Hindmarsh, which lies on the W., and county Sturt, which lies on the E. Cla> -slate,
shaly rock, micaceous schist, and occasional quartz.
BBlDGEWATERy postal name Cox's Creek (Ob. Adelaide,) is a postal town-
sh^ in the electoral district of Onkaparinga, hundred of Noarlunga, and under the
conlrol of the Echunga district council. It is erected on Cox's creek and on the main
S.E. road, 4 miles N.W. of Hahndorf, the nearest telegraph station, 3 miles N.W. of
the Onkparinga river and 4 miles S.S.E. of mount Lofty. The district is an agricul-
tural one, and is to a great extent taken up by market gardeners, the soil in the gullies
being peculiarly adapted to the growth of vegetables and fruit. The hills are thickly
timl^red with stringy bark, which afibrds employment to a numerous body of wood-
cutters. There is a post office in the township, a good store, an hotel (the Bridge-
water,) and another (the Pump,) 1 mile W., also 2 flour-mills— one, the Bridge water
mill (Dunn and Co.'s,) being worked both by water and steam — and the other, the Lion
mill (Johnston Bros.,) by steam only. The nearest places are Stirling E., which lies
2^ miles W.; mount Lofty, 4 miles N.N.W.; Forest road or Dry Gully, 4 miles; and
Hahndorf, 4 miles S.E. With these places there is communication by Rounsevell's
mail coach twice a day, and with Adelaide, 134 miles N.W., by the same means. The
surrounding country is mountainous and rugged. The population numbers about 170
persons.
BRIGHTON (Co. Adelaide) is a corporate and postal sea-side town, in the
electoral district of Sturt, and hundred of Adelaide. It lies in an agricultural districtj
producing wheat, barley, oats and hay, and having about 50 acres under vines. The
nearest townships are Glenelg, 2\ miles N.; and Sturt, IJ miles E. — the communica-
tion with Sturt being by mail coach, and with Glenelg by horse and dray only. With
Adelaide, 8 J miles N., the communication is by omnibus twice a day, except on Sunday,
when only one runs. Brighton is a favourite place of resort by pleasure-seekers from
Adelaide, being prettily situated on the shore of the gulf of St. Vincent, and the road
being kept in excellent order. It has a post office and 3 hotels, the Brighton, Thatched
house, and Sea side. The next telegraph station is at Glenelg. The country is flat,
except on the S. side, where it rises into scrubby hills. Brighton has a volunteer rifle
corps and a public pound. It is a favourite place of resort for holiday seekers from
Adelaide on holidays. Resident magistrate, D. Sutherland, Esq., J.P. The population
numbers about 560 persons, the number of houses being 205, and the area 2024 acres;
the land under cultivation is 56 acres. Within the municipality there are 12 shops,
kept by tradesmen of various branches of business. The receipts and expenditure in
this municipality for 1865 were as follow: — Assessment, JE3688 5s.,— rate Is. in the
pound; rates collected, £117 16s. 6d.; total receipts from all source^, £242 10s. 5d.;
office expenses and salaries, £55; expended on public works, £227 18s. lid. The
Digitized by V^OOQlC
4d Ths South AuatraUan OoMUeer. [Bbi — Bbu
population nmnberB 560 persons, being an increase of 171 since 1861, and there are 173
dwelling-boases, being an increase of 81 since that year. The area of the munioipalitgr
if S034 acres.
8&IttBTOSr (<7o. Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral district of the
Start. It is und^ the control of a chairaaan, the present one being Mr. W. H. Trimmer
of Fairferd, 8tort, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district
council fbr 1865 were as follow: — Asseisment, £6101 lOs. — ^rate Is. in the pound; rates
ccdlected, ^£300 19s. 6d.; total receipts, 4^6 14 2s. 7d.; office expenses and salaries,
£57 2f. 4d.; expended on public works, £507 5s. lid. The population numbers 769
persons. The area is 18 square miles, or 11,520 acres; land under cultivation, 5974
acres; and number of dwelling-houses, 147.
BBlHKXiET (^Co. Eussell) is the name of a small hamlet lying at the entrance
of the Murray river into lake Alexandrina, and being situated 4 mUes S. of the town-
ship of Wellington.
B&ZNKLET (Co. Stwrt) is a hundredL lying in the S.E. part of the county, on
the N. bank of lake Alexandrina, and the W. bank of the Murray river, there being a
quantity of purchased land on those banks, and the remainder of the hundred consifit-
ing of scrubby pastoral country. The S. part of this hundred is crossed by the main
road from Adelaide, via Strathalbyn, to Wellington. The area of this hundred is
97,280 acres, of which 731 acres are under cultivation. The population numbers 214
persons, mostly agriculturists.
BROOK WOOLSHED (Co. Victoria.) See Crystal Brook Hun.
BB.01IIPT0N (Co. Adelaide) is a small village adjoining the suburban town-
ships of Uindmarsh and Bowden, and distant about 2 miles N.W. of Adelaide. It lies
on the road and railway from Adelaide to the port. The South Australian gas
company's gas works are situated in this suburb. See Adelaide.
B&OWNHlXiXi CHEEK {Co. Adelaide) is a small creek rising in the mount
Lofty ranges, and flowing in a W. direction past Unley park and Goodwood park.' It
crosses the Adelaide and Glenelg road under a good woc^en bridge ,and runs through
swampy land into the sea to the N. of Glenelg. Small quantities of gold have been
found in this creek, but no workings have ever been carried on. Alluvial soil over
limestone.
BROWir, MOUNT, 32° SO' S. lat., 138° 5' E. long. {Flinders distHct,) iaa lofty
peak, the highest of the Flinders range, lying about 15 miles to the E. 2° N. of Port
Augusta, at the head of Spencer's gulf, and attaining an elevation of 3174 feet above the
level of the sea. This mountain was first ascended by Messrs. Brown, Westall, and
others of the Flinders expedition, who obtained from it a view of the surrounding
country. They were much disappointed with the general aspect of the country and the
evident lack of water, but speak in warm terms of the lovely plumage of the birds, and
the abundance of brightly hued flowers found on the mountain.
BROWN, MOUNT, RUN {N. diitrict;) lease No. 55; occupier, A. Scott; area,
79 square miles; grazing capability 11,000 sheep, or 140 per square mile; old rent and
assessment, i;'164 15s. 5d.; Goyder's valuation, deducting improvements, £514 88. per
annum. This run lies about 20 miles E. of Port Augusta (35 miles by road,) and 190
miles N. of Adelaide. It is watered by Horrock's and mount Brown creeks. This run
also includes lease No. 241, which has an area of 48 square miles, and pays a rent and
assessment of £96.
B&OWV POINT, 32° 82' 35" S. lat., 183° 48' E. long. {Flinders disVnct,) is the
name of the N. and W. head of Streaky bay, and forms the S. W. point of the peninsula
lying between Streaky and Smoky bays.
BaOWN POINT STATION {W. district;) lease No. 943; occupier, Henry C.
Hawson; area, 37 square miles; grazing capability, 5000 sheep. This station lies to the
W. of Streaky bay, the nearest post town, Flinders, being 50 miles S.E. The shilling
port is Blancheport, on the E. side of Streaky bay.
BBOWN'S HILL (jOo. Hindmarsh) is a slight elevation and survey point in the
hundred of Goolwa, about 3 miles N.W. of Port Elliott.
B&OWN'S HILL N. RUN {N. ddstrict;) leases No. 107 and 288; occupier, D.
Cudmore; area, 73 square miles. The post town is Port Augusta.
BBirCB, MOUNT, BUN iS.R district;) lease No, 354; occupier, E. Crow; tte%
Digitized by VjOOQIC
£bu — Bul] The SotUh AmtraUan Gazetteer. 48
102 square miles; grazing capacity, 16,500 sheep, or 172 per square mile; Mr. Gojder's
Yaloation, deducting improyements, M5&S 168. This mn lies 225 miles S.S.E. of
Adelaide, and 35 miles £. by S. of Guichen bay. It is watered by swamps, wateriiolee,
wells, and troughs.
VSLVHtSKXL'L {Co. Light) is a small agricultural Tillage adjoining the town^Bp
of Ghreenock, on its S. side, and consisting of 4 residences with a population of 28
persons. It is in the hundred of Nuriootpa.
B&TAVT MOUNT {Co. Burra) is a lofty hill rising to a height of 3000 feet, and
formed of blue, grey, and^ brown arenaceous slate and sandstone, dipping E. and W.
firam 20° to Tertical.
BRYANT, MOUNT, CREEK (Oo. Burror.) See Nbwikib Creek.
B&TAHT MOUNT RUN, E. part of {Co. Burra;) lease No. 10; occupier, J.
Gilbert; area, 14 square miles; grazing capacity, 2400 sheep, or 170 per square mile;
old rental and assessment, £28 Is. 3d. ; Goy dor's yaluation, £154 per annum, excluding
improvements, yalued at £277. This run lies 20 miles N.N.B. of Eooringa, and 120
miles from Adelaide, and consists of fairly grassed flats and undulating country, with
pines and wattles. It is watered by the Newikie and Fine creeks and 3 wells, and
there are good roads to the Burra and to Adelaide from the head station in the hundred
of Hallett adjoining.
BUCHANAN LAKE, 27" 35' S. lat., 139° 30' E. long. {Flinders district,) is the
name of a sheet of water lying to the north of Anlaby hill, and to the S. of 0*Halloran
creek. On the N. shore of this lake is the spot where the dep6t camp of McEinlay was
situated, prior to his start to cross the continent. To the £. are well-grassed flats with
beds of dry lakes, and to the W. sandy and stony plains.
^ BUCUfELBE is a vineyard, the property pf Dr. Schomberg, lying on the
Gawler river, 4 milei W. of Gawler, and having an area of 5 acres. Dr. Schomberg
makes a white wine from Madeira and Yerdeilho, and a red wine from Mataro, both of
which are considered excellent wines. There is also another vineyard of 3 acres closely
adjacent, owned by Mr. Winckel, who makes a good red wine from Mataro and Shiraz.
BUC»B.LAND {Co. Oawler) is a small agricultural settlement lying in the neigh-
bourhood of Gawler, and inhabited by a few small settlers, who cultivate wheat and
other form produce.
BVGZJB RANGES {Co. Hindmanh) is the name given to a postal village in the
electoral district of mount Barker, in the hundred of Macclesfield, and under the control
of the Macclesfield district council. It is situated on UalFs creek, which supplies the
district with water, and is in the midst of an agricultural and pastoral district, the former
industry having been lately somewhat on the declme, and the latter (sheep grazing)
having considerably increased. iThere is a mine in the neighbourhood, which has been
found to yield silver, but not to any great extent, and which may be said to be, as yet,
undeveloped. The nearest places are Macclesfield, 5 miles W. ; mount Barker, 6 miles
N. ; and Strathalbyn, 9 miles S. The communication is by horse or private conveyance
along the district roads of the locality, the mails being carried on horseback, with
Adelaide, 27 miles S.E., Ihe communication is by Rounsevell's mail coach from mount
Barker. Bugle ranges has a post office, and 1 hotel, the Morning Star, a branch of the
South Austiallan insurance company, and a resident magistrate, F. H. W. Erichauff,
Esq., J.P. The surrounding country is generally of a hilly description, some of the
ranges being very high. The geological formations ot the ranges vary, some of them
showing slate and much quartz, and others being composed of ferruginous sandstone.
The population is small and scattered.
BmbSNONA CREEK {N. district) is a small creek flowing in the pastoral
country about 40 miles from Yudanamutana.
BV&LAPABINGA {Co. ffindmareh) is a small village in the hundred of Tan-
kaHUa, lying on the Bullaparinga creek, about 3 miles N.E. of the township of Glen-
bum. It is under the control of the district council of Rapid Bay, and is an agricultiOBl
village in the centre of a grain-growing neighbourhood, the land being taken up by a
nombeff of industrious small farmers. The population of the neighbourhood numbers
about 200 persons.
BVXiXiAPABING A CREEK (Co. Eindmarsh) is a small creek rising m the Bnl-
laparinga hill, and flowing in a N. W . direction past the village of Gienbum into the
SM at Rapid bay. Limestone and clay-slate.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
44 The SoiUh Australtan Gazetteer. [BuL — Bub
BITLLAPABINGA HILL {Co. Hindmarah) is an eleration io the Yankalilla
hills, l^ing about 6 miles to the N.E. of the stockyards. It is rugged and well wooded,
and surrounded^ by good agricultural country. The Parananacooke river and the
Bullaparinga creek have their sources in the W. side of this hill. Clay-slate and
limestone.
BULLOCK WELL ( Victoria district) is a spring in the scrub country lying near
the E. boundary of the colony in 35° SO' S. lat.
BULL'S CKEEE {Co, Hindmarsh) is a postal Tillage in the electoral district of
Mt. Barker, hundred of Euitpo. It is situated on Bull's creek, about 6 miles from the
junction of that creek with the Finniss river, and near McHarg's creek. The district
is an agricultural and pastoral one — wheat and barley being grown, and cattle and
sheep being grazed in it. The nearest place is Meadows, 5 miles distant, the communi-
cation being by horse or dray. With Adelaide, 33 miles distant, the communication is
by coach once a fortnight. There is a public pound in the village. The surrounding
country is mountainous. The population, including that of McHarg's creek, numbers
about 250 persons, there being 40 families on Bull's creek and 10 on McHarg's creek.
BULL'S CREEK (Co. Hindma/rsh) is a small creek rising and flowing about 8 milte
past the village of the same name into the Finniss river, and past the township of
Meadows. It is fed by McHarg's creek, the 2 creeks flowing through an agricultural
district.
BULTABOCO STATION {Eastern Plains.)— See OmAnimE Station.
BUIOBUNGA STATION. {Qo. Stanley;) occupier, J.Ellis.— See Hummock's Run.
BUNBALEER CREEK {Co. Victoria) is a N. tributary of the Broughton river,
flowing past the head station of the Bundaleer run in a S. direction through fairly
grassed country. ^
BUNBALEER RUN {Co. Victoria;) lease No. 115; occupier, the Hon. H.
Ayers; area, 312 square miles; grazing capability, 90,000 sheep, or 290 per square
mile. At the time of assessment there were 72,000 sheep, 300 head of cattle, and
several horses on this run. Old rental, £909 18s. 2d.; Goyder's valuation, ^7 176 per
annumj excluding improvements, valued at £2750. The head station on this run lies
25 miles N. of Clare, on the main road to the N., and 55 miles N.E. of port Wakefield,
and lies on purchased land on the Bundaleer creek. The run is 120 miles N. of Ade-
laide, the wool being sent to port Wakefield. It consists of plain and undulating land
tolerably well grassed, and having patches of scrub and spinifex. It is watered by
several creeks and 4 wells, and has good roads to the neighbouring towns. This run
also comprises lease No. 132, which has an area of 50 square miles, and pays a rent
and assessment of £241 . There is an aboriginal settlement on the run.
BUNE&OO RUN(iV. district;) leases No. 392, 425, and 508; occupier, W. L.
Marchant. Respective ares 115, 44, and 80 square miles. This run lies near Rawns-
ley's bluff".
BUNGALA (or Bung4lee) CREEK {Co. Hindmarsh) is a small creek rising in the
N. slope of a range of hills to the N. of the hundred of Yankalilla, and flowing in a W.
direction into the sea at Normanville through a fertile tract of land known as the
Bungala or Bungallee valley, which is highly cultivated, and produces fine crops of
grain. This creek runs to the N. of the township ot YankalUla, and is impassable
during flood time. Clay-slate and limestone.
BUNGABEE STATION (N. district;) lease No. 131 ; occupier, G. C. Hawker;
lies 6 miles N. of Clare, and 40 miles N.E. of Port Wakefield. There is a public pound
and an aboriginal settlement at Bungaree. Resident magistrate, W. L. Beare, Esq.,
J. P. See Anama Station.
BUBBETT {Co. RusseU) is a N. hundred of the county lying on the E. bank of
the Murray river, and containing only a very small area of purchased land, although a
considerable quantity is under survey. It is mostly taken up for pastoral purposes.
The crossing over the Murray known as Thompson's is in this hundred.
BUBNS CRAIG {Co. Hindmarsh) is the name of a small agricultural settlement -
in the neighbourhood of mount Barker. The land is taken up by a few small fai:mers
engaged in the cultivation of wheat.
BUBJTSZBE {Co. Adelaide) is a small postal township, suburbati to Adelaide, in
the hundred of Adelaide and electoral district of E. Torrens. It is situated on a small
Digitized by LjOOQIC
BubJ 'The South Australian Gazetteer. 46
watercourse called the Second creek, and is in an agricultural district where wheat is
coltiyated to a small extent and hay is principally grown. There are also numerous
small vineyards and orchards. The nearest mine is at Glen Osmond, wliere a lead
mine exists, but is not now worked. The next places are Kensington, 1^ miles N. W.,
and Marryatville, about the same distance, the communication being by omnibus, twice
a-day. With Adelaide, 4 miles distant, the communication is also by omnibus. There
is 1 hotel — the Bumside, where the omnibus stops. The surrounding country is slightly
undulating except to the E., where rise the Adelaide ranges. The geological formation
is principally of schistoze and haiAsandstone rocks, overlaid in some places by a thin
stratum of limestone formed of decomposed coral ree£ The soil is good and mostly
taken np for gardens. The population is small.
BVRNSXDE (Go, Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral district of E.
Torrens. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr. George R.
Debney, of Burnside, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district
council for 1865 were as follow: — Assessment, £9642 — rate. Is. in the pound; rates
collected, £466 15s. 3d.; total receipts, £979 4s. lOd.; office expenses and salaries,
£170 28.; expended on public works, £712 lis. 8d. The population numbers 1472
pellons; the area is 10 square miles, or 6400 acres; land under cultivation, 1966 acres;
and nnmber of dwelling-houses, 215.
BUBJUk TOWNSHIP (Co. Burra.) See Koobinga.
BVBJIA COUNTY is one of the N. counties lying to the E. of the main range,
and occupying a tract of pastoral country lying to the N. of a line drawn £. and W.
from that range to the N. W. bend in the Murray river. It is bounded on the N. by
the eastern plains, on the S. by the country Eyre, on the W. the counties Stanley and
Victoria, and on the E. by the county Toung. The Burra creek flows nearly due E.
across this country, emptying itself into the Murray at N. W. bend. The W. part of
iihe county is divided into the following hundreds:— Hallett, Kingston, Eooringa and
Apoinga— the three latter being taken up as purchased land; and the first, with the
exception of a block of purchased land being, like the remainder of the county, settled
pastoral country. The S.W. part of the county, comprehending the hundreds of
Apoinga and Eooringa, and to some extent that uf Kingston, are celebrated for their
mineral wealth, vast deposits of copper ore having been found scattered in the hills and
gullies all over the district. Of these hundreds, by far the wealthiest is that of
Koonnga, which contains the world-renowned Burra mines; although the hundred of
Apoinga has likewise good lodes of ore. This county forms the greater part of the
electoral district of the Burra. This county has an area of 1767 square miles, or
1,130,880 square acres, of which 137,675 acres are purchased land, 74,801 acres being
held by freeholders, and 918 acres under cultivation. The live stock numbers 1166
horses, 1363 horned cattle, 136,146 sheep, 703 goats, 655 pigs and 6366 head of poultry.
Of the land under cultivation, 367 acres are under wheat, 421 acres under hay, 115 acres
are fallow, 12 acres garden, and 3 acres vineyard, the latter having 616 vines in bearing
and 1611 vines not in bearing. The crops for the year ending March 31st, 1866, were
1300 bushels wheat and 226 tons hay. The population numbers 4221 persons, being
a decrease of 1262 since 1861: and the number of dwellings, 1008, being a decrease of
217 since that year.
BUBJUk CREEK (Co. Burra) is a fine stream rising in the main range to the N.
of Kedruth township, and flowing in a S.E. direction through that place and Koorin^
(the Burra mines.) It is fed by numerous small tributary creeks. The formation of
the neighbouring country is of blue, grey, and brown areuaceous slate and sandstone,
dipping E. and W. from 20° to vertical.
BVBRA electoral district comprises the hundreds of Saddleworth and Waterloo,
also the towns of Kooringa, Redruth, and Aberdeen, the hundreds of Kooringa and
Apoinga, and the remainder of the county of Burra. It has a population of 7001 per-
sons, and an area of 2405 square miles, or 1,539,200 acres, of which 40,511 acres aire
under cultivation. The voting places for this district are at Kooringa, Redruth,
Hamilton, and Saddleworth. The Burra is represented in the Legislative Assembly
by J. B. NealesandA. M*Culloch, Esqs. The number of registered electors for 1865
in thi%district was, for the Legislative Council, 454, and for the Legislative Assembly,
1261.
BUBJUk-BUBBA MINES (THE) lie on bald bills of the transition series, and about
150 feet in height from the surrounding country. The prevailing feature of the geolo-
Digitized by LjOOQIC
46 The South Attstrtdian GazeUeer. [Bur
gical formation is limestone. The ground being soft and easily worked, a tremendoos
amount of timbering has to be employed to secare the drives, and in going underground
one walks through miles of these galleries without seeing anything but timber, and in
tome places the passages hare been so narrowed with these supports that a stout person
would find some difficulty in squeezing himself through. There is less to interest the
casual visitor underground at the Burra than there is in many other mines far inferior
in mineral wealth. A large quantity of the ore consists of what is called '* noalls,"
and this, as well as much of the other ores, is so^oated with tlie ** country ''-—or soil
in which it is found— that it would escape observflnon by the uninitiated. Here and
there in the workings you may come upon a splendid bunch of red oxide and malachite,
and the specimens of blue and green carbonates to be found in the mine are extremely
beautiful. It is a singular circumstance, but the miners agree in saying that there is
not a regular lode in the Burra mine; however, if there is no lode, there is plenty of
copper without it, the whole country being impregnated with it. The Burra appears to
be one vast ^* pocket*' Aill of copper. Its original appearance in a huge boU on the
snr&ce was so remarkable that numbers of persons undertook the journey from
Adelaide — quite an adventure to many in those days — for the mere purpose of seeing
this wonderful deposit of ore. A vast hollow is now shown at one part of the nttne,
about 100 yards in diameter, and 30 or 40 feet deep, whence thousands of tons of the
richest ores were taken. This great hollow, however, is owing perhaps as much to the
sinking of the ground, because of the large amount of excavation which has been
performed in following the copper below. The ores obtained from this mine have been
chiefly red oxides, very rich blue and green carbonates, and malachite. Native copper
has also been found. Many very beautiful specimens of all the varieties named have
been procurable from the Burra Burra, and are to be seen ornamenting the mantelpieces
or cabinets of an immense number of houses in the colony.
To proceed with a brief history of the mine ; it was diacorered by a shepherd named
Pickitt, in 1845, and in order to secure the fee simple of mineral land it became neces-
sary to purchase a special survey of 20,000 acres, paying the Government for the same
in spef*ie. The survey was taken on August 16th, by Messrs. C. H. Bagot and G. F.
Aston on behalf of themselves and others, afterwards called the Princess Royal mining
company, and by Messrs. William Allen and Samuel Stocks, jun., for themselves and
others, who afterwards became incorporated with the South Australian mining asso-
ciation, which name is still borne by the Burra company. The&# two parties were called
respectively the "nobs" and the ** snobs,*' the former representing the "aristocracy" of
the colony, and the latter the merchants and tradespeople. The nobs were unwilling to
combine with the snobs in a joint stock company for carrying on the mine, and there-
fore, although they united to purchase the ground — as neither party could, unaided,
raise the hard cash— bo soon as the survey was completed the land was divided by
drawing a line through the centre from east to west. Lots were then drawn for the
land, and the " snobs'' became the fortunate proprietors of the northern portion of the
survey ,and on which the Burra mine existed. The Princess Royal property was ulti-
mately sold for pastoral purposes at 18s. an acre.
The first directors of the South Australian mining association, and who were
apiK)inted to manage the affairs of the Burra mine, were Messrs. Charles Beck, James
Bunco, John Benjamin Graham, John Bentham Neales, William Paxton, William
Peacock, Christopher Septimus Fenny, Emanuel Solomon, and Samuel Stocks, jun.
Mr. Henry Ayres was appointed secretary. Operations were commenced immediately,
the number of miners employed being 10, under the superintendence of a captain, and
with a smith to sharpen and repair the tools. The first shot was fired on the 29t^
September, 1845, blasting a large mass of rich ore, and in a short time several drays
were loaded for the port. The workings were carried on with vigour, and the produce
of the mine surpassed the most sanguine expectations entertained on its discovery. The
original working capital of the company was only ^'1500 ; but with a mine so rich and
so easily worked that amount proved si^dent. until the sale of ore increased the funds
available for working expenses. During the first 6 years of the history of the Burra,
nearly 80,000 tons of exceedingly rich ore were raised and shipped to £lgland, yielding
a profit to the company of i;438,552 ; a pretty good lesult from an original outlay of
£10,000 for the land. At the close of the first 6 years since the opening of the mine, the
number of hands employed was upwards of 1000 ; but at this time the newly drfcovered
gold-fields in Victoria attracted a large proportion of our population, and especially the
miners, who left in such numbers that only 100 were left at the Burra—the Eapunda
mine suffering in like manner ; indeed, I believe at one time only 5 or 6 men remained
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Bub} Th4 South Austrakan GazeUear. 47
«t Eapanda, incliidiiig khe captain and puraer. This state of things prodnoed a serious
check on the working of the mines; at the Burra, where pumping engines bad been
«rocted, the machinery was of necessity stopped, and the water let in ; the compara-
tiyely few men who remained being employed in working above the water level. For
the greater part of three years the mine continued thus ; the Grovernment then took the
matter into their serious consideration, and rightly deeming the prosperity of the colony
to be dependent, to a great extent,* on that ot its mining interest, they adopted measures
for the introduction of a number of Cornish miners. When these immigrants arrived,
the water was pumped from the mine, and full operations were resumed, and have been
carried on with comparatively trifling interruptions until the present time. The
greatest number of hands employed was in 1859, when it amounted to 1170 persons.
The discoveries at Wallaroo caused some of the miners to remove to that locality, and
several were attracted by the reports of the great richness of some of the mines in the
fax north. A still larger departure of miners took place in consequence of inducements
held out to them by a certain coal mining company in New South Wales. Prior to this
time, however, the working of the mines at Wallaroo and in the far north had tended
to raise the rate of wages, and it was deemed advisable by the directors of the Burra to
confine their operations to those workings above the 55- fathom level; the water was,
therefore, let into the lower part of the mine— from the 70-fathom level to the 55 — and
it is found that at the present rate of wages larger proportionate profits can be realised,
without incurring the expense of pumping and working the lower levels. The yield of
ore has ranged for many years from 10,000 to 13,000 tons a year, the produce of the ore
giving an average of from 22 to 23 per cent of copper; or about 2500 tons of pure
copper when smelted, and yielding to the colony an average annual amount of at least
£225,000. The total amount expended in the colony by the Burra company, up to the
present time, is about £1,700,000, of which upwards of £1,000,000 has been paid in
wages. The gross profits amount to £850,080, of which £7 1 4,560 have been divided
among the shareholders, and £135,520 added to the capital stock, while £10,560
remained undivided. The above description, from Austin's mines of South Australia,
pretty accurately describes the state of these mines, allowing for their further develop-
ment since 1864.
In the Melbourne exhibition of 1866, were exhibited by the Hon. H. Ayers, the
following 80 specimens of copper ore; — Nos. 1 to 10. Ten specimens of malachite or
green carbonate of copper, containing from 50 to 60 per cent, of metallic copper. These
specimens are merely roughly polished by the miners who extracted them from the
mines, and are capable of a much higher polish if submitted to the regular process by a
lapidary. Nos. 1 1 to 20. Ten specimens of red oxide of copper, more or less mixed
with native or virgin copper, containing from 70 to 90 per cent, of metallic copper.
Nos. 21 to 40. Twenty specimens of malachite or green carbonate of copper, of varied
and singular formation, representing the smoothness and gloss which that substance
frequently carries in a natural state. Nos. 41 to 46. Six specimens of blue and green
carbonate of copper, exhibiting various forms of crystallisation. Nos. 47 to 56. Ten
specimens of dark blue carbonate of copper, highly crystallised. Nos. 57 to 66, Ten
specimens of blue carbonate of copper, in many varieties of crystallisation. Nos.
67 to 76. Ten specimens of green carbonate of copper. Nos. 77 to 78. Two specimens
of sub-oxide of copper, or rubby copper ore. Nos. 79 to 80. Two specimens of virgin or
native copper.
BVRRy MOUNT, or Bush Inn or Glencoe {Co. Grey^) is the name of a post
office on the Glencoe station (E. J. Leake's,) and on the main road from mount Gam-
bier to Kobe town. It lies 2 miles N.E. of mount Burr, 3 miles S.W. of mount Mac-
intyre, 3 miles W. of mount Edward, 10 miles S.E. of mount Muirhead (volcanic,) and
10 miles S.S.E. of mount Graham (volcanic.) Lakes Leake and Edward are 4 miles
E., and Reedy creek 25 miles N.W. The district is exclusively a pastoral one, both
cattle and sheep being grazed in large numbers. The nearest places are mount Gam-
bier, 25 miles S.S.E.; Tarpeena 18 miles E. by SjMacdonnell bay 40 miles S.8.E., and
Eobe 60 miles N.W. The communication is by horse or private conveyance, the mails
being carried on horseback. With Adelaide the communication is by Kounsevell's
coach twice a-week, from Tarpeena via Fenola and Wellington, or by steamer from
Port Macdonnell or Guichen bay (Robe. ) The distance by the coach route is 329 miles.
There is one hotel at Mount Burr— the Bush inn. The surrounding country is partly
mountainous, with much stringy4>ark and numerous grassy rises, the remainder cob-
tiscts of swampy flats, with patches of tea-tree scrub. The population is small and
scattered.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
48 Ths SoiUh Australian Gazetteer. [Bub — Cal
smut POINT {Flinders district) is a prominent headland lying on the W. coast
of Spencer's golf, between port Lincoln and Franklin harbour.
BIF&SXiElS'S HILL (Co. Hindmarsh) is a point in a low range of hills lying
in the hundred of Kondoparinga, and about 6 miles W. Strathalbyn township.
BmT'S HILL {Flinders district is a hill in the main range on the N. road, a
few miles 8. of Yudanamutana, and at the head of Taylor's creek.
B VItTV a CROSSING (Flinders district.) See Stubt'b Cbossing.
BUSH INN (Co. Orey.) See Bure, Mount.
BUTALOO RUN, {Co. Victoria;) lease No. 57 ; occupiers, J. and R. J. B. Reid ;
area, 57 square miles; grazing capability, 10.500 sheep, or 180 per square mile; old
rent and assessment, JC114; Mr. Goyder's valuation, £399, excluding improvements,
which are valued at £2000. This station lies 12 miles E. of Port Peri, and on the
sources of the crystal brook about 30 miles S.of Melrose, and 130 miles N. of Adelaide.
The wool is shipped at port Peri. The run lies on the W. slope of the Flinders range
which is a mass of scrub and spinifex. To the E. are hills and gullies heavily timbered,
and tolerably well grassed. It is fed by springs and wells. The road to Port Peri is good.
BUTCKEB'S GAP (Co. Light) is the name given to an opening or passage through
theBelvidere range of hills, lying about \\ miles W. of Marrabel. There is plenty of
good stone and timber suitable for building purposes in the vicinity — granite and
freestone.
BUTLER LAKE (Co. JRohe) is a small swampy lagoon lying to the W. of the
township of Robe, and near the jetty. Black mud »nd limestone crust.
BUTT AMUCK RUN {N. District;) leases Nos. 305, 373,645b, 745 and 746;
occupier, H. A. Short ; total area, 90 square miles ; total rent and assessment, £60 10s.
This run lies to the N.E. of Black Rock; next post town, Eooringa.
CABELL (Go. Albert) is a hundred lying in the N.W. corner of the county and
forming the inner angle of the Murray river at the Great or N.W. bend. It is taken up
for pastoral pursuits,
CABNXA, 29° 40^ S. lat., 137° 35' E. long. (Flinders district,) is a spring lying in
the pastoral country to the S. of lake Eyre.
CABNXA LAKE (Co. MacdonneU) is a small swampy lake lying in the E. part of
the county, near the boundary of the colony.
CABNITE RUN (S.E. district;) lease No. 161; occupier, H. and D. O. Jones.
; area, 25 square miles; grazing capacity, 6500 sheep; valuation, £430 per annum.
This run lies 200 miles S.E. of Adelaide|Wind 95 miles N.E. by E. of Robe.
CAZBN BANK RUN (S.E. district;) lease No. 203; occupier, J. Hensley; area,
79 square miles, grazing capacity, 9500 sheep, although there are 16,000 sheep and 40
head of horses and cattle on the run; Goyder's valuation, deducting improvements,
£40 per annum. This run lies 190 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 40 miles N.E. of
Guichen bay (Robe.)
CAL ANN A STATION (N. district) is a sheep station, at present unstocked, lying
on the N.W. road frdtn Nuccaleena, the nearest post office, 123 miles S.
C ALC A RUN ( W. district.) See Radstock Cape Run.
CALLENBALE RUN (S.E. district;) lease No. 201; occupier, S. Jeffrey; area,
36 square miles; grazing capacity, 4500 sheep; Goyder's valuation, deducting
improvements, £18 per annum. This run lies 215 miles by road S.E. by S. of
A&laide, and 48 miles E. of Robe. The head station is the Lake Eliza run. This
run also includes leases No. 450 and 1004, the respective areas being 18 and 11 square
miles.
CALLZNGTON (Co. Start) is a postal township in the electoral district of
Onkaparhiga, hundred of Kanmantoo, and under the control of the district council of
Nairne. It is situated on the Bremer creek, the mount Barker creek being distant 3
miles S.W., Nairne creek distant 8 miles W., and the river Murray distant 16 miles E.
The district is an agricultural one, wheat and barley being extensively grown. The
Callington or Bremer copper mines lie near the township. The nearest places are
Kanmantoo, distant 3| mUes N.; Woodchester, 8 miles S.; and Swanport, distance 16
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Cam — Can] The South Australian Gazetteer. 4#
miles E.,the communication being with the first-named place, or with Adelaide, 41
miles W., by daily mail coach, and with the other places by horse or dray. In
Qillington the hotels are the Callington and the Tavistock. There is a post and money
order office in the township, and a booking office, whence the mail coach runs to and
from Adelaide, Naime, and Eanmantoo daily. The surrounding country, is rather
eleyated, and mineral traces are found in nearly every direction. The population
numbers 600 persons, including the farming population in the neighbourhood.
GABISL'S HUMP ((7o. Stanley) is a lofty peak lying about 10 miles N.N.E. of
Glare, and 14 miles W. of Kooringa. This hill is a prominent landmark both on
account of the peculiarity of its shape and of its height from the whole of the surround-
ing country. The geological formation is dark blue and olive green shales, with quartzose
sandstone bands, the dip being W. 46° to 60°.
GABUPBEXiX. LAKE, dO*" 50' S. lat., 156"" 35' E. long. {Flinders district,) is a small
saline lagoon lying in the sandy and stony plain to the W. of lake Torrens. It was
discovered by Babbage in 1858, and is now surrounded by land taken up for pastoral
purposes.
GAMPBSLLTOWN (Co. Adelaide) is a postal township in the electoral district
of E. Torrens, hundred of Adelaide, and under the control of the district council of
Payneham. It lies 5 miles N.E. of Adelaide, and is bounded on the W. by the Torrens
liver, and on the E. by the S. branch of the N. E. road. The township has an area of
260 acres, and was named after C. J. F. Campbell, Esq. The main reservoir supplying
the Adelaide waterworks lies about half-a-mile to the E. The district is an agricul-
tural one, the land being taken up as market gardens, and for the growth of hay.
There are also numerous vineyards in the neighbourhood, and many of the farmers
£^aze<Mittle on the outlying lands. The nearest places are Newton, 1 mile E.; Paradise
half-a-mileN.E.; and Darley, 1 mile N. There are no regular conveyances to those
places, and the communication with Adelaide is by omnibuses twice a-day. There is a
. post office, a Church of England and a Wesleyan Chapel, and one hotel—the Giynde^*
about a mile to the S. of the township on the lower N.E. road. The surrounding
country is low, but land of good description, forming part of the Adelaide plains, and
the formation chiefly limestone. The population numbers about 160 persons.
GABUPBSUi'S CREEK {Co. Hindmarsh) is a small creek, flowing from the ranges
to the E. of cape Jervis into the S.E. part of the gulf of St. Vincent. It passes the
hamlet of Silverton, and upon it were formerly worked the Campbell's creek silver
lead mines. (See Silverton.) The geological formation is granite and limestone.
C ABCVBELL'S CREEK MINE (Co. Bindmarsh) is a silver lead mine, lying 54
miles S.S. W. ^ W. of Adelaide. (See Silverton.)
CABIPBEZiZi'S HILL (Co. Hindmarsh) is the name given to a low range of hills
rising from the coast, in a N.N. VV. direction, and situated on the W. side of the Blow-
hole creek, and 4 miles E.S.E. of Cape Jervis.
^ CAMP HILL (Flinders district) is a peak of the main range, lying between the
Freellng heights and mount Hopeless, and overlooking the N. part of the Eastern plains.
GAHNAK'S REEF (Flinders district) is a dangerous rocky ledge in Nuyt*s archi-
pelago; it shows about 20 feet above water, and lies 34 miles S.by W. of Fenelon
island, with breakers on sunken rocks between the two.
CA.VHtAWlQWLA'RUl^ (S.E. district;) lease, Nos, 149 and 150; occupier, J.
Gordon ; area, 67 square miles; grazing capacity, 22,700 sheep and 30 horses; Goyder's
valuation, deducting improvements, £1225 48.— the overland road- to Victoria via
Border town passes through this run. This run lies 170 miles S.E. by S. of Adelaide,
and 90 miles from Robe in a N.E. direction.
CANHONBOWH (Co. Adelaide) is the name of a small agricultural hamlet,
adjacent to the suburb of Hindmarsh on the N., and jying about 5 milAi N. W. of
Adelaide.
CAirOWIS RUN (Co. Victoria;) lease No. 129; occupiers, Scott and Hay ward;
area, 140 square miles; grazing capability, 45,000, or 320 per square mile; old rental,
£396 138. 4d; Goyder*s valuation, £3080 per annum, excluding improvements, valued
at £.1887. This run lies 32 miles N.N.W. of Kooringa, and 132 miles N. of Port
Adelaide. It extends on both sides of Brown's hill ran^e and is well grassed, the flaU
• Digitized b^LjOOgle
60 The South AtistrcUian Gazetteer, [Car
and ralleys abundantly so. There is but little surface water, and the run is supplied
by 25 wells, troughs and pumps. There is a good road to Eooringa.
GA&BEXiXiA STATION {W, district;) occupiers, Heath and Wooldridge. See
Waluanippib Station.
GARBWSLL COUNTY lies in the S.E. of the colony, and is bounded on the
K. by the county Russell and the Tattiara pastoral district, which district also bounds
it on the E., on the W. by the sea, and on the S. by the county Macdonnell. It is a
county of swamps and sandy plains, and contains in its N. part the scrubby tract (^
land known as Magrath's flat. The Coorong lake and the main road from Wellington
to Macdonnell bay run from N. to S. along its W. side, and upon that side two hundreds
hare recently been marked off, namely, those of Santo and Neville. The road from
Wellington to Border town runs along its N.E. side, which consists of a thick belt of
mallee scrub. This county is comprehended in the electoral district of Victoria.
This county has an area of 1856 square miles, or 1,187,840 acres, of which 605 acres
are purchased land, there being 96 1 1 acres enclosed, and 1 39 acres under cultivation.
The live stock numbers 502 horses, 510 horned cattle, 62,045 sheep, 128 goats, 12 pigs,
and 324 head of poultry. Of the land under cultivation, 135 acres are under
hay; 1 acre under other crops; and 3 acres garden ground, having 200 vines not in
bearing. The last crop was 133 tons of hay. The population numbers 182 persons,
and the number of dwellings is 103.
CAREY'S CREEK {Co. Adelaide) is a small mountain stream flowing into Cox's
creek.
CA&Xnr'S GIJLLY {Co, Adelaide) is a postal township, partly in the district of
E. Torrens, and partly in that of Crafers. It is in the hundred and district council of
Onkaparinga, and is situated on a gully through which flows a small creek (Carey's
creek.) The district is at present an agricultural one solely, wheat being grown in
considerable quantities, but the principal produce being fruit and vegetables. The
nearest places are Stirling, 34 miles S., Hahndorf, 7 miles S.E., Crafers, 4^ miles W.,
and Balhannah, 5 miles S.E. There are as yet no public conveyances to those places,
the state of the roads being such as to preclude their running; so soon, however, as
the road, which is now in progress, is completed, a coach will be run to Balhannah.
With Adelaide 14 miles W., the communication is from Crafers, the nearest coach
station, by omnibus. The surrounding district is hilly, with small fertile flats in the
valleys, most of which are under cultivation. There are at present no mines at work
in the neighborhood, although it bears strong evidences of being a mineral district. On
the surface of the ground, quartz, having auriferous traces, is found in various parts of
the vicinity, but no proper trial as to its value has been made. Carey's gully has a
post office, 3 chapels (in one of which is conducted a literary institute,) and 2 stores.
The population numbers about 60 persons.
GARNAJtVON MOUNT {N. district) is a lofty peak of an £. spur of the
main range lying to the N.E. of Wilpena, and near the Appenilla mine. It is at the
head of the Yudnapunda creek.
GAROUNE {Co. Grey) is a S. hundred of the county lying on the S.E. coast.
But litttle of this hundred is sold, the S. portion consisting chiefly of shifting sand
dunes. For population, &c., see Benara hundred.
GAROIiZNE POET ((7o. Macdonnell) is a small port at the head of Lacepedebay,
lying in the centre of the coast of the S.E. district of the colony, within 63 miles from
the W. boundary of the colony of Victoria, and is the nearest port to a large and fer-
tile tract of bush country in S. Australia and Victoria. The township of Kingston
lies at the head of this port, and is the shipping township for the neighbouring district.
A full description of this port is given in a letter written to the 8. A, Hegister, of
June 13th, 1^66,*by Messrs. J. and A. Cook, of Kingston, from which letter we take
the following particulars : ** Froih cape Jafla's outlying reefs, running northwards in a
straight line 21 miles, intersecting the coast line, there is within one of the most extra-
ordinary harbours known; its maximum breadth is 5 miles. Without any protec-
tion, to the eye, it is precisely the same as if it were land-locked against the ocean
waves. To prove this, there is in all its main points abundance of nautical, official
and non-official evidence, but of necessity brief and incomplete, from the absence to
casual visitors and surveyors of the test that experience of years on the coast only will
give in all weathers. This is the duty imposed on us by our position. It it beyond
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Car — Cen] The SoiUh Australian Oazetteer. 51
our ability clearly to explain the cause of this apparent phenomenon—the barrier —
farther than to state that there is at all times a heavy ocean ground-swell outside the
entrance to Lacepede bay, running its whole length, with an under power stronger
than any cross sea, the strength of which is seen in its grandest magnificence 40
miles northward from Fort Caroline, on the Coorong beach. Entrance — 18 miles
wide, with a clean sandy bottom. The depth of 16 of the 18 miles varies gradually
fom €0 feet to 45 feet on eadi side. When the lighthouse, now to be erected, ii up, ships
can enter with perfect ease, in the darkest nights, without a pilot. Capacity— 78
square miles. Sufficient depth and smooth water in all winds for the largest ship afloat,
including the Great Eastern. Depth— 60 feet at its entrance, gradually sloping to the
shore. 44 square miles contain a depth of 30 to 60 feet, 23 square miles 15 to 30 feet,
and 11 square miles under 15 feet. There is 24 feet within three-quarters of a mile of
the shore in several places. The entrance, capacity, and depth correspond with
Grovemment survey. Anchorage can only be proved by a comparison with neighbour-
ing bays, or ports, of results, during the worst weather, similarly exposed to the wind
blowing in shore, when vessels and lives have been lost there and saved in this bay on
the same day.*'
GABrOQNA BUN (N, district;) lease, 109; occupiers, J. and A. Hallett; area, 58
square ntiles, grazing capability, 58,000 sheep, or 100 to the square mile; old rental
and assessment, £106 12s. 4d,; Goyder's valuation, £174 per annum, excluding improve-
ments, valued at £625. It is fairly grassed and interspersed with belts of mailed scrub,
and watered by the Newikie, Wira and Caroona creeks. The head station is at Wan-
dillah, near Kooringa.
CABRAGALVNOA HILL (Co. ffindmarsh) is a lofty peak and survey point in
the N. part of the Yankalilla range, on the road from Myponga to Yankalilla, and
about 3 miles from the coast.
GA&BAGALUNOA CREEK (Co. Bindmarsh) is a stream rising in the coast
range, and in the S. part of the hundred of Myponga by several bends, and flowing W»
about 2 miles from Yankalilla into the sea.
CASTAS ROCK {N. distrU^) is a peak in Chase's rauge, surmounted by a rocky
top, which somewhat resembles an old fortification. It lies to the E. of the main N.
road, near Wonoka hill.
GASTIETON (Co. Adelaide,) a name given to port Noarlunga. (See Noarlunoa.)
GAST&I CREEK {Flindert district) is a small watercourse, lying to the S. of lake
Buchanan; sandy and grassy plains.
CATASTROPHE CAPE, 35'' 1' S. lat., 135° 54' E. long., mag. var. 5° E. {Co.
Flinders,) is a prominent feature on the main land, and forms the W. point of entrance
to Spencer's gi^f. Its S. extremity is cliffy and has a round, smooth summit, clothed
with vegetation, whence it trends N.E., by E. i E.,',3 miles, and forms 2 sandy bights,
which are separated by projecting cliffs of whitish and level appearance. Behind the
shore the land rises to a rocky range of considerable elevation, with a few trees but no
fresh water. At the E. toot of the range is Memory cove, and still further N., Shag
cove. It lies 48 miles E. ot cape Spencer. This cape was so called from the melancholy
loss of Mr. Thistle and a boat's crew of Flinders's ship the Investigator, See Tuistlb
Island.
CATTLE COMPANY CREEK (Co. Hindmarsk) is a small drainage creek
rising in the hills to the W. of ^ount Barker township, and flowing through good forest
and agricultural land. ^
CATTLE STATION HILL (Co. Adelaide) is a point and survey station in the
main range, lying about 4 miles S.E. of Hahndorf.
CAU&NABiONT STATION (Co. Sturt) is the run of Mr. Robert Thomson,
lying in the hundred of Ridley, 18 miles N.E. of Mannum, the nearest post office,
Murray River; the area is 43 square miles, and grazing capability 3000 sheep.
CATESSHABi {Co. Adelaide) is a suburban village lying near the township of
Hindmarsh.
CEMTKE, MOUNT, 35^ 30'. S.hit.j 135° lO' Klongi. {Flinders district.) is the
name given by Hack, in 1857, to a remarkable granite hill lying in tbe midst of a circle
of smaller elevations, forming a W.. spur of the W. part of the Gawler range. It lies
in rough scrubby country, with no grass and but little water, £^om its summit could
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62 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Cha
be seen salt lakes stretching to the N.W., but there was no useful yegetatlon, and except
a spring at the foot of the mount, no fresh watw. To the S., however, is a tract of
tolerably good grassy country known as "Parla."
OHABnrA RUN (W, District,) comprising Cheetingoona, Anthema, Wonln-
gndda and Mietipy stations held under 3 leases; occupier, uncertain; total area, 111
miles, the leases being 84, 17, and 10 miles respectively; grazing capacity, 12,000 sheep
and 20 head of cattle. This run lies 8 miles N. of the post office at Charra. There
are no fresh water creeks, but there is a salt one, known as the Davenport creek, which
is suitable for shipping cargo, as vessels of 200 tons burthen can lie close alongside
the banks, at a distance of 20 miles S. of Chadina.
CHAIN OP PONDS {Co, Adelaide) is a postal village in the electoral district of
Gumeracka, hundred of Para Wirra, and under the control of the central road board
and the district council of Para Wirra. It is situated on the Chain of Ponds creek, the
Torrens river being distant IJ miles S.E., mount Gould 5 miles E., and mount Gawler
4 miles N.W. The district is an agricultural one; wheat, barley, oats, hay, potatoes,
^apes, and fruit being cultivated, and a few sheep and cattle grazed. The nearest
planes are Kersbrook, 3 J miles, and Maidstone 4 miles N., Gumeracka 4 miles E., and
Millbrook 1^ mile W, With the two latter places there is daily communication by
RounsevelPs mail car, and with the two former by horse and private vehicle only. With
Adelaide, 19 miles S.W., the communication is by Rounsevell's daily mail coach. Chain
of Ponds has a post office and 1 hotel — the Morning Star. The surrounding country is
elevated, mountainous, and thickly scrubbed. The geological formation is of grey
sandstone, showing ferruginous traces, and slate, with some hard freestone, forming
good road metal. There is a public pound, and a very pretty bridge on the main road
at this place. The population numbers about 50 persons.
CHAIN OF PONDS CREEK (Co. Adelaide) is a small N. tributary of the Tor-
rens river, rising near the township of Maidstone, and flowing in a S.W. direction
through the Chain of Ponds village, where it is crossed by means of a good bridge by
the main N.E. line of'road. This creek falls into the Torrens river near Kersbrook.
CHABUBSXIS' CREEK {N, district) is a creek flowing through a station of the
tame name, and situated on the road from Nucca^eena to mount Margaret, the next
post office, from which station it lies S.E. Ill miles, or 187 miles N.W. of Nuccaleena.
The station is stocked with cattle.
Also a fine stream flowing into the S.W. part of lake Eyre. This creek was origi-
nally known as Stuart's creek, but received its present name from Stuart himself. There
is tolerably good pastoral country in the neighbourhood.
. CHABUBSaS' MOUNT, 30° 57' S. lat., 139° 15' E. long. {Flinders district,) is a
lotly peak and point of survey in the pastoral district of the E. plains. It lies on the
N. bank of the Rose creek and? miles S.W. of Prism hill and 6 miles south of the
Mooroo copper mine. The mount Chambers mine (see, Nuccaleena) lies a little
to the S. of this hill. Sandstone, slate, shale and calcareous rock, with boulders of
primitive limestone.
CHANC£IiLO&'S (or Chandler's) HILL (Co. Adelaide,) a point in the coast
range, lying about 2 miles N.W. of the township of Clarendon.
CHANBAB A RUN ( W, district;) occupier, Jno. Forster; area, 46 square miles.
This run also comprises the Pollitia run, which lies 28 miles from Chandada, the head
station. It Las an area of 36 square miles. The next post office is Flinders, Streaky bay.
CHABXES MOUNT (Co. Adelaide) is a point in the main range. 'It lies 3 miles
N. of the township of Woodside, and half-a-mile from Charleston. It is* partly under
cultivation, wheat and other grain growing freely in the valleys.
CHAaZiSS MOUNT, 28° 25' S. lat., 136° 5' E. long. {Flinders district,) is a high
hill, lying in the horseshoe-shaped pastoral country enclosed by the Denison range, and
on the W. side of the Davenport river. There are numerous springs in the neigli boar-
hood, the nearest being the Fanny spring, lying to the N., and goc^ water may be had
by digging a few inches below the surface in all directions.
CHAltL£8T0N (Co. Adelaide) is a postal township in the electoral district and
hundred of Onkaparinga, and under the Onkaparinga district council. It is situated
on a flat on the Onkaparinga river, about half-a-mile distant from a partially-cultivated
hiH, called mount Charles, and on the mainE. line of road from Adelaide to mount
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Cha — Chi] The South Australian Gazetteer. 63
Torrens. It lies in an agricultural district, producing fine wheat and good wine, and
having dairy fiurms, where excellent butter and honej are produced. Some of the land
Is well grassed and timbered, and is used for pastoral purposes. The nearest places are
Woodside — the next local court, and telegraph and police station— 2f miles £.; mount
Torrens, 6 miles W.; and Lobethal, 2 miles S.E. — the communication being by Hounse-
yell's daily coaches. With Adelaide, 28 miles W., the communication is by the same
means. Charleston has a post office, a district school, and 1 hotel — the Charleston; and
there is a steam flour mill, lying 1^ miles distant N.W. The surrounding country is
mountainous to the W. and flat to the £., the formation being of sandstone and clay,
slate. There is abundance of pure water in the neighbourhood, and the entire district
is noted for the excellence of the cereals it produces. The population numbers about
150 persons, the number of dwellings being 40.
CBABXTOH (Co, Frame) is a small township lying on the maui N. road to
Melrose, about 15 miles S. of that place. Copper and lead have been found in this
locality.
GHA&BA {Flinders districC) is a postal station lying in the centre of the pastoral
district on the W. coast, 150 miles N.W. of Streaky bay, and 500 miles W. of Adelaide.
It lies 14 miles N. of W. of Davenport creek, and is reached by a fortnightly overland
mail via port Lincoln. The surrounding country consists of low scrubby plains — the
formation being limestone. The population of Charra numbers 20 persons.
CSABE?B EANGE {N, district) is a spur of the main range lying to the B. of
the N. road, a few miles S, of Wilpena. The principal peak of this range is known as
the Castle rock.
rOOONA STATION (W, district.) (See Chadina Hun.)
GHSLLJlSTON (Ob. Adelaide) is a small agrici^tural hamlet lying to theS. W
of the city of Adelaide, about 3^ miles distant, and inhabited by a few farmers.
GARDENS {Co, Adelaide) is a postal village in the electoral district
and hundred of Noarlunga, and under the control of the district council of Clarendon.
It lies near the Onkaparinga river, 12 miles S. of Adelaide, and 5 miles N.£. of
Clarendon, the communication being by horse or private conveyance to Clarendon, and
thence to Adelaide by Cook?, Fox*s, or Goble's conveyances. The district is a fine
agricultural one; wheat, peas, and potatoes being extensively grown. 1 mile from
Qierry Gardens is a silver lead mine, known by the same name, and also as the Cuma-
nilla mine. It is sunk 13 fathoms. The ore raised contains 75 per cent, of lead, and
30 oz. of silver to the ton. At a distance of about 3 miles is a promising copper mine,
known as the Wheal Maria, or Scott's creek mine. The surrounding country is moun-
tainous with fine agricultural valleys and undulating flats, well grassed and lightly
timbered.
CHJBflmOO N.E. BUN {W. district;) leases, Nos. 848, 871, and 884; occupier,
Bh Symes; total area, 54 square miles. This run lies to the £• of Venus bay, the next
poet town.
CBS&X&Oa N. RUN {W. district;) leases Nos. 728 and 798; occupier,^. Love;
total area, 18 square miles. Next post town, Venus bay.
CHILPANUNDA STATION (TT. distHct;) leases Nos. 726, 921, and 1091;
occupiers, Carlyle and Irvine; area, 212 square miles ; grazing capability from 20,000 to
25,000 sheep in fair seasons. This station lies near Streaky bay, about 24 miles EJN.B,
of the township of Elinders. Water is obtained by sinking deep wells.
f 'S WELLS {Co. Cardwell) is a spring lying on the mam road from
Wellington to Macdonnell bay, at the Coorong crossing. ♦
CHXHGFOIUD (Co. Stanley) is a postal town in the eleetoral district of Burraand
hundred of Saddleworth, the main road running by the town, being under the super-
vliion of the central road board. It is situated on the right bank of the Gilbert river,
near its source, in an agricultural, wheat and hay producing district. There are no
mines in the neighbourhood, although there are numerous indications of copper and
iron. The nearest places are— Auburn, 8 miles distant W. by S.; Mintaro, 8 miles
N.W.; Waterioo, 6 miles N.E.; Saddleworth, 6 miles S. by W. With these placet
there is no communication except by horse or private vehicle. With Adelaide, 78j
miles S., the communication is by RounsevelPs mail coach from Auburn to Kapunda,
imd thence by rail Chingford has a post-office. The nearest hotels are at Saddleworth
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54 The South AustrdUan Gazetteer, [Cho — Cla
or Waterloo. The surrouDding country is undulating with ranges of hills to the E. and
W. respectiyely, and several low hills to the N. The formation is of ironstone and
claj-slate. The population is small and scattered.
CH00N8EZNOUX.A STATION (TT. district) lies 50 miles N. W. of the township
of Flinders ; occupiers, Heath and Wooldridge. See Wallianippib.
CBOWXXiLA BUN (N.E, district.) (See Bookmark.) There is an aboriginal
station at this place.
CHOT PONDS (Co, Adelaide) is the name given to a string of waterholes lying in
the neighbourhood of Willunga, and surrounded by good agricultural land, mostly
taken up by small settlers.
CBUCKA BEND {Co. AlberfJ is the name given to a small tract of purchased
land oh the E. bank of the Murray river, in the hundred of Morphett, and about 30 miles
N. of Wellington.
CLAPRAM {Co, Adelaide) is a small agricultural hamlet lying near Mitcham, and
inhabited by a few farmers and gardeners. See also MrrcHAM.
CZiAJtE, 33'' SO' S. lat, 138** 35' E. long. (Co. Stanley,) is a postal township in
the electoral district of Stanley, hundred of Clare, and untj^r the control of the Clare
district council. It is situated on the main road, via Auburn and Watervale from
GaWler and Kapunda to the pastoral district lying to the S.E. of Port Augusta, and
leading l^ that port, and on the Hutt river, a S. tributary of the Broughton run. Clare
has a telegraph station, a post and money order office, branches of the English,
Scottish, and Australasian Chartered, and National banks, and the South Australian
insurancecompany, a large flour mill, a machine manufactory, a court-house, and a large
and commodious town-hall, the property of a company, an English and a Boman
Catholic church, and Wesleyan and Presbyterian chapels. There is a local court and a
Foresters' court. It has several well-built stores and shops, and 4 hotels — the
Travellers* rest. Northern, Bradley's, and Clare. There are several suburban residences
on the prettily wooded hills to the W. of the township, and to the N. of it is Inchiquin,
the residence of E. B. Gleeson, Esq., who was one of the first settlers in the locality, and
who laid out the township. The nearest places are Pey^^^A™! 8 miles; Watervale,
11 miles; Leasingham, 12 miles; and Auburn, 18 miles— all in a S. direction; the
communication being by Kounseveirs daily mail coaches. With Adelaide, 93 miles S.,
the communication is by the same line of coaches to Kapunda, and thence by rail.
The resident magistrates are A. E. Davis, E. B. Gleeson, and J. W. Gleeson, Esqs.
The township of Clare lies on a flat and under a range of well-wooded hills, in a rich
fkrming district, where large quantities of wheat are grown, the country to the
N. being taken up by sheep and cattle runs. The hills surrounding the neighbourhood
are of moderate height. The main ridges, consist of blue, grey, and brown arenaceous
slates, shale, sandstone, and quartz rock. ^
GLARE {Co. Stanley) is a district council in the electoral district of Stanley. It
is under the control of a chairman, the present one being M. C. H. Webb, of Windsor
Lodge, Glare, and 4 cotincillors. The population numbers 2593 persons; the area is
108 square miles, or 69,120 acres; land tinder cultivation, 11,028 acres; and number of
dwelling-houses, 481. *
CLARE {Co. Stanley) is a central hundred of the county, consisting almost
exclusively of purchased land, of which much is under cultivation. The townships of
dare and Penwortham are in this hundred, and the main road to theN. runs through it.
CLARENBQN, 35'' 10" S. lat, 138° 40" E. long. (Co. Adelaide,) is a postal
township in the el^oral district and hundred of Noarlunga, and under the control of
the district council of Clarendon. It is situated on the Onkaparinga river, 18 miles
S.E. of Adelaide, in the midst of a fine agricultural district, where wheat, peas, and
potatoes are largely grown. Considerable tracts of country are also used for the
depasturage of cattle, and the cultivation of the vine and the manufacture of wine
have for a considerable 'period attracted a large share of attention, and are rapidly
progressing. The principal wine manufactory and distillery is Mr. Peake's, and there
are several other smaller ones. At Cherry gardens, distant about 4 miles N.E., and at
Scott's creek, 5 miles distant, are copper mines, there being also strong indications of
•opper at mount Bold, to the E.,and at several other places in the neighbourhood. The
nearest places are Kangarilla, 4 miles S.E., and Cherry gardens, 4 miles N.E., the
communication being with the latter place by horse and private conveyance, and the
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Cla — Gu] The South Australian Gazetteer. 55
mails beiDg carried on horseback, and with the former by weekly conveyance. With
Adelaide 18 miles N. there is communication by three conveyances, viz., Cook's thrice
a-week, Fox's twice a- week, and Goble's once a- week. Clarendon has a post and money
order office, a public pound, and a branch of the South Australian insurance company,
a licensed school, and one hotel — the Koyal Oak. The resident magistrate is K. J.
Feake, Esq., J.P. ~ The surrounding country is mountainous, with fine agricultural
valleys and undulating flats, well grassed and highly timbered. The population numbers
about 200 persons. The geologiod formation is of green talcose and chloritic slates,
with quartz in their interstratified laminsB, similar in appearance and general mineral
character to the metamorphic green chloritic slates of Anglesey. To the S. of
Clarendon the presence of tertiary rocks is indicated by the deep sandy soil, thickly
covered with epacris, prickly acacia, dwarf Banksia, coarse grass, and other scrubby
deposits. Adjoining this township is the celebrated Clarendon vineyard, situated at an
elevation of from 700 to 800 feet above the level of the sea, and having a splendid view
of the Onkaparinga river. The vineyard is on the summit and slope of a hill, and is
thickly planted with choice vines, comprising the Pedro Ximenes, Falo-mino-blanoo,
Temprana, Doradilla, Mantua, Castellano, Verdeilho, Crouais, Reisling, and Tokay of
the white variety, and Molar Negro, Ferastes-Colaro, Schiraz, Malbec, Carbonet, Mataro,
Carignan, Grenache, and Morastel of the red. The wine made from this vineyard is
very delicate, and is dry, spiritous, and bright. The wine cellar is a two-storeyed
building, the lower cellar having an area of 62 feet by 23 feet, and capable of containing
10,000 gallons of wine. The wine is made in the upper storey, and the wine presses
and cellar arrangements are excellent.
GL ARENBON ( Co. Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral districts of
Noarlunga and mount Barker. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one
being Mr. Jas. Morphett Tapley, of Tapley's hill, and a councillor. The receipts and
expenditure in this district council for 1865 were as follow: — Assessment, JS8562 5s. —
rate. Is. in the pound; rates collected, £415 Us.; total receipts, £815 7s. 7d.; office
expenses and salaries, £126 68. 7d.; expended on public works, £612 lOs. Ud. The
population numbers 1599 persons. The area is 48 square miles, or 30,720 acres; land
under cultivation, 2983 acres; and number of dwelling-houses, 348.
CXJL&KE'S CREEK ^Flinders district) is a mountain stream found by Hack,
in 1857, in the Gawler ranges, to the S.E. of lake Gairdner. The country is now taken
up for pastoral purposes.
CLAY GULLY, or Munta Wubta {Yorkers peninsula) is a small tract of land
lying in a vadley on the E. side of Yorkers peninsula, and adapted to agricultural
development. A smftU stream of good water flows down the gully into the gulf of St.
Vincent during and for some time after rainy seasons.
CLAYTON, 35° 33' S. lat., 139° E. long. (Ob. Bindmar8h,)i8 a postal township in
the electoral district of mount Barker, hundred of Alexandrina, and under the control
of the Alexandrina district council. It lies on the Goolwa or lower Murray river, near
Bankine's crossing from Hindmarsh island to the main land, the Finniss river running
to the N.W. into the Goolwa, and lake Alexandrina being 2 miles N.E. The district is
an agricultural one, wheat being grown in considerable quantities in the neighbourhood.
Hie nearest places are Goolwa, 8 miles W., and Milang, 8 miles N.E.; with which
places there are no regular means of communication. With Adelaide, 55 miles N.W. ,
there are no regular means of communication, the usual route being by horse or dray to
port Elliot, 16 miles, or Strathalbyn, about the same distance, and thence by Rounse-
veil's coach. The nearest hotels are at Milang and Goolwa. Clayton has a public
pound. The resident magistrate is J. Rankine, Esq., J.P. The surrounding country
is low and flat. The geological formation is of limestone. The population of the
township numbers 6 persons only, although there is a considerable ^ming population
in the neighbourhood.
CLAYTON RIVER (Flinders dis^ict,) is the name of a stream rising in the S.
slope of the Yarra hill, and flowing in a W.N.W. direction for about 40 miles, until it
falls into the S.E. end of lake Eyre.
GXiZFTON {Co. Adelaide,) is a small agricultural hamlet lying to the E. of Bum-
ude, and inhabited by a few farmers and gardeners.
G&INTOir (Co. Daly) is a S.E. hundred of the county lying in the N.W. head of
he gulf of St. Vincent, and containing the township of Clinton, and a small quantity
of purchased land surrounding it. The oulk of the hundred consists of pastoral country.
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56 The Sovih Australian Gazetteer, [Clt — CoL
CUTS MOUNT (N. district) is a peak of the main range lying on the S. bank of
theFrome riyer, a few miles to the N.N.W. of Angipena, and to the W.of the mount
Rose mine.
OLON LISA (Co. Gawler) is a small agricultural settlement near Gawler, taken up
bj a number of small farmers, who cultivate wheat and other produce.
OOBBLS&'S HILL {Co. Hindmarsh) is a peak in the low scrubby ranges lying to
the E.S.E. of cape Jervis, and on the E. bank of the Blowhole creek. It forms a
prominent landmark from the sea, and is situated about half-a-mile from the coast.
COCKATOO VALLEY {Co»H%ndmar8h')i% a small agriculural settlement in the
neighbourhood of mount Barker. It is taken up by farmers who cultivate wheat in
considerable quantities. There is a public pound in this neighbourhood.
COCX'S-COBSB RANGE {Flinders district ;)\s a spur of the main range lying near
mount Hack, and a short distance south of Angipena. This range encloses a natural
pound 10 miles by 2 miles in extent. For a description of a South Australian "pound/'
seeWiLPBNA.
COFFIH MOUNT (N, district) is a peak in a W. spur of the main range, lying
about 10 miles N.W. of Angipena. A copper mine, called the New Burra mine, was
opened some time since at the S. foot of this hill, but it was not fouad to pay and was
consequently abandoned.
COFFIN'S BAY, 34° 29' S. lat, 135° 18' E. long. (Co. Flinders,) is a deep
indentation running into the land in a S.E. direction, and lying between a sandy
peninsula on the S. and the main land on the N. It is about 9 miles in width, and
offers excellent anchorage except in N. and N.E. gales. An indentation near the head
of the bay, and running in a N. direction, is known as port Douglas. Point Sir Isaac
ferms the S. head of Coffin's bay. This bay, called after Sir Isaac Coffin, who had
fitted out Flinders's exploration ship, the Investigatory has a moderately high coast, with
but little timber, and rocky and barren. The rocks are generally granite, covered
with white limestone of the same formation as that found all along the Australian bight.
coffin's pay run (W. district;) lease No. 72; occupier, P. Levi; area, 56
square miles; grazing capacity, 6000 sheep, or 107 per square mile; Mr. Goyder's
valuation, deducting improvements, £140 per annum. This run lies on Coffin's bay,
20 miles W. by N. of port Lincoln, and 480 miles on overland road by the Gawler
ranges from Adelaide. It is watered by wells and swamps. This run also includes
lease No. 440.
COFFIN'S BAY RUN, S.E. (W . districti) leases Nos. 79 and 1061; occupiers,
Wilson and Featherstone; areas, respectively 42 and 17 square miles. This run lies
on Coffin's bay, to the W. of port Lincoln,
COGimL'S CREEK {Co. Light) is' a small creek, rising in the main range, and
flowing into the Gilbert river at Saddleworth, after watering a tract of good agricul-
tural country.
COGUN CREEK (Flinders district) is a good gum creek with grassy banks, lying
to the N. of the Bagot range and on Stuart's exploration route of 1860. There is
abundance of mulga scrub in the neighbourhood of this creek, with gum trees, having
large gouty swellings, growing in the sandy soil. The bark of these trees is smooth
and of a pure white; the trees are affected with gall-flies, which produce giUl-nuts as
large as turnips, the larvae having somewhat the taste of artichokes, and being consi-
dered a luxury by the aborigines.
COLD AND WET {Victoria district) is a camping-place on the main road from
Wellington to Border town, known also as the Thirty -eight mile well, from there being
a well on the roadside, distcmt 38 miles S.E. of Wellington.
COLLINSON POINT is a rocky point, lying between point Brown and point
Bemole, on the W. coast of Streaky bay. Between point Collinson and point Demole
lies a deep indentation called Gascoi^e bay.
COliPA RUN {W. district;) leases Nos. 633, 705, 840, and 940; occupiers, W. J.
and J. H. Browne; areas respectively, 45, 31, 16, and 25 square miles. This run lies
at Streaky bay, the nearest post town being Flinders.
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Com — Coo] The South Australian Gazetteer, 57
COBKAVK ((7o. Jtobe) is an E. hundred of the county containing about a third
of purchased land. The country is paatoral. .and the road Irom Penohi to Narracoorte
pMees through the hundred.
CrOlCFASS, MOUNT (Co, Hindmarsh,) is a peak and point of survey Ijing in the
rugged country in the N.£. of the hundred of Myponga, and bearing S.S.NV. 5 miles
from mount Magnificent, and 6 miles E. from mount Terrible.
C0HAN]>Z3LLAlf| or Richmond (Co. Adelaide^) is a small hamlet lying to the
W. of the city of Adelaide, and inhabited by a few small settlers, chiefly employed in
growing hay.
CONA&AXiUlfGA (Co, Adelaide) is a small agricultural settlement in the
neighbourhood of Willunga, inhabited by a few small farmers.
COHpnLLAC CAPE (Yorkers Peninsula) is a low promontory on the W. shore
of Spencer's gulf, lying about 60 miles N.K.E. of Bolingbroke point, the N. head of the
port Lincoln bight.
COVB MOUNT (Co. Hindmanh) is a peak and surrey point in the scrubby
country iu the E. part of the hundred of Myjponga, lying about 3 miles W.S.W. of
mount Jagged.
CaiVKAJt RUN (S,E. district;) lease No. 160; occupiers, H. and D. 0. Jones;
area. 111 square miles; grazing capacity, 13,000 sheep; valuation, £675 per annum.
See BuiNUM Bimnuk.
COKMEBJIY RUN (8.E, district;) lease No. 220; occupier, A. Dunn; area, 24
square miles; grazing capability, 3000 sheep, or 120 per square mile; Goyder's yaiua«
tioD, deducting improvements, £5S per annum. This run lies 195 miles by road S.b.E.
of Adelaide, and 30 miles E.N.E. of Robe. The head station is Woolmit, and on the
entire rim are 16,000 sheep and 10 horses; This run also comprises lease No. 320.
COKKUBJIA RUN (S.E, district;) lease No. 219a; occupier, A. Dunn; area,
16^ square miles; grazing capacity, 2100 sheep, or 124 per square mile. Groyder's
valuation, deducting improvements, £102 per annum. This run lies 198 miles by road
S.8.E. of Adelaide, and 28 miles E.N.E. of Robe (Guichen bay.)
GOMSTANCE (Co. Hindmarsh) is a small agricultural settlement lying near
mount Barker, and being under cultivation for the growth of wheat.
COMSTAWTIA (Co, Adelaide) is a small vineyard, the property of Mr. W.
Danoan, lying half-a-mile beyond Glen Ewin, near the source of the Little Para river.
This vineyard is 5 acres in extent, and is planted chiefly with the grape whence it
derives its name.
COHSTITirriON HILL, 30'' 32 S. lat., 138'' 57' E. long. (Flinders district) is a
loffy peak and survey point in the main range, lying about 16 miles N.E. of Angipena,
uid at the head of the Erome river.
COOBABLATmUTKOWENS LAKE, or Poole's Pond, 28'' lO'S. lat., 139° lO'E.
long, {Flinders district^) is a small fresh water lake, lying on a branch of Cooper's
creek, and dry in summer. It is situated in a polygonum flat with good grass and
daver, lying about 30 miles N. of lake Hope. The surrounding country consists of
sandy ranges, and plains liable to inundation.
COTBTAN If A RUN (W. district;) lease. No. 646; occupiers, Lindsay and
Gibson; area, 26 square miles. This run lies at the new township of Flinders or
Blancheport, on the E. end of Streaky bay. It is well supplied with water from a per-
manent spring.
CUiaLATOO STATION (Co. Cardwell, S.E. district;) occupiers. Walker
Bankine & Co. (^manager, W. Cook;) area, 36 miles. This station lies to the S, of
S*U creek on the Coorong lake, and on the mam S.E. road, its S. boundary being 21
miles, and its N. boundary 34 miles N. of Kingston (port Caroline.) There are no
creeks in the run, water being supplied by swamps and wells. There is a post office
on this station for the convenience of the surrounding district, and connection with
Adelaide, 160 miles N.W.,by Rounsevell's coaches twice a week. The coaching
ftlstion is known as '*Rankme's.'^ The head station, lease No. 226c, is only 3 miles in
area, of which 2 miles are resumed in the hundreds of Neville and Duffield.
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68 The South Australian Gazetteer, [Coo
COONATTA AND YANYARY RUN {N. district;) lease No. 74; occupiers,
Grant and Stokes; area, 138 square miles — of which 5 miles are purchased land;
grazing capacity, 19,500 sheep, or 145 per square mi% On these and adjoining
stations, held under different leases, are 90,000 sheep, 150 head of cattle, and 150 horses.
Old rent and assessment, £235 12s. 6d.; Goyder's yaluation, deducting improvements,
i£]345 12s. The Coonatta head station lies on the N. bank of the Coonatta Creek, 24
miles N.E. of Melrose, and the Yanyary head station 40 miles N.N.E. of Melrose, and
55 miles by road £. of Fort Augusta.
COONATTA CREEK {Co. Frame) is an E. tributary of the Willochra Creek,
rising in the main range to the S. of Mochra Tower, and faUing into the main stream
to the N.E. of Beautiful Valley.
COONUNDA RUN {S.E. district;) part of lease 195; occupier, P. Begg; area.
20 square miles; grazing capacity, 500 head of cattle, or about 25 per square mile.
The run consists of sandy hummocks and basins, tolerably well grassed, with oak, box,
wattle, flags, herbs, mesembryanthemum, and black grass; aAd swampy basins, chan-
nels, and islands. It lies 260 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, 42 miles S.£. of Guichen bay
(Robe,) and 40 miles N.W. of Macdonnell bay. Bent, as valued by Mr. Goyder,
deducting improvements, £60.
COOPS, MOUNT, 33° 3' S. lat., 134° 35' E. long. (Flinders district,) is a hill lying
in good pastoral country, about 8 miles N. of the head of Venus bay. This range was
discovered by Eyre in his exploration journey from Streaky bay to the head of Spencer's
gulf, and is described by him as a high granitic ridge, with both grass and water under
its flanks. To the N. of it lies a scrubby and stony desert, with much spinifex {triodia
irritans) growing upon the sand ridges, which are int.errupted by level limestone flats.
COOPER (Co. Albert) is a hundred lying on the E. bank of the Murray river
below Blanchetown. It is taken up for pastoral purposes.
COOPE&'S CREEK {Flinders district) is a fine stream of fresh water, perhaps the
most important in the history of exploration in Australia. The main stream lies in
about 27° 44' S. lat., and extends from 140° 20' E. to across the border of the colony,
and is known as the diamond of the desert. At this place it forms into 2 branches, one
flowing S. W., and called the Strzelecki creek; and the other flowing N.W., and retaining
the name of Cooper's creek. This creek was discovered by Sturt, in October, 1845, and
was named by him after Sir Charles Cooper, the Chief-Justice in Adelaide at that time.
Its native name is the Barcoo, by which name it is equally well known. Mitchell also
called it the Victoria river, and it was also proposed to call it the C/Ooper's river and
the Gregory. Sturt's name, however, of Cooper's creek is the one most used, although
that is to a certain extent a misnomer, inasmuch as it is a river, in some places, two
mile^ wide. Sturt describes it as a splendid creek, containing abundance of fine reaches
of water, covered with ducks and other aquatic birds, and its pools well stocked with
fish. The grass was beautiful round it, and the banks were lined with fine gum trees.
Kennedy supposes this river —which certainly flows in the colony ol Queensland, under
the name of the Barcoo — to be identical with the Thompson or Victoria river of that
colony, a fact which was proved by Landsborough in 1862. The chief interest attached
to this stream, however, centres in its connection with the heroic but ill-fated Burke
and Wills expedition from Melbourne to Carpentaria. A depdt or cacAe was established
on the creek at fort White, and a dep6t party instructed to wait there with provisions
until the return of the exploring party; but on the arrival of the survivors— Burke,
Wills and King— on the 20th April, 1861, Gray having died at some distance up the
creek on the 16th, they found that the camp had been deserted that very morning by
Brahe and Wright's depdt party. This lamentable error caused the deaths of Burke
and Wills, who perished in the wilderness, King being found afterwards by Hewitt's
party, living with the blacks* near the bank of the creek. The history of this disastrous
expedition is graphically told in Wood's "History of the Discovery and Exploration of
Australia," vol. II., p. 347. Major Warburton, who has lately been exploring the N.E.
part of the colony, in his despatch forwarded to Adelaide in the latter end of September
last, in speaking of his proceedings, reports that he has traced from its mouth in lake
Eyre up to 27° S. lat., 140° 20' E. long., a fine river, which he is fully convinced is the
Barcoo river, although he could not reach the part of it known as Cooper's Creek.
Be says that he found on its course a large fresh water lake, many good creeks and large
tracts of excellent well- watered country, some of it the best he has ever seen in the
colony. He describes the banks of this river as boggy, with deep ravines, and covered
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Coo — Cob] The Sovth Australian Gazetteer. 69
with tangled massesof polygon am and dense forests of gigantic marsh-mallows and heavy
timber, and says that the natives are rank cannibals, frequently eating one another. With
r^:ard to this important discovery by Migor Warburton, it may be remarked . that the
Rev. J. E. T. Woods, in his History of Exploration, vol. IL, p. 288, expresses his
conviction that Cooper's creek, or, fis he speaks of it, the Barcoo river, finds a final
receptacle for its waters in the basin of lake Eyre.
GOORONG CROSSINa(C7o. Cardwelli is a ridge of sand-banks which crosses the
Coorong lake, near its lower end,^ dry weather, and affords a road along the sandy
beach of the sea to Kingston, being; a considerable saving in distance between Welling-
ton and that place.
COORONG LAKE ( S.E. district) is the name of an arm or inlet of the sea, having
its opening in^ the S.E. part of lake Alexandrina, not iar from the Murray mouth, and
nmning parallel with the coast in a S.E. direction for about 25 miles, in a narrow sheet,
whose greatest width is only about 2 miles. There is only a narrow strip of sand-hills
lying ^tween this singular lake and sea for the entire distance; in fact, it resembles a
fringing reef to the coast more than anything else. The Rev. J. E. T. Woods supposes
that this strange geographical feature may have long been a sand-bank under the sea,
wbich has been raised by upheaval, while the intervening low land between it and the
former coast is still covered by water. The Coorong lake covers an area of rather more
than 50 square miles; it lies between the coast hills which border the edges of the sea,
and a continuation of the Stone Hut range, but these two seem almost to^oin at the
N. and S. ends, or, at least, are nearly continuous by a low range of sand-hills which lie
between. The hills, however, on each side are almost exclusively sandy, and seem to
attain their greatest height opposite the middle of the lake. The banks consist of level
flats covered with black mud, limestone, and saltwater shells. The water is fresh or
brackish and very shallow, and 1 or 2 creeks flow into it, but there are few outlets, and
evaporation goes on very rapidly. On this lake a brittle inflammable substance resem-
bling resin in appearance, was found some time since by Mr. J. Rankine in considerable
quantities. It burns slowly with a clear flame, and gives out a bituminous smell. This
discovery points out that ere long petroleum wells may be worked in that part of the
colony.
COORONG RUN {S.E. district;) leases Nos. 226 and 226a ; occupiers, Rankine
and Walker; area, 12. square miles; grazing capability, 1020 sheep; Mr. Goyder*s
valuation, deducting improvements, £19 per annum. This run lies on the Coorong
lake, about 130 miles S.E. of Adelaide, and 50 miles N.E. of Lacepede bay (Kingston.)
COPPEXiAXiTA RUN (W, district;) lease No. 1038; occupiers, Hosking and
Bryant; area, 12 square miles; rent, £6 per annum. This run lies near nipunt
Southern; the next post offices being at Venus and Streaky bays.
COPPE&SR MINE, (TT. district,) is a copper mine, recently opened, and
employing 6 hands. It lies on the property of Carlin & Co , and its value has not yet
been proven. It lies near the Flinders mine in a chain of hills running S. W. and N.E.,
having an elevation of from 200 to 400 feet. The nearest shipping port is Tumby bay,
where safe anchorage is to be obtained.
COPPE&HOUSS {Co, Burra) is a small mining village lying 2 mfies to the
W. of Kooringa. There is one hi)tel in the village known as the White Hart, and
another near it known as the Racecourse inn. The population consists of miners.
COPPIO RUN, (W. district;) leases, No. 101 and 102; occupiers, W. J. and J. H.
Browne; area, 62 miles, and 10 miles; grazing capability, 7490 sheep, although there
are about 20,000 sheep and lambs on this run, with its outlying stations. The Coppio
and S. Coppio runs pay a rent and assessment of £151 168. per annum. They Ue 20
miles N. of port Lincoln, 190 miles by water from port Adelaide, and 395 miles
overland. The country is undulating and covered with heath, dwarf mallee, oak,
honeysuckle, and patches of grass, and is watered by the river Tod and Fiilawarta
creek. This run also includes leases No.. 766, 767,1062, and 100, the latter being known
as Kapinka; the respective areas of these runs are 29, 26, 22, and 34 miles.
CO&NY POINT (Yorke*s penirmila) is a prominent point of the S. part of Yorke's
peninsula, standing out in a N. direction into Spencer's gulf, and forming the S.W.
horn of Hardewicke bay. This run also includes leases Nos. 423, 1013, 1035, 329, and
1118, having a total area of 145 square miles, including the lake Sunday run of 24
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60 The South Amtralian Gazetteer. [Cob — Cra
Snare milet. On the whole of this area are 23,300 sheep, 75 horses, and 340 head
cattle.
OORMST POINT AND WHITE HUT RUN (YorJeesPminmla ;) lease No. 63;
occupiers, Rogers, Lander, and Stephens ; area. 33 square miles ; grazing capacity,
2500 sheep, or 76 per square mile; rent and assessment, £36 12s. The stock is watered
from wells and waterhoies. The Corney Point ran lies 12 miles W. of Hardwicke bay,
and the White Hut run 20 miles W.S.W, of that bay, and 206 miles by road from
Adelaide. The wool is shorn at Oyster bay, about §0 miles by sea from port Adelaide,
in a W. by S. direction.
COBJTET POINT STATION No. 2 {^orke's peninsula;) occupier, T. W.Rogers.
See Spbnceb Capb Station.
COROBKAHDinb VALLEY (Co. Adelaide,) is a postal Tillage in the electoral
district oi the Sturt, hundred of Adelaide, and under the control of the district councU
of Mitcham. It lies about 9 miles to the S.E. ot Adelaide, and is celebrated for its
manufactories of biscuits and colonial jams.
COB&IBEXJtY WATER {Flinders district) is the name given to a small water-
hole in a watercourse lying at the b . foot of Uro bluff, in the sandy plain to the W. of
Harris's crossing.
CO&^HHA WATER {Flinders district) is a swampy lagoon, lying on the £. side
of Baxter's range, and found by Eyre in 1839. It lies in a barren and scrubby country,
bat fresh water may be had here most of the year round.
COTISA&T BAY (Flinders district) is an indentation in the main land lying
open to the sea, between Cape Bauer on the N., and point Westall on the S. In its S.
part are some detached reddish coloured rocks, which form remarkable objects from
the sea.
COUSSZE CAPE (Kangaroo island) is a headland, jutting out in a S.W.
direction Irom the S.W. coast of the island, and having dangerous rocky reefs lying
off it.
OOUTT'S CAPE {Kangaroo island) is a high, bold headland on theE. end of the
island, forming the N.W. horn of Antechamber bay. It has soundings of 14 fetthoms
within 100 yards of the shore,
COWANDALS {Co. Hindmarsh) is an agricultural settlement in the neighbour^
hood of mount Barker, the district being celebrated for the excellence of the wheat
grown there.
COWANDZLLA (or olbnklg) RIVER {Co. Adelaide) is the name.of a branch of
the Sturt river, flowing into the gulf of St. Vincent, near Glenelg.
COWARD'S CLIFF, 29° 50' S. lat., 137° 25' E. long., is a detached rocky hill lying
in the desert country to the 1^. of lake Torrens.
COWABirS SPRINGS {Flinders district) is the name given to a batch of springs
lying between Hamilton hill on the S.E., and Beresford's hill on the N.W., and named
jrfter Corppral Coward, one of Warburton's party in 1858, by whom they were found
on the return journey from the Davenport range, on the W. side of lake Eyre. See
also Blanche Cup.
COS&COIOB RANGES {N. district) See Cock's-comb Ranges.
COX'S CREEK {Co. Adelaide.) See Budgbwatbb.
COX'S CREEK {Co. Adelaide) is a N. tributary of the Onkaparinga river, rising
in • spur of the mount Lofty range, and flowing S.E. through good agricultural country
for about 10 miles, into the main stream, a few miles from Hahndorf. The geolo>{icai
formation consists of thick beds of coarse siliceous brown sandstones, with black bands
ot silicate of iron dipping S. 20°, W. 80**.
CRAFSXS {Co. Adelaide) is a postal township in the electoral district of and
hundred of Onkaparinga, and under the control of the district council of Crafers. It is
situated about 3 miles E.S.E. from the summit of mount Lofty, near the sources of the
Sturt, Brownhill,- First, Second, and Cox's creeks. The fertile gullies in the neigh-
bourhood are entirely devoted to the growth of garden piroduce, for which th^ are
eminently adapted, the soil being of good quality, and irrigation oonvsnient.
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Cra] The South Australian Gazetteer. 61
Tbe sides and summits of the hills have bat poor soil apon them, a few cattle
are grazed there, but being well timbered with itriiigy bark and other gum trees,
they serve principally to supply the locality and the metropolis with firewood. There
are several quarries of good stone, but no mining in the district. The nearest
places are £. Stirling, 1^ miles E., and Bridgewater, 3^ miles £.. on the mount
Barker road, and Glenosmood, 6 miles W., on the main Adelaide road. The
communication with thes^ places, as with Adelaide, 10 miles W., is by ^Rounse veil's
daily mail coach and by drays, &c., continually plying. Crafers has a post office, a
licensed school, and a mechanics' institute. There is 1 hotel— the Crafers, in the
township, and 2 others — the Halfway house and the Aldgate pump, within a short
distance, on the mount Barker road. The surrounding country is mountainous, and the
loQsility is remarkable for its humidity as compared with other parts of the country,
there often being a heavy fall of rain at and about Crafers when other places are devoid
of it. The geological structure of the hills in this neighbourhood is chiefly of thick
beds of hard and soft coarse-grained micaceous sandstone, dipping S. 25% E. 30°. The
population numbers about 70 persons, and the number of dwellings is 10.
(Co, Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral district of B.
Totrens and Onkaparinga. It is under the control of a chairman — the present one
beine Mr. David Johns, of Cox's creek, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expendi-
ture m this district council for 1865, were as follows:— Assessment, £2980 19s. — rate.
Is. in the £1; rates collected, £124; total receipts, £356 2s. id.; office expenses and
salaries, £56 9s. 3d.; expended on public works, £319 2s. 6d. The population
numbers 804 persons; the area is 13 square miles, or 8320 acres; land under cultivation,
406 acres; number of dwelling-houses, 169.
CRAIG DOROCE {Co, Hindmarsh) is a small agricultural settlement in the
ndghbourhood of mount Barker. Wheat of excellent quaUty is grown in the whole of
this locality.
C&AZCrBUItN (Co. Adelaide) is a vineyard, the property of P. Cumming, Esq.;
lying 3 miles to the S. of Monalta, and ' 700 feet above the level of the sea. It is
planted with Grouais, Tokay and Verdeilho for white winq, Mai bee, Shiraz and
Grenache for red. The soil is a pliable red clay mixed with decomposed slate. There
is a good cellar at the lower end of the vineyard, which overlooks the river Sturt.
CRAIGLES {Co. Adelaide) is an agricultural settlement lying a few miles distant
from Adelaide, the land being taken up by a number of small farmers. It is celebrated
for the fine fruit grown in the numerous orchards in the neighbourhood, and for the
excellence of the jam manufactured there.
CIlAZXi'S CREEK (Co. Sturt) is a small salt stream lying 2^ miles N. of Eeyneton,
and falling into the N. Rhine river.
CRAWFO&B, MOUNT ( Co. Adelaide,) is the name of an agricultural and pastoral
district lying to the E. of Gawler. It is also the name of the post office for the district,
which is in the electoral district and hundred of Barossa, and under the control of the
mount Crawford district council. The i)08t office is isolated, there being no township
in the immediate neighbourhood. The S. Para river runs about a quarter of a mile
S. There is apublic pound in the district, and the resident magistrate is D. Randall,
liq., J.P., Glen Para. (See Glen Para.) Wheat and other cereals are grown, and
sheep and cattle, chiefly the former, grazed in the district. Gold has also been found,
but is not known to exist in payable quantities. Copper mining is also tarried on at
Lyndock valley, about 6 miles distant. The next place is Williamstown, an agricultural
village about 5 miles distant. The communication is by horse or dray, and with
Adelaide, 43 miles distant S.W.,by horse or private conveyance to Gawler, 17 miles
W., and thence by rail. The nearest hotel is at Williamstown. The surrounding
country is mountainous, interspersed with undulating flats, many of which are cultivated.
The population is scattered. It may be worthy of mention that a gap or break in the
ranges admits the possibility of a railway being taken through this district from Gawler
to the river Murray, without any trouble. The Government had a survey made some
years ago, and all the levels taken from Gawler, via mount Crawford, to the river
Murray <Port Mannum.) Such a line if carried out, would open up a good country
abounding with excellent timber, mostly red gum; also the fertile agricultural district
of S. Rhine, and it is probable that such route is the shortest practical one, considering
oostSy &c, from Adelaide to the Murray.
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62 The^ South Australian Gazetteer, [Cea — Cub
CBJLWTORI^f MOirSTl( Co§, Adelaide and Light,) is a district council in the
electoral districts of Barossa and Gumeracka. It is under th^ control of a chairman, the
present one being Mr. J. Warren, jun., of Springfield, and 4 councillors. The receipts
and expenditure in this district council for 1865 were as follow : — Assessment, £4611^-
rate, 9d. in the pound ; rates collected, £119 13s. 9d.; total receipts, £357 10s. 3d.;
office expenses and salaries, £42 ; expended on public works,^188 lOs. 5d. The popu-
lation numbers 740 persons, the area is 7109 acres, or 45,440 square miles, land under
eoltlyation 2900 acres, and number of dwelling-houses 146.
0&AWF0BJ>| MOUNT (Co. Adelaide,) is a lofty peak and survey point in the
main or Adelaide range of mountains, lying in a bend of the South Para river, and in
the S.E. part of the hundred of Barossa. It is of conical form, and is a land mark tothe
surrounding country. This mountain is a mass of coarse-grained ferruginous quartz
rock. At its base occur massive hornblendic rocks, passing into syenitic greenstone
and hornblendic and schorlaceous granite, and these again into euritic and micaceous
schists. The district was said by Mr. Menge, the German geologist, to be rich in
precious stones, and several fine ones were collected by him. Mr. Selwyn, the Victorian
geologist, found here some good specimens of kyanite, beryl, crystallized talc, amianthus,
milk-white, wax, yellow and ferruginous opal, and green and silvery- white mlla,
occurring as a constituent of a large granite dyke, in which beryls are imbedded.^
CBJSWKO&E (Co Adelaide) is a small agricultural settlement in the neighbour-
hood of Willunga. Much of the land is taken up by small farmers engaged in the
cultivation of wheat.
GRX8KNA LAKE (Flinders district.) See Pulpanee Lake.
C&OWUt RUN {S.E. district;) lease No. 217; occupiers, J.W.and M. M*Innes,
area, 80 square miles; grazing capacity, 10,500 sheep, or 23,000 sheep and 100 cattle
and horses on the entire block; the rent of Grower, as valued by Mr. Goyder, is £193 8s.
per annum. This run lies 200 miles by road S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 42 miles E, by N.
of Bobe (Guichen bay.)
C&OTDOH (Co. Adelaide) is a small agricultural ham let adjoining the suburban
township of Hindmarsh on the N.W., and lying about 5 miles N.W. of Adelaide.
C&OZZSS'S HILL (Co. Hindmarsh) is an elevation and survey pointy lying on
the N. bank of the Inman river, about 3 miles W.N. W. of Victor harbour.
CRYSTAL BROOK RUN {Co, Victoria;) lense. No. 108; occupiers, J. W. C. and
T. R. Bowman; area, 285 square miles; grfizing capability, 57,000 sheep, or 200 per square
mile; old rent and assessment, £514 3s. 4d; Goyder's valuation, £3420 per annum,
excluding improvements, valued at £8876. At the time of assessment this run carried
62,000 sheep, 1000 head of cattle, and 100 horses, portion of which fed, howeter, on
adjoining leases of different dates. This comprises the Naperly and Brook stations,
held by the same occupiers. It lies in the W. plain E. and S.E. of port Peri, the Naperly
sub-head stalk)n being 7 miles E.N.E., and the Brook woolshed 16 miles S.E. of that
port, 60 miles N.W. of Clare, and 70 miles N.E. of Kadina. The run is 120 miles from
Adelaide, and consists of well-grassed land, with mallee scrub and hilly country, with
spinifex and a little grass. It is watered by the Broughton and Rocky rivers, by Crystal
brook, 10 dams and waterholes, and 15 wells. There are good roads to port Peri, Clare
and port Wakefield, and a scrub road has lately been cut to Wallaroo.
CUBDZXiBA AND YANNARA (W, district) is the name of 2 stations forming
part of the Mary vale run at Streaky bay; occupier, W. A. Horn.
CUDZiSS CREEK (Co, Adelaide) is a small S. tributary of the Torrens river,
rising in the main rang^to the N. of Lobethal, and flowing about 8 miles N.W.4nto
the main stream. It drains some good agricultural country.
CVBKMZH CROSS (Co. Adelaide) is a small agricultural settiement near
Adelaide. Wheat and hay are the articles of produce. The resident magistrate is the
hon. J. Morphett, M.L.C. and J.P.
; GVMAMZZiLA MINE (Co, Adelaide.) See Chebbt Gardens.'
GU&DLAWZD&Y (Flinders district) is a swampy lagoon lying to the F, of the
Paisley lagoons, on Babbage's track of 1858, and to the W. of the N. end of lake
Torrens.
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Cur — ^Dal] The South Australian Gazetteer. 63
CURBLET, (or cudlee) CKEEK (Co. Adelaide) is a small Tillage lying on a
creek of the same name, 2 miles distant from Gumeracka; the district is an agricultural
one, the chief industry heing the cultivation of wheat ai^ vines.
CUTLLXW PONDS {Flinders district) is the name of a chain of hrackish swampy
lagoons lying on the W. side of the head of Spencer's gulf, near port Augusta.
CVRREMCT CREEK, 35° 30' S. lat., 129** E. long. {Co. Hindmarsh,) is a postal
township in the electoral district of Encounter bay, hundred of Ngankita, and under
the control of the district council of port Elliott and Goolwa. It is situated on the
creek of the sanft name, and near some small lagoons connected with the Goolwa lake,
tihere being a high hill called mount Observation lying about 4 miles distant from the
township. The district is chiefly an agricultural one, the growth of wheat being mostly
attended to ; sheepfarming is also carried on to some extent. Currency creek has a
post office, a aaw mill, and one hotel— the Currency Creek. The nearest places are —
Goolwa, 4 miles E.; Middleton, 6 miles E.N.E.; and Strathalbyn, 6 miles N.E.; the
communication is with Adelaide, 54 miles N.W., being by Rounsevell*s daily mail coach.
The surrounding country is hilly and scrubby. The resident magistrate is J. W.
Higgins, Esq., J. P. The population of the township numbers about 50 persons, but
there is a large scattered agricultural population in the neighbourhood.
CURaSNCT CREEK {Co, Hindmarsh,) is a stream rising in the N. part of
the hundred of Goolwa, and flowing through the township of Currency creek, and
through good undulating agricultural land into the lower Murray or Goolwa river, about
2 miles N. of the township of Goolwa.
CURROWA SPRINGS (Co. ^aty.\ See Tipaba.
CinELTZS, MOUNT {N. district^) is a peak and trigonometrical point in the main
range, lying about 20 miles W.S.W. of Yudanamutana.
CVTTZiSFZSB {Kangaroo island) is the name of a small village lying 6 miles
distant from Hog bay, on the N E. part of Kangaroo island. A silver mine 1ms lately
been opened at this place, but it is as yet only being prospected.
CYGNET RIVER STATION {Kangaroo island;) lease No. 561 ; occupier, M.
Calnan ; area, 10 square miles. This station forms part of the Kingscote run.
DAIRY FLAT {Oo. Jlindmarsh) is an agricultural district situated on the Yan-
kalilla river. There is a remarkable elevation on this flat known as the Bald hill,
which is a landmark for the surrounding country.
DAIRY MINE {N. district) is a copper mine belonging to the N, mining associa-
tion, lying near Yudanamutana, but not worked (section No. 1553.)
DAIiBY ISLAND {Spencer*s gulf.) See Sib J. Bank s Group.
DALKSY {Co. Oav^) is a N. hundred of the county, containing a small quantity
of purchased land on its N. side, the S. bank of the Wakefield river. For population,
&c., see Inkebman Hundred.
DAIiY COUNTY lies at the head of Yorke's peninsula, and is bounded on the N.
by the river Broughton, which separates it from the county Victoria, on the S. by the
pastoral district of Yor ice's peninsula, on the E. by the county Stanley and the head of
the gulf of St. Vincent, and on the W. by the Spencer's gulf. It is included in the electorAl
district of Port Adelaide, and consists principally of pastoral country; there being,
however, the rich co{>per mines of Moonta and Wallaroo in its W. part, and several
blocks of purchased land in some of its hundreds. Those hundreds are Wallaroo,
Kadina, Kulpara, Tiparra, and Clinton. The townships are Moonta, Wallaroo, Kadina,
and Clinton. This country has an area of 1236 square miles, or 791,040 acres, the
extent of purchased land being 16,715 acres; |he land held by freeholders, 4414 acres;
the land enclosed, 110 acres, none of which is under cultivation. The live stock is 702
horses, 290 horned cattle, 3805 sheep, 1224 goats, 894 pigs, and 5481 head of poultry.
The population numbers 8226 persons, being an increase of 6994 since 1861. The
number of dwelling-houses is 1783, against 342 in 1861.
DALY MINE {N. district) is one of the Yudanamutana copper mines, lying 328
mflesN.^^E. of Adelaide. It has not been at work ot late in« consequence of the
drought. It is the property of the N. mining association, and lies on a steep hill about
200 feet- high, consisting of soft pipeclay, or fireclay country. Stoping has been done
to some extent on the side of the hill and a large quantity of fine grey ore opened out.
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64 The South Australian Gazetteer, [Dab — ^S^v
lolid blocks of rery large size having been obtained, and averaging about 50 per cent,
of copper. Blue and grey carbonates are also found here. Tlie Old Noll's and
Bominick mines are on the adjoining sections.
DABJTS HILL, 32° 40^ S. lat.. 139° 28' E. long. {Flinders district,) is a detached
hill lying in the pastoral district of Eastern plains.
DAJILET (Co. Adelaide) is a small agricultural village lying 1 mile to the N. of
Campbelltown. It has a population of about 30 persons, nearly all engaged in
gardening pursuits. There are 6 cottages in the village. It is 6 miles distant from
Adelaide in a N.E. direction. ^
DASHWOOD'S CREEK {Co. Adelaide) is a fine stream rising in the watershed
between the basins of the Torrens and Onkaparinga rivers, and falling into the latter
at Baker's gully, about 5 miles from Dashwood's gully. The source of the creek lies
about 2 miles S.E. of the gully.
DA8KW00D RrVER (Kangaroo island) is a small stream flowing in aN. direction
from the low scrubby ranges of the interior into the sea upon the N. side of the island,
at Dashwood's bay.
DASKWOOD'S GULLY (Co. Adelaide) is a postal village in the electoral district
of mount Barker, hundred of Kuitpo, and forming part of ward No. 1 of the*district
council of Eondoparinga. It is situated on the Dashwood's gully creek, the Onkaparinga
river flowing about 5 miles distant. The Saddle-bags range of hills lie to the N. of the
gully and separate it from the Clarendon district. The district is an agricultural one,
dairy farming being extensively carried on. Wheat and potatoes are the principal
products. Sheep grazing has lately been abandoned in the neighbourhood, as the hills
surrounding the gully are too steep and slippery for lambs in the lambing season. Gold
has been found in the vicinity, but not in sufficient quantities to pay for the expenses
of labour. The township of Glengrove is about I mile N.W., Kangarilla 2^ miles in
the same direction, Meadows 5 miles S.S.E., and Wickham hills 3 miles W. by N. behind
mount Panorama. The main (Bull's creek) road from Adelaide to Goolwa passes
through all these places except Wickham hills, which lie on the road from Kangarilla
to M'Laren vale, Kounsevell's mail coaches running daily, and Goble's passenger
conveyances twice a^week. The distance from Dashwood's gully to Adelaide is 22
miles, and via Happy valley by Goble's route 23 miles. Dashwood's gully has a post
office and a public pound. The nearest hotels are at Kangarilla and the Meadows.
The surrounding country is mountainous, with fine low hills and sub-ranges of decom-
posing slate which are very fertile; there is abundance of white and blue gum, black-
wood, and common and silver wattles. The higher ranges are sandy and sterile, with
much stringy-bark. Quartz is freely scattered about in all directions. The material
advancement of the neighbourhood has been severely checked by the failure, during the
years 1863, 1864 and 1865, of the potato and wheat crops, the former having suffered
from the dry springs and early summers, ard the latter from the ground blight and bug
or aphis. The population of Dashwood's gully, including Glengrove, numbers about
200 persons. That of the district (Kondoparinga) in 1861 was 1434, and is at present
1 196, showing a decrease of 238, or 16 per cent, during the last 5 years.
DAVENPORT (Co. Frame) is a hundred lying in the N.W. comer of the county,
aiid containing the important seaport town of port Augusta. Only a small area of this
hnndred is purchased, the greater portion being pastoral country.
DAVSNPO&T CREEK (Flinders district) is a small saltwater creek falling
into Denial bay. It is bounded by mangrove bushes, but affords secure anchorage for
small vessels. A sand-bar extends across its mouth, upon which will be found 8 feet
of water at low-water spring tides. Good water may also be obtained under some
sand-hills near, by digging, but not too deeply, or the water will be salt instead of
fresh. This creek lies 14 miles S.E. of Charra. See also Davenport River.
DAVEHPO&T POINT ( Yorkers peninsuta) is a projection on the S. part of the
peninsula, fbrming the W. head of Sturt bay.
DAVENPORT (or Denison) RANGE (Flinders district) is a lofty and pictur-
esque range of mountains discovered by Major Warburton, and attaining an elevation
of 1000 feet above i^e level of the plains. It has immense cliffs of white quartzite
exposed in high bluffs along its S. face. The highest point in this range is known as
mount Margaret. This range is now marked in the maps as tl^e Denison range
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. Dav — ^Dbm] The South Australian Oazetteer, 65
DAVSNPO&T RIVEK (or Ckbek) {Fnndera district) is a fine stream rising in
the Denison or Davenport range to the W. of mount Anna, and flowing through ^xxl
country, with numerous springs and fine** grass, in a N.E. direction into the Neales
river. The lower part of that stream, hetween the point of junction and the place
where it falls into lake Eyre, is known both as the Neales and the Davenport. The
water is brackish, but good frefti water may be had by digging a few incbtti below the
Burfacie, at almost any point near the N. bank of the river. It is fed by tlie Blyth and
seyeral smaller creeks, and has some good waterholes in its course, which contain
water when the stream is dried up. Amongst the^best of these is the Mussel water-
hole, upon which the mount Margaret station is situated. Sandy plains border it on
both sides, and limestone and marble have been found near its mouth.
DAVENPORT'S SPRINGS, 29° 40' S. lat., 137*' 40' S. long. {Flinders district,)
is the name given to a batch of springs] lying in the pastoral country to the S. of lake
Eyre. The overflow of these springs runs by a small creek in a N.E. direction into the
river Munday.
DAVETSTOH (Co. Light) is a postal township in the electoral district of Light
and hundred of Nuriootpa. It lies in an agricultural and mining district, the nearest
mine being a valuable one of copper known as the Wheat Nitschke. The nearest
townships are - Greenock, 3 miles E.; Freeling, 6 miles W., and^heoak Log. With
the latter place there is no regular communication, and with the two former as with
Adelaide, 44 miles S. W., by Rounseveirs daily mail coach to Freeling, and then«e by
rail. Daveyston has a post office, a steam flour mill, and one hotel — the Old Naime.
The surrounding country is mostly fla£. The population numbers about 100 persons.
DAWE8LEY is the name of a small and prettily situated village, lying about
24 miles E. of the township of Nairne. It consists of about 12 cottages, and lies on
Scott's cree^. The inhabitants are engaged in copper smelting.
DAWSON'S HILL RUN {N", district;) leases Nos. 446, 404, 422, 458, 470a, 603,
533, 629a, 617, 618, 621, 616, 649, and 650 ; occupier, P. Levi The respective areas
of these leases are 74, 38, 63, 21, 20, 79» 18, 79, 40, 30, 77, 100, 10, and 180 square miles.
This run lies on Fincke*s creek, and near Hay ward's bluff and mount Chambers. The
next post town is Tudanamutana.
DeXjTS hill (Flinders districtyis a peak in the Nepowie spur off the main range
lying in the rugged pastoral country to the S. of Tudanamutana.
DECEPTION CREEK (N. district) is a creek flowing from mount Morris,
in a W. direction, past the N. of mount Deception, and watering the Beltana or mount
Deception run,
DECEPTION, MOUNT {N. district,) is a lofty hill lying to the W. of Nuccaleena .
It is situated on the S. side of the Deception creek. Mount Deception is also the name
. of a postal station, known by the postal name of Beltana — which see.
DECEPTION, MOUNT, MINE (N. district.) In the neighbourhood of this hill
IS a copper mine opened by the Great N. mining company, but not recently worked,
and lying 235 miles N. JW. of Adelaide.
DECEPTION MOUNT, (or Beltana) RUN (iV. district;) leases Nos. 379, 464,
648,658, 1052, and 1051; occupier, R. B. Smith; respective areas 194, 10, 94,36, 8,
and 8. Tbis run is watered by Deception creek, and has a post office known as Beltana
(which see) and an aboriginal depot
D'EC&E'S BAY {Flinders district) is a bight in the mainland, 5^ miles wide, lying
between cape Vivonne on the W., and cape D*Estree on the E.; it affords excellent
anchorage for vessels of any class, and cargoes may be shipped from, or landed on, the
open beaches without risk or danger, in moderate weather. The country inland is
scrubby and sandy. »
DE&O&AINE (Co. Oawler) is a small agricultural settlement in the nefghbour-
hood of Gawler, inhabited by a few farmers who grow wheat and other produce.
DELVSION, MOUNT (Flinders district,) is a hill lying to the N. of Termination
hill, on the route taken by Parry, in 1868, and so named by him.
DEMO&E POINT (Flinders district) is a moderately elevated projection on the
W. coast of Streaky bay, lying to the E. of point Brown. . A hammock near the point
F
Digitized by LjOOQIC
66 The South Australian Oazeteer. Dem^Dey
mak^ Uk« an island at a distance, bM forms a remarkable object on the coast line.
Hocks extend a mile to the S. of the W. shoulder of the point.
DXaCOUt RIVEK (Kangaroo island) is a small stream flowing from the low
ranges in the interior in a N. direction into the sea at the N.W. end of the island, near
cape Forbin, and about 10 miles E. of cape Borda. ^
DZNxJtXi BAY (Flinders district) is a large bight in the mahi land, extending
from point Peter, its W., to cape Vivonne, its E. head, the distance between the two.
points being about 12 miles in a straight line. Denial bay contains sereral available'
anchorages, the principal of which are Tourville and Miirat bays, and the mouth of
Davenport creek. The bottom is generally even and sandy, and the shore confined by
mangrove scrub, with occasional open grassy plains behind, and a scarcity of fresh
water, which may, however, be obtained in some places by digging in the sandhills.
DSSPONl^ RANGE (Flinders district) is a range of not very high hills, running
from E. to W., in the shape of a horseshoe, and lying to the west of lake Eyre. Mount
Margaret is the highest peak, and attains an altitude of 1400 feet above sea level.
Numerous creeks rise in this range, and flow N.E., the principal being the Davenport
creek. The country contained within the semicircle formed by the range is a pastoral
one (chiefly cattle uid horses,) undulating and lightly grassed, with saltbush and
stunted timber in tol creeks and waterholes. There are several springs, which raise
knoUi in the plains, the water being found in a kind of cup at their summits. The
soil is sandy, and strongly impregnated with salt and soda. See also Davbfpobt
Banob.
BESEIIT MOUNT { Co. Hindmarsh) is a peak and point of survey in the rugged
ranges of the hundred of Waitpinga.
DSSPOlf]]) MOUNT ( Co. Sturt and Eyre) is a peak lying in the ranges to the
W. of the hundred of N. Rhine, near the head of the Basin creek.
lySSTBrEE BAY {Kangaroo island ) is a bight in the S. coast of the island, lying
3^ miles N.N.E. of cape Linois, and having goon shelter from S.W. winds. To enter
D'Estree bay from the S.W., give "point Tinline," a low limestone point with a
remarkable detached arched rock, a berth of fully a mile ; you may then round into the
bay, and anchor, with the arched rock S., in from four to five fathoms. The^ottom
at the above depths is sandy, with occasional patches of a limestone crust. The
anchor will draw over the rocky portions of the bottom, but generally holds well in the
sand, which forms the greater proportion of the anchorage. Fresh water will be found
at the foot of some sand-hills between cape Linois and the arched rock ; a ship's boat
will find shelter inside the reefs which run parallel to the coast about one-third of a
mile from the shore. The Osmanli, a fine steamer, was lost on the reef which runs off
about half-a-mile from point Tinline, in 1854. By an error in his reckoning, the
commander of the Osmanli mistook, at night, the low land at the head of the bay for •
the opening of Backstairs passage, imagining that cape Linois was cape Willoughby,
and that the Sturt light was extinguished. He soon ascertained his mistake on
steaming in, by seeing the land a-head, and it was in attempting to extricate his ship
fipom that position, that in steaming to seaward, she struck on the reef off point Tinline,
where she soon became a total wreck. D'Estree bay is a very valuable harbour of
refuge for vessels on this part of the coast, and may be entered with safety by day, and
without undue risk by night, provided the position of the ship be ascertained* before the
shore is too closely approached. In entering at night, the preference should be given
to the more northerly part of the bay so as to avoid the reef off point Tinline. The coast
between D'Estree bay and False cape (E. by N. J N. 18 J miles from point Tinline,) is
bold, and safe^to approach within 1 j^ miles.
irEST&SX:, CAPE, is the N. head of Smoky bay, and the W. head of D'Ecres bay.
It is a bold rocky promontory, lying S. 4b° E., 6| miles from cape Vivonne.
BS vERHAT ((7o. Adelaide) is a small agricultural settlement in the neighbour-
hood of Wiilunga, taken up by a few farmers, who cultivate wh^t and other farm
produce.
DEYZL'S PEAK is the name of a lofty peak in the Flinders or nmia range, lyloS
a little to the N. of mount Br^wn, and visible from Port Augusta. 1
iiEVOV BANK {Oq. Hindaiarsh) is a small agricultural settlement in>he neigh-
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Dis— Dod] The South Australian Gazetteer. 67
bourhood of mount Barker. It is inhabited bj a few farmers who cultiyate wheai and
other produce.
DZSHSK'S PLAINS STATION (Oo. Eifre.) See Tunoapa Station.
• DISMAL SWAMP {Co. Cfrey) is a tract of swampy country lying near Tarpeena*
This swamp is of considerable magnitude, extending about 30 miles from E. to W.,
and 10 miles from N. to S. It is continually run through with little island slips or
spurs of land, which are thickly covered with trees and scrub, so that it is rather a chain
of marshes than one yast morass. There is no doubt that it is a shallow depression in
a.rery large surface of land, and that it collects the drainage is easily proved by the
fiict, that in wet seasons there is a perceptible current in it flowing into the Glenelg
river (Victoria.) With reference to the drainage of this swamp, and in fact of most
of the swampy country of the 8.E. district, Mr. H. E. Wells, of Mingbool, writes as
follows: — "The Great Dismal, which more immediately concerns this particular locality,
and which is formed upon table-land, seems to have an outlet on the eastern end, in the
province of Victoria, through which it might be easily drained; but as far as my own
ideas go, taking a bushman's view of the country, I should say nearly all the actual swamp
itself was a dead level, from the simple feust ot its inundating such a large extent of
country as it does in wet seasons. I cannot be certain, but think it quite possible to
open a channel in the N. W. end, and lead off the water in that direction. As for the
^nda country, I believe one channel or ditch leading down from the Mosquito Plains,
with a few smaller cuts as tributaries, would be all that would be required to clear off
the surplus water from the whole country; and that which lodges in the small swamps
and hollows could be easily got rid of by breaking through the clay into the porous
limestone stratum. This could be don,e in summer when they are nearly or quite dry,
making the openings at the lowest part. Tha^ the water will pass off in this manner I
know from experience. One striking instance of this I noticed at my old residence at
the Woolshed, Penola. A well was sunk for the purpose of watering the horses and
milch cows, and to save labour a natural hollow or basin was chosen for the spot. After
a heavy fell of rain the hollow would be completely filled from the drainage of the sur-
rounding parts, forming quite a lagoon, with a vortex quite perceptible over the well,
showing the rapid disappearance of the rain water into the limestone. Another instance
was at the Sheepwash swamp, in sinking a hole to be filled from the swamp. The work-
men went beyond the clay into the limestone, and the result was when a cut was made
leading the swamp into it, it all disappeared, and in a very short time the whole swamp
might have been emptied. I would strongly recommend the adoption of this simple
method of gettmg rid of the stagnant surface-water round the township of Penola; last
year, the effects of which and its attendant evils was felt to a most serious and alarming
^Ltent; and there is no doubt that, if it were not for the lime formation of the country,
the malaria— the ill effects of which are partly counterbalanced by it— would soon
cause the churchyard to be filled. These are extremely unpleasant facts, and the
sooner those who take an interest in the progress of Penola exert themselves to remove
the cause of this pending evil, the sooner will they see Penola as healthy as any other
place in the district. The next item in importance is the roads; for 1 do not believe
in giving them the preference when the country through which they pass is useless.
My impression is that one main line Should extend from Port Macdonnell through
Penola and Narracoorte to Wellington, with as many branches as there are places that
can find sufficient traffic to entitle them to consideration — such as Guichen and Lacepede
bays — and these roads should be macadamized, or made with the most lasting material
that can be procured in places where there is no stone; and the district, I think, should
be satisfied with this until our trade entitles us to a railway. As for tramways and
canals I have yet to learn how they can possibly be made to pay back the large sums
their construction would necessarily drain from the coffers of the state. Of course, in
writing thus freely, I lay myself open to be well castigated; but there is one consolation
^"before my errors can' be corrected it must be shown that they exist."
DISTANCfiy MOUNT, 29"" 50' S. lat., izr 15' £. long. (Flinders district,) i§ a
peak of a spur of the N. end of the main range.
DOTC>'S RUN {S.E, district;) lease. No. 60; occupiers, T. and J. Dodd; aiea^ 6
square miles; grazing capability, 550 sheep, or 88 per square mile; Goyder's valuation,
deductlBg improvements, £15 per annum . Part of this run is in the hundred of Bonney.
The ran lies between lake Coorong and the sea coast opposite M'Grath's flat, about 33
8» of Wellington, and 100 miles by road S.S. E. of Adelaide. It is only suitable for horse
iMdc, as Bbeep and <^ttle sufilsr greatly flrom coast disease.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
OS The South Australian Gazetteer, [Dom — D^Y
IIOMS, (THE,) 29° 40' S. lat., 137° 60' B. long. {Flinders district,) is the name of
a §olitary hill lying in pastoral country to the S.E. of the S. end of lake Eyre, and a
tiw milet S.W. of mount Attraction. The Hergott's springs rise in the hill.
DOMXMICK MINE {N, district) is one of the Yudanamutana copper mines, «
not worked for some time past in consequence of the recent drought. It is the property
of the N. mining association. See Dalt Minb.
DONZKGTONy CAPE, 34° 44' S. lat, 135° 67' 30" E. long., mag. var. 5° E.
{Co Flinders,) is a peninsula running out in a N. direction from the main land, and
forming the S.head of port Lincoln. There is a small rock half a mile N.of its extremity,
and a larger one near the shore, 2 miles to the S. of it.
DOUGZLL'S HILL (CcRusseU) is a slight elevation lying on the E. coast of lake
Alezandrina.
DOUGLAS CBEEE or RIVER {N.district) is a stream flowing into the S.W. end
of lake Eyre. Thevoil of the region is peculiar throughout, and is of a clayey nature,
abounding in gypsum, in many places scattered over it in large shining flakes. The
surface is thickly covered with 'small fragments of siliceous rocks, angular, and of a
dtfrk reddish colour. There are undulating plains, with low ranges to the W. and
watercourses running towards the E. in the direction of lake Eyre. The prevailing
flora is saltbush^ except in the sandy belts of scrub, where a few acacia and cassia
bushes are to be met with. In the vicinity of the creeks are polygonum, with rough
barked, stunted and distorted eucalypti There are numerous springs, proceeding
from volcanic cones, and forcing themselves through a marine argillaceous deposit
containing numerous shells. The water, except in the springs, is generally brackish.
DOUGLAS FORT {Co. Flinders,) is a fine sheet of water being a N. arm of
Coflin's bay. It has not yet, however, been thoroughly surveyed, although it promises
to become a valuable place for shipping the produce of the fine runs in its vicinity.
DIIZVE& RIVER, or Salt Crbbk {Flinders district,) is a stream rising in the
E. slopes of the mount Olinthus ranges and flowing in a S.E. direction through rough
scrubby country into the W. side of Spencer's gulf, at cape Driver, or Salt cove, the IT.
head of Button's bay. It is fed by 2 small N. tributaries, and is salt for a considerable
distance above its mouth.
D&UZD'S RANGE {N. district) is a spur of the main range lying on the S. side
of the Passmore river, and to the N. of the Kirwan and Napoleon mines.
D&UMMOND, MOUNT, RUN {W. district;) lease No. 142; occupier, Price
Maurice; area, 44 square miles; grazing capability, 3600 sheep, or 82 per square mile;
. Mr. Goyder's valuation, deducting improvements, £57 per annum. This run lies N. of
lake Greenly, 45 miles N.W. of port Lincoln, 20 miles N. of Coflin's bay, and 440 miles
by overland road from Adelaide by the Gawler ranges. It also includes lease No. 519,
and is worked from the head station at Warrow.
DRUMMOND POINT, 34° W 30" S. lat., 135°- 12' 15" E. long., is a prominent
cliffy head which projects 4 or 5 miles from the line of coast, and forms the S. head of
a bight of which the Waldegrave islands form the N. head. An indentation
immediately to the N. of point Drummond is known as Hall's bay. A small dry rock
and some breakers lie close to the extremity of the point, with 25 to 30 fathoms, on a
sandy bottom, at 5 miles round it. The coast is sandy, and rises gradually to some
woody ranges 3 miles from the shore.
D&T CREEK, or Montagu (Co, Adelaide,) is a small postal township and
railway station in the electoral district of W. Torrens, hundred of Yatala, and under
the control of the Yatala district council. It lies 8 miles N. of Adelaide, and on a
small insignificant creek of the same name which passes through it and flows into the
•alt swamps to the W. of the Para plain, in which the township is situated. The
district (known as that of Yatala) is a wheat growing one, that article of produce being
cultivated largely and successfully. The nearest places are Salisbury, 7 miles N., and
Grand junction, 2 J miles S.W. With the former place the communication is by
railway, and with the latter by Bowden's daily mail omnibus. With Adelaide, 8
miles S., the communication is by both means. Dry creek has a post office, a store,
and 1 hotel— the Burd-in-hand. The stockade, or Dry creek prison, for prisoners
undergoing long sentences, is at this place, and is a fine large building. There is a
branch telegraph line from Adelaide to the stockade. The surrounding country is flat
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Dbt — ^Eas] The South Amtralian Gazetteer. 69
and quite free from scrub or brush, the soil is rich, and in the swamps to the W.
excellent feed for cattle ii to be had. The land round the township is taken up hj
smaU farmers, who rent the half-acre blocks into which it is cut up, the property being
the estate of the late Sir Montagu Chapman. The population of the township and
surrounding farms numbers about 150 persons.
DRY CREEK (Co. Adelaide) is a stream rising in the Yatala ranges, and flowing
in a W. direction in the hundred of Yatala into the swampy flat surrounding Port
Adelaide. The Tillages of Modbury and Dry creek are situated upon it, and its course
is through a fine agricultural district— the Stockade, for the confinement of prisoner^
undergoing long sentences, is situated on this creek.
D&T LAGOON (Co, Stanley) is a small swampy waterhole, lying about 5 miles
to the N. W. of the township 6f Apoinga, in the hundred of Hanson.
DUBLZM (Co. OawlerJ is a W. hundred of the county, containing some small
blocks of purchased land in its central part, near the township of Port Peri, but con-
sisting for tlH most part of pastoral country:
DUCKPOND CREEK ( Flinders district) is a small stream, discovered by Goyder
in 1857, flowing into 'lake Blanche (then supposed to be lake Torrens) on its S. side.
DUTCBBIAN'S STERN (N, district) is the name of a loHy hill in the Fllndert
or main range, lying a little to the N. of mount Brown, and yisible from Port Augusta.
DmrZELD (Co, Macdonnell) is a hundred of the county lying along thf coast of
Lacepede bay, and to the N. of the hundred of Lacepede. It consists mostly of sandy-
pastoral country and swamps, and has only two or three small patches of sold land,
situated on the main road from Wellington to Macdonnell bay, which runs N. and S.
through the hundred. The lower end of lake Coorong is in its W, part.
DU&WZCB (Co. Adelaide) is a small agricultural hamlet lying to the S.E. of the
city of Adelaide, and inhabited by a few farmers and gardeners.
DVNN'S RUN {Co. Stanley;) lease No. 105 ; occupier, Jas. Dunn; area, 5 square
miles ; grazing capacity, 640 sheep, or 80 per square mile ; Mr. Goyder's valuation,
deducting improvements, £46 10s. per annum. This run lies 18 miles N.E. of port
Wakefield, and 75 miles N. of Adelaide.
DURTXUi MINE (Yorkers peninsula;) section 471, is a copper mine in the
Wallaroo mining diftrict, worked by a company. The ore is black and yellow, and is
found in patches.
BUTTON (Co. Eyre) is a W. hundred of the county, and contains about half its
area of purchased land, the remainder being taken up for pastoral purposes.
BUTTON LAKE (Flinders district) is a salt lake lyifig in the desert plain, to the
W. of the head of Spencer's gulf, and about 5Q miles W. of the S. end of lake Torrens.
BUTTON MOUNT, 34° 35' S. lat., 136° 30^ E. long. (Co. Flinders) is a high hill
lying on the E. of the head of Coffin's bay, and about 20 miles N.W. of port Lincoln, in
tolerably good pastoral country.
BUTTON RIVER {Flinders district) is a small stream rising in the mount
Olinthus ranges, to the N. of mount Hill, and flowing in an E. direction into the W.
side of Spencer's gulf, at the head of Dutton's bay, through scrubby pastoral country.
BUTTON'S BAY (Flinders district) is a bight in the land on the W. side of
Spencer's gulf, between port Lincoln and Franklin harbour.
EARTBY PLAINS, 26° S. lat., 188° 30' E. long. (Flinders district) is a tract o^
country watered by a few small creeks, and consisting of alluvial mud, which dries up
in summer, and becomes an impassable bog in wet weather.
EASTERN COVE (Kangaroo island) is a fine bay lying in the S. partof Nepean
bay, its bight being lined by a sandy beach, and frequented by coasters and small craft
overtaken by bad weather, although there is plenty of water for large ships. At the S.
extremity of this bay is a shallow salt lagoon, known as the Ptlican lagoon. The cove
lies between Kangaroo head to the E. and Ballast head to the W., the distance between
the two heads being 5 miles, and fresh water is obtainable on the W. side of th«
entrance.
EASTERN PLAINS, pastoral district, is a large tract of country lying to the EL
of the main range, and to the N. of the Murray river, and extending in an £. directiom
Digitized by V^OOQlC
70 The South AmtraUan OazeUeer. [Eba — Ede
to the E. boniidaiy of the colony. A large area of this country is taken up for pastoral
purposes. The country is fairly grassed and interspersed with dense belts of mallee
scrub, the S. portion of it forming part of the celebrated Murray belt of mallee scrub.
There are numerous creeks running from the low ranges, but they mostly dry up in
dry weather, when the stockowners are obliged to rely on springs and waterholes. The
post offices in the district are those of Paratoo, Tetulpa, and Outaalpa. In this district
tiiere are 80 acres of purchased land, 5140 acres enclosed, and 5 acres of cultivation
land. The live stock numbers 1087 horses, 5945 horned cattle, 239,905 sheep, 857
goats, 65 pigs and 1291 head of poultry. The whole of the cultivation land was lying
fiUlow during the year ending March last. The population numbers 803 persons, and
the number of dwellings is 198.
SBA {Co. Eyre) is a N.E. hundred of the county, consisting almost exclusively of
pastoral land; idthough a small quantity has been purchased on the bank of the Murray
river.
SBA ISLAND {Flinders district) is a small islet of moderate elevjiiion, lying in
Streaky ^ay.
EBA MOUNT {Flinders ckstrict) is a point in some low range lyings in the scrubby
desert, to the N. of lake Gairdner, and to the E. of the Warburton range. It was seen
from those ranges by Stuart in 1858.
SGKUNGA {Co. Adelaide) is a postal township in the electoral district of mount
Barker^^undred of Euitpo, and under the control of the district council of Echunga.
It is situated on the main S.E! road from Adelaide to Strathalbyn, about 4 miles S.E.
of the Onkaparinga river and in the neighbourhood of the Echunga, Jupiter, and Cattle
Company creeks. The district is an agricultural and gold producing one. The gold-
fields are 2 miles from the township, they are alluvial workings of small extent, but
moderately productive, and are known as the Echunga gold-fields. There is a silver lead
mine, the Hahndorf, lying about 4 miles distant. It was discovered about 5 years ago,
and some rich ore raised. It is, however, not being worked at present. The holes sunk
for gold wbrking in this neighbourhood are through quartz sand, with thin layers of
quartz gravel much water-worn, resting on a very flat bottom of white, grey, or brown
soft slate with sandstone bands. These diggings are situate about 1400 feet above the
level of the sea, on scrubby hills timbered with stringy bark. The soil is a deep sand,
and the whole deposit is analagous to the old pliocene tertiary gold-drifts of Victoria,
which form the White hills of Bendigo and Forest creek. Sevei|^ diamonds of good
water have been found at Echunga, where the breccia formation exists. The agricul-
tural land is principally cultivated for wheat, but the soil being poor the crops are
generally small. The nearest places are the German town of Hahndorf, 5| miles distant
N., mount Barker the same distance N.E., Meadows 6 miles, and Macclesfield 6 miles
S. There are no regular naeans of conveyance except to Macclesfield, which is reached
by mail coach daily, the communication with the other places being by horse or private
vehicle. With Adelaide, 21 miles N.W., the communication is by Kounseveirs daily
mail coach. Echunga has a post and money order office, a coach office, a public pound
and 2 hotels— the Hagen arms, and the Bridge inn. The surrounding country is
considerably elevated and of a hilly character. The population of the town numbers
about 150 persons, and that of the Echunga district about 1000.
ECHUNGA (Cos. Adelaide and Evndmarsh) is a district council in the electoral
district of mount Barker and Noarlunga. It is under the control of a chairman, the
present one being Mr. F. H. Sonnemann of Hahndorf, and 4 councillors. The receipts
and expenditure in this district council for 1865 were as follow: — Assessment, Jt*5557 —
rate, Is. in the pound; rates collected, £332 13s 6d; total receipts, £1092 5s 8d; office
expenses and salaries, £216 15s 6d; expended on public works, £583 16s 7d. The
population numbers 1119 persons; the area is 90 square miles, or 57,600 acres; land
under cultivation, 1772 acres; and number of dwelling-houses, 226.
£DZnf CREEK {Co, Sturt) is a small drainage creek, which flows past the town-
Ifliip of Eden Valley.
EDEN VALLEY (Co. Sturt) is a postal township in the electoral district of
Gumeracka, hundred of S. Rhine, and under the control of the S. Rhine district cuuncil.
It is situated on the Eden creek, 43 miles N. W. of Adelaide in a direct line, although
the postal route via Angaston is 7li miles. The river Rhine runs S.E. and S. of the
township, in a distance of 1| to 3 miles. There is a steam flour-mill (Mr. J. B.HandalFs,
•of Gumeracka) now in course of erection, and which will be ready for work tts soon as
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Edo— Ele] The South AmtraUan Gazetteer. 71
the new crop comes to market. The district is mostly an agricultural oqe ; the remainder
. is held as pastoral land for the grazing of cattle and sheep. The nearest mines are the
N. Rhine mine, 4 miles N., and the Eanappa mine, 7 miles N., both copper mines. The
nearest townships are Spriugstown, 4 miles S., and Keyneton or N. Rhine, 4 miles N.,
with which place there is no communication except by hone or priyate rehicle. With
Adelaide the communication is by horse or dray to Angaston, and thence byKoanserell's
coach. There is one hotel in the township — the Eden Valley hotel. A couple of
horse teams supply the township with goods from Adelaide regularly once a week. The
country is mountainous; the top-soil is sandy, with gravel underneath, then clay; and
the bottom sandstone and hard rock, well adapted for road metal. The roads in general
are good, and with little expense may be kept in good order, supposing that the main
line of road gets a good metal coat, the traffic on it being great. The inhabitants of the
township number 150 persons. Wheat is bought at the stores of Fan tan and Gottsehalk,
and at the mill. Of new buildings there are at the present time a steam mill, two stores,
and scToral shops.
SDdWXfi (N, dUtrict) is a small township lying 50 miles N.W. of the township
of Kanyaka, on the road from Port Augusta to Blinraan. There is 1 hotel in the
township, the Edowie inn. The formation is generally limestone.
SUXSOWZE RUN {N. district;) leases Nos. 392, 425, and 5#8; occupier, W. L. Mar-
chant; respective areas of leases, 115, 44, and 80 square miles. This run lies to the
N.W. of Kawnsley's bluff, the next post office being Kanyaka.
SDZSOWXS W. RUN {N, district;) lease No. 606 ; occupier, P. Butler; area,
188 square miles; rent, ^^60 per annum. This run lies to the W. of Rawnsley's bluff,
the next post office being Kanyaka.
ED&IEXiPA STATION ( W district;) occupiers, Heath and Wooldridge. See
Wallianippee Station.
SDWA&D LAKE {Co, Grey) is a beautiful sheet of water lying 8 miles W. of
Tarpeena, and 4 miles E. of mount Burr, and near lake Leake. It contains no fish at
present, although if placed in it they would most probably thrive.
SHWA&D MOUNT {Co, Grey) is a volcanic hill lying tRree miles E. of mount
Burr. Lake Edward Ues at the toot of this hill. This hill is well grassed and heavily
timbered.
UD W ABJ>STO W M , or Hammersmith {Co. Adelaide^) is a small postal suburban
Tillage of Adelaide, lying to the S.W. of the city. It is in an agricultural district, haty
being extensively grown, and has 1 flour mill, not at present worked. The nearest
places are Mitcham, 2 miles E., and Marion, 2 miles S.W., there being a public convey-
ance to the latter place, and to Adelaide, 4 miles distant. There are 3 hotels in tUfe
Tillage and neighbourhood — the Maid of Auckland, Heart-in-hand, and Nelson's Victory.
The population is small and scattered, and the country generally flat. The resident
magistrate is J. H. Biggs, Esq., J.P.
SGG1!B.T0N (Co. Gawler) is a small agricultural settlement lying in the neigh-
bourhood of the township of Gawler, It is inhabited by a few farmers, who cultivate
wheat and other produce.
SKE'S HILL {Flinders district) is a peak of the Ragless range, lymg in the N. part
of that range.
Sl^BOW HILL {Flinders district) is a small elevation on the N. bank of the
DriTer river, and to the W. of point Burr and Button's bay, on the W. side ot
Spencer's gulJ^ in Eyre's peninsula. The surrounding country is rugged and thick^
scrubbed.
Sl^DO&ATBlLLA RUN {N.E, district;) lease 30 ; occupier, A. McCulloch;
&rea, 84 square miles; grazing capacity, 13,600 sheep, or 152 per square mile; old
I'ental, Jt'150 10s.; Goyder's valuation, £672, excluding improvements, valued at £639.
This run forms one of several held by Mr. McCulloch, and is worked from Eldoratrilla,
which station is 1 j miles E. of .the E. boundary of the run. The head station is
Gottlieb's Wells. Eldoratrilla lies 53 miles N. of Kooringa, and 150 from Adelaide.
This run consists of scrubby rises Mrith bushes and grass, and fairly grassed country,
with clumps of pine, sandalwood, acacia, wattle, and currant and other bushes.
SIiSAHOR RIYER {Kangaroo island) is a «niall stream flowing in a S. directicm
into Vivonne bay, on the S. side of the island.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
7d The South Australian Gazetteer. [Eu — ^Eme
CREEK (Flinders district) is the name giyen hy Swinden, m
1858, to a fine stream which he fonnd running in the plain country to the W. of lake,
Torrens, and near Bottle hill. Much of the land is now taken up for pastoral purposes.
See aJso Bbda Cbsek.
SUZABSTB SPRING (Flinders district) See Berbsfobd's Hill. See also
Blahchb Ctp. See also Emerald Spbihos. * *
SUZA LAKE (Co. Bobe,) 7 miles hy 4 miles in extent, is a fine sheet of salt
water, very shallow and rapidly drying up, lying 4 miles distant from Robe town, and
separated by a narrow strip of land from lake St. Clair. The bottom is of fine sand,
and the banks are marshy, coyered with black mud, caked with limestone, and thickly
OTergrown with dense melaleuca, callistemon, mangroye, &c.
SLIXAj LAKE, RUN (S,E. district;) lease, No. 358; occupiers, Johnson and
Riddock ; area, 12 square miles ; grazing capacity, 2500 sheep, or 227 per square mile;
Goyder's valuation, deducting improvements, £5 10s. per annum. This run is watered
from swamps and waterholes, and lies 225 miles S.W. from Adelaide, and 14 miles by
road, S.E. by E. of Guichen bay (Robe.)
ELLEN, LAKE, '29'' 10^ S. lat., IS?*" 50^ E. long. (Flinders district,) is a small sheet
of water lying to the K of the S.E. end of lake Eyre, and connected with that lake by
a narrow swampy chamiel.
ELLXOTTs FORT, 35'' 35' S. lat., 138'' 40' E. long., {Co, Bindmarsh,) is a postal
township and seaport in the electoral district of Encounter bay, hundred of Goolwa,
and under the control of the Encounter bay district council. It is situated on the N.*
•oast of Encounter bay district, about 3 miles E. from the Hindmarsh river, and lies
in an agricultural district taken up for wheat growing. There are 2 flour mills in the
township, and although the district bears metalliferous traces, no mines have been
discovered of a remunerative character. The nearest places are Middleton, 2 miles E.,
and Waterport, an adjunct of the township; the communication being by means of a
tramway and a good metalled line of road. This tramway extends to Goolwa in an E.,
and to Victor harbour in a S.W. direction. With Adelaide the communication is by
Rounsevell's daily m|»l coach, the distance being 60 miles. Port Elliott has a local
court, a post and money order oflSce, a rocket and life boat station, a telegraph station,
branches of the S. A. and Adelaide banks, and of the S.A. insurance company, a lodge
of Oddfellows, (A.I.O.F.) and 2 hotels— the Globe and the port Elliott. The surround-
ing country is undulating, with hills to the W. and N., and flats and gentle rises to the
E. The population numbers about 450 persons in the township and neighbourhood.
There is a small harbour at Fort Elliot, but it has been abandoned as a shipping port in
fiivdur of Victor harbour, where there is better shelter, a fine jetty, good anchorage,
abundance of water, and easy actiess. The importance of port Elliot will, however, be
greatly increased when the district becomes connected with tha S.E. by means of tram-
way, a work which has been talked of for many years. The resident magistrates are
F. Buxton Laurie, and J. Hindmarsh, Esqs. See also Hindmabsh County.
ELLIOTT FORT AND GOOLWA (Co. Hindmarsh) is a district council in the
electoral district of Encounter Bay. It is under the control of a chairman, the
present one being Mr. R. Sunman, of Currency creek, and 4 councillors. The
receipts and expenditure in this district council for 1865 were as follow : — Assessment/
£1 1,832— rate. Is. in the pound; rates collected, £561 4s.; total receipts, £1,676 13s. 5d.;
office expenses and salaries, £265 16s. lid.; expended on public works, £1,063 7s. 7d.
The population numbers 2,557 persons; the area is 199 square miles, or 127,360 acres;
land under cultivation, 13,368 acres; and number of dwelling-houses, 501.
* ELDER'S RANGE (N. district) is a range of hills lying to the N. of Hookina;
the highest peak is mount Alice.
SFRINGS, 29** 25' S. lat., 137° 3' E. long. {Flinders district) is the
name given by Babbage, the discoverer, to the first found of the series of singular hot
springs lying in the county to the W. and S. W. of lake Eyre. This spring lies near
the W. shore of the S. part of the lake, and near the lower end of Warriner's creek.
It is in a basin formed by a sand-hill, about 20 feet high, and covered with reeds. The
area enclosed is thickly overgrown with rushes, amid which the water bubbles up and
runs over in several channels. These unite in a stream, which fiows through a break
in the sandy basin, and from thence into a reedy swamp below, which/ drains into
Warriner's creek. The water is so hot that the hand cannot be borne in it even for a
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Emi— Ekf] The South Australum Gazetteer. 73
minute, but it is quite fresh, and yields about 175,000 gallons daily. It does not appear
to be affected by rain. The surrounding soil is principally sand, and the water,
generally salt.
EBUXiT, MOUNT, 31'' 15' S. lat., 138° 45' E. long. (FUnders district,) is a peak
of a small E. spur of the main range, lying a few miles S. of Blinman, and on the main
N. road from Adelaide. There is a copper mine near this hill, not lately worked,
however, and lying 255 miles N. i W, of Adelaide.
EMU FLATS' RUN (Co. Eyre;) lease No. 20 ; occupier, F. H. Dutton ; area, 150
square miles ; grazing capability, 30,o6o sheep, or 200 per square mile; original rent and
assessment, JS&50 ; Mr Goyder's valuation, £2700 per annum, deducting improvements,
which are valued at £1130. This run lies on the E. slope of of the Murray range E.
of Julia creek, about 20 miles N.N.E. of Eapunda, and 62 miles N.E. of Adelaide. It
consists of well-grassed sheoak spurs and grassy fiats, with undulating forest land
and mallee and pine scrub. The Brady creek and 8 wells supply this run with water,
and there are good roads through it to Eooringa, Eapunda, Truro, and the N.W. bend.
The head station is at Anlaby, 9 miles N. of Eapundia.
EMU PLAINS {Co. Stcmley) is the name given to a tract of good country lying to
the S.W. of the township of Clare. Much of the land on these plains is admirably
suited to cultivation purposes. There is a fine spring in the N. part of these plains,
known as the Emu spring.
EMU BOCE (Co. Stanley) is a rocky hill, situated about 4 miles W. of the town-
ship of Clare.
EMU SPRING {Flinders district) is a small drainage creek fiowing into the Shell
lagoon from the S.
EMU SPRINGS {Co. Stanley) is the name of a government water reserve, with
troughs attached, and lying near the township of Black springs.
ENCpUNTSa BAY {Co. Hindmarsh) is the name given to a deep bight m tlie
S.E. coast, lying between Rosetta head on the W., and the N. part of Younghusband's
peninsula on the E. iM^omprises Victor harbour, port Elliott, and the mouth of the
Murray. There is a small postal township at the head of the bay, having a rocket and
life-bdat station, and a branch of the S. A. insurance Company. See also Hindmarsh.
ENGOUMTE& BAY (Co. Hindmarsh) is a district council in the electoral district
of Encounter bay. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr.
J. Grimble, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district councilf or
1865 were as follows : — Assessment, £5,852 7s— rates, Is in the pound, rates collected
£42 4s.; total receipts, £523 5s. 7d.; office expenses and salaries^ £70 Os. 7d.; expended
on public works, £435 lis. 6d. The population numbers 810 persons. The area is 158
square miles, or 101,120 acres ; land under cultivation, 2634 acres, and number of
dwelling-houses, 182. Encounter bay electoral district is bounded on the S. and
N.W. by the sea-coast, from the sea-mouth of the Murray, to the S. angle of
the district of Noarlunga; bounded on the N. and N.W: by the districts of
Noarlunga and mount Barker, to the southern angle of the last named district ; thence
by the boundaries between the counties of Uindmarsb and Sturt, passing the E. side of
Mundoo island, to the point of commencement; together with the whole of Eangaroo
island and Troubridge shoal. It also comprises the district councils of Encounter
bay, Myponga, port Elliott and Goolwa, Rapid bay, and Yankalilla, and has a
population of 7260 persons, and an area of 2293 square miles, or 1,467,520 acres, of
which 33,138 acres are under cultivation. The voting places for this district are port
Elliott, Goolwa, Yankalilla, and Rapid bay. Encounter bay is represented in the
Legislative Assembly by W. Everard and D. Sutherland, Esqs.- The number of
registered electors for 1865 in this district was— for the Legislative Counill, 596; and
for the Legislative Assembly, 974.
ENCOUNTER BAY (Co. Hindmarsh) is a hundred in the S. part of the
county, and on the coast of the bay of the same name. The township of Victor harbour
is in this hundred. About a third of its area is purchased land, mostly agricultural.
ENFIELD (^Co. Adelaide) is a postal village, suburban to Adelaide, and lying on
its N. side, about 4 miles distant. It is the hundred of Yatala, and under the control
of the district council of Yatala. Enfield lies in an agricultural district, the chief
products being wheat and hay. It has a post office, one hotel (the Northern), and a
Digitized by LjOOQIC
74 The South Australian Gazetteer, [Eng — Etr
manafactoiy of winnowing machines. The commanication is by omnibus and mail
coach daily. The resident magistrates are E. Bowman and T. Magarey, Esqs. The
surronnding country is undulating, and the soil is generally of a loamy nature, oyerlyiAg
magnesian limestone. The population numbers about 200 persons.
EKGZiZSH {Co. Eyre) is a recently formed hundred in the N.W. part of the
coi^nty, containing but a small quantity of purchased land.
SUBlZiKZMA CREEK (N. district) is the name of a small creek flowing past the
township of Blinman. It runs in a S. direction iato the Ooteapina creek, at Parachilina
gap.
SVAHBAAE CREEK (Co. Eyre) is the name of a small tributary of the N.
Rhine river, which it joins at the township of Keyneton.
ETAKB ISLAND (Flinders district) is a rocky islet of considerable eleyation,
lying 3^ miles W. N.W. of the Flinders reef . Being a prominent feature in Nuyt's
archipelago, it is an excellent mark to steer by at night.
EVANSTON {Co. Gqwler) is the name of a suburb of the township of Gawler, of
which it forms part.
EWAVFA STATION (N.E. district,) the head station of E. R. Hallett. See
WnraiNiE.
SY&E COUNTY lies on the E. side of the main range, and is bounded on the N.
by the county Burra, on the S. by the county Sturt, on the E. by the river Murray, and
on the W. by the county Light It contains a small area of purchased land on its W.
side, but consists principally of pastoral country. The principal township is Blanche-
town, on the main road from Adelaide to Melbourne, and on the W. bank of the river
Murray. Eyre contains the hundreds of Eba* Hay, English, Neales, Anna, Skurray,
Bagot, Fisher, Dutton, and N. Rhine. The N. part of this county is included in the
electoral district of Flinders, and the S. part in that of Barossa, the division line being
the main road, which crosses the county. The area of this county is 1340 sq|iare miles,
or 857,600 acres, of which 91,374 acres are purchased land, 48,956 acres are held by
freeholders. 113,480 acres are enclosed, and 10,196 acres are #nder cultivation. The
live stock numbers 998 horses, 1339 horned cattle, 64,163 sheep, 158 goats, 724 pigs,
and 4375 head of poultry. Of the cultivated land 6594 acres are under wheat, 222
acres under barley, 1278 acres under hay, 20 acres under green forage, 2 acres under
peas, and 6 acres under other crops, 1729 acres are fallow, and 14 acres under potatoes.
There are HI acres of orchards, 52 acres of gardens, and 168 acres of vineyards, the
latter having 105,714 vines in bearing, and 43,343 vines not in bearing. The crops for
the year ending March 31st, 1866, were 56,488 bushels wheat, 4337 bushels barley, 677
tons hay, 6 tons potatoes, 17,918 gallons wine, and 178 cwt. grapes. The population
numbers 1372 persons, being an increase of 275 since 1861; the number of dwelling-
houses ia 357, being an increase of 92 since the same year.
ETBrS LAKE {N. district) is a large shallow sheet of salt water, formerly
supposed to be part of lake Torrens, but now known to be'totally distinct from it. It
lies about 40 miles E. of the Denieon range and mount Margaret postal station, and has
as yet been but little explored. It is supposed to be about 140 miles in length. Near
the S.W. end are some small islands with springs of fresh water upon them. There
are several creeks falling into it upon the S.W. , the principal being the Chambers,
Warriner's and Douglas, and Warburton states that he has lately discovered that the
Barcoo river or Cooper's creek falls into it on its E. side.
STRS MOUNT {N. district) is a lofty hill lying in the barren country on the E.
side of lake Torrens. This hill stands 10 miles distant from mount Arden, and is bold
and rocky, ^eing formed of abrupt escarpments of quartzite, or steep declivities of clay-
slate. From the summit of this hill Eyre got the first view of lake Torrens, lying to
the W. and N.W. ; and apparently about 25 miles distant.
ET&E, MOUNT, RUN {N. district;) leases, Nos. 462b, 307 and 551; occqpiw,
P. Levi; respective areas of leases, 3, 20^ and 60 mil«». This run lies to the W. of
mount Eyre.
EY&S FORT (Flinders district} is the name given to a small anchorage in Fowler's
bi^— which see.
SimE'S GROSSING (.Flinders district.) See Fobt Lincoln CfioSBiRa.
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Etr— Fin] The South jMsk-aUan GazeUeer. 76
ISLAND {Flinders cUsi/rict) is a small sand-bank in Nuyt's archipelago.
It has a few sand-hills oii its W. coast, and a long siuidrspit stretdhes from its N.
pomt in a N.W. direction.
MB EnxrS, (or Eyria) peninsula (Flinders district) is the name given to the vast
tract of country lying between Spencer's gulf on the W. and Anxious bay on the E.,
and being the country trarersed by Eyre in his exploration journeys of 1839 and 1840.
It consists chiefly of rugged, densely scrubbed plains, almost destitute of water, although
some country available for pastoral purposes has been found along the border of the
<M)ast. The middle of this tract is a table land lying about 1300 feet above the level of
the sea, with seteral peaks and flat-topped hills. There are low ranges of hills, known
as the Baxter, Middleback and Olinthus ranges to the E., the Liverpool to the S.E.,
and a iolty granite range, the Gawler, to the W, Near the S. point of the peninsiia,
which is triangular, the apex being to the S., is the county of Flinders, and the settlement
and township of port lincdn. The entire country consists of sandy and limestone
plains, with a few granite ridges and numerous salt lagoons. There are also a few
freshwater springs on the W. side of the triangle.
FAZRFZSLD (Co. Gawler) is a small agricultural settlement in the neighbourhood
of Gawler. It is inhabited by a few scattered farmers, who cultivate wheat and other
produce. The resident magistrate is W. W. Hugnes, Esq., J. P.
FAZRFORD {Co. Adelaide) is a vineyard on the banks of the Sturt river, about
8 miles from Adelaide, and at the foot of Flagstafl* hill. The soil is alluvial, of great
depth and richness. The grapes grown are Verdeilho, Gouais, Black Portugal, and
Grenache. There is a grape mill on the ground, and good wines are produced there.
The vineyard is the property of W. H. Trimmer, Esq.
FA2&VZSW RUN {S.E. district;) lease No. 228; occupier, Thos. Taylor; area,
42 square miles; grazing capability, 3700 sheep, or 88 per square mile; Groyder's
valuation, deducting improvements, £73 12s per annum. The run is watered from
swamps, waterholes, and wells. It lies 195 miles by road S.E. of Adelaide, and 50
miles N.E. of Robe (Guichen bay.) This run also includes lease No. 983, which has an
area of 60 miles, and on the entire block are 5000 sheep, and 100 head of cattle and
horses.
FALSE CAPE (Kangaroo island) is a bold headhmd on the S. coast of the isknd,
lying E. by N. f N., 18j miles from point Tinline, the E. head of D'Estree bay. It has a
reei stretching out about half-a-mile to the S.
FAZiSE BAY {Oo. Adelaide) is a shallow opening into Torrens island, running
from the E. side of the channel of Port Adelaide^-which see.
FANNY SPRINGS (Flinders district) is the name given to a spring, lying on
the N. slope of mount Charles, in the pastoral country to the N.W. of the Davenport
river.
FEUXSTOW {Co. Adelaide) is a vineyard, the property and residence of
A. Stow, Esq., situated near Payneham and the German hamlet of Klemzig, on the banks
of the Torrens river. It is planted with Shiraz, Verdeilho, Tokay, and Carbonet, the
latter grafted with Mataro and Grenache. There are also the varieties of black Portugal,
Mataro, and Dolcetto, producing a favourite light red wine. Mr. Stow's white wine
is made from the Verdeilho. The Zante currant is grown in this vineyard, and there is
a fine orangery attached.
FENELON ISLE (Flinders district) is a rocky islet of Nuy t*s archipelago, lying
to the S. of the St. Francis's group.
FZFTB CREEK {Co. Adelaide) is a S. tributary of the Torrens river, rising to
the S.E. of the Black hill, and flowing in a W. and N.W, direction for about 10 miles
into the main stream,''about 7 miles above Adelaide.
FZFTY-SZZ MILE WELL (Go. CardwelL) See Limestone Well.
FINGBE'S CREEK (Flinders district N.) is a fine mountain stream, rising by 2
heads in mount Tilley, to the N.W. of Blinman, and flowing S.E., past the Chambers
mine into the S. end of lake Blanche.
FINGBJB'S CREEK {Flinders district TT.) k a small N. tributary of the Neales
river, flowing from the N.W. through a sandy plain with ranges of sand-hills. It was
discovered by Stoart in 1859.
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76 The South AustraUan Gazetteer. [Fin— Fla
mrOXE MOUNT, 30"* 55' S. lat., 133" 4(/ E.Iong. (Flinders dutriety) U a granite
mountain, much aboye the ordinaiy height of the hills in that part of the continent,
lying in the midst of a densely scrnbb^ desert, and discovered by Stuart in 1858.
From its summit he had a Tery extensiye riew, but not a cheering one. He describes
the desert as being surrounded by dense scrub, with open patches, but no water ; and
says that the desert surrounding this mountain is worse than that found by Sturt in
the interior, inasmuch as there was at least saltbush upon that, whilst here there was
absolutely nothing but spinifex.
FUTBON {Co. Adelaide) a postal township in the hundred of W. Torrens. It lies in
an agricultural, wheat and hay growing district, near the N. bank of the Torrens river,
and to the E. of the Reedbeds. The nearest places are Woodville, \\ miles N., and
Barerley, 2^ miles N.E., the communication being by horse or private vehicle only.
With Adehiide, 6 miles E., the communication is from Woodville by train. The
nearest hotel is at Woodville. The surrounding country is flat and swampy. The
population numbers about 200 persons.
mmZSS {Co. sturt) is in E. hundred of the county, lying on the W. bank of the
Murray river, and consisting almost exclusively of pastoral country. This hundred
lies in the belt of mallee brush known as the Murray scrub. In the S.E. part of the
hundred, and at the junction of the* Reedy creek (which flows through it) with the
Murray river, is the township of Mannum. For the population, &c., of this hundred,
see Anoas HmtDSED.
i'lMMiSS' FLAT {Co, Eindmarah). See Ashbourne.
Fin MISS LAKE {Flinders district) is a small salt lake, forming one of the chain
of salt lakes lying between lakes Torrens and Gairdner.
nNNISS POINT (C7o. Light) is the name of a peak in the Belvidere range of
hills, lying about l^ miles W. of Marrabel, and abounding in good timber and
building stone— granite and freestone.
mrMISS RIVER {Co, Hindmarsh) is the name of a stream rising in the main
range, near Reynell's hill, and flowing in a S.E. direction into the W. end of lake
Alexandrina, on the Lower Murray, opposite Hindmarsh island, and at the township of
Clavton, which is built at its lyouth on the F^ side. It enters the Murray by a wide,
shallow estuary, which commences about 6 miles above the township, and is navigable
for small vessels for about 7 miles. This river flows past the elevations known as Black
Boy's Nob, Morphett's Hill, and Mount Observation, and through the hundreds of
Kondoparinga, Nkangkita, and Alexandrina. There is an aboriginal station on the
lower part of this river.
FZNNZSS SPRINGS {Flinders district) is the name given to a numerous
collection of springs lying at the foot of the Hermit range, and discovered by MajcMf
Warburton. Some of these springs are deep and large.
rZlTMZSS SPRINGS RUN {N. district)— leases No. 781, 786, 928, and 1046-
is a cattle station on the road from Nuccaleena; the nearest post office distant 160 miles
S. E. Occupiers, Davenport and Power. Respective areas, 80, 160, 77, and 129 square
miles.
mrmSS vale (Co. Hindmarsh), See Rapid Bat.
FIRST CREEK {Co, Adelaide) is a S. tributary of the Torrens river, "sing in
the mount Lofty ranges, near Crafers, and flowing in a N.TV^ direction ^^^^ ^
agricultural country, past the village of Beaumont, and through those of Norwood,
Kent-town, and Hackney, into the main stre^jn at Adelaide, where it waters the grounas
of the botanical gardens.
FZSBS& {Co. Eyre) is the S. E. hundred of the county, consisting almost
exclusively of pastoral land, although a small quantity has been purchased on the oanK
of the Murray river.
rzSHE&Y CREEK (Co. Hindmarsh) is a small creek rising in the hills of Cape
Jervis, and flowing S. into the sea, about 1^ miles S.E. of that cape.
• FLAGSTAFF HILL {Co. Adelaide) is a peak and survey station in **^®^®^^
ranges, lying on the W. bank of the Light river, about 8 miles S. of the village of Manon,
and 3 miles N.E. of O'Halloran hill.
Also a hill lying 2} miles distant from mount Pleasant.
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Fla— Fli] The South Australian Gazetteer. 77
FLAT HILL (Co, Eyrt) is the S. extremity of a low range of hills forming an £. spur
of the main range, and being at the W. border of the county, and in the hundred of
Julia creek. *
ZXAT TOP BLUFF {Flinders district) is the name of a precipitous hill lying on
the W. side of the N. point of Spencer's gul^ and between that gulf and the S. part of
the Baxter range. It is the £. termination of a range of low scrubby hills lying nearly
opposite to Port Augusta.
FZJLZMAXrS VALLEY {Co. Light) is a district council in the electoral diatrict
ot Barossa. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr. H. A.
Firbeyer, and 4 councillors. The population numbers 389 persons; the area is 22
square miles, er 14,080 acres; land under cultivation, 3370 acres, and number of
dwelling-houses 64.
FUNDEBB BLACK BOOKS (Go, CardweU) is the name given to a reef of rocks
lying in the N. part of Lacepede bay, and off cape Morard de Galles.
FUNDEBS (Flinders district W,) is a newly settled township lying on the E. side
of Streaky bay, 90 miles N.W. of Bramfield. It contains 1 hotel and 1 store. See ^
Streaky Bat.
FLZNDE&S COUNTY is the most W. county in the colony, and lies at the S. W.
side of Spencer's gulf, which bounds it on its £. side. It is bounded on the N. by the
western pastoral district, and on the W. and S. by the sea, and is included in the <
electoral district of Flinders. It consists for the most part of pastoral country, with
some blocks of purchased land in the hundreds of South and Lincoln, which lie on the
E. side, and the shores of the bays bearing their respective names. The chief town is
port Lincoln, on the bay of that name. The area of this county is 1100 square miles,
or 704,000 acres, of which 22,716 acres are purchased land ; the land under cultivation
being 1850 acres, of which 1260 acres are under wheat, 7 acres under barley, 286 acres
under hay, 44 acres under green forage, and 66 under other crops; 135 acres are fallow, 5
aci^s under potatoes, 5 acres orchard, 21 acres garden, and 21 acres under vines, having
10,728 vines in bearing and 9150 not in bearing. The produce for the year endLp
March 31st, 1866, was 9761 bushels wheat, 93 bushels barley, 278 tons hay, 6 tons
potatoes, 30 gallons wine, and 37 cwt. grapes. The live stock amounts to 1136 horses,
152,268 sheep, 2281 horned cattle, 119 goats, 201 pigs, and 2417 head of poultry. The
population numbers*] 190 persons^being an increase of 432 over that of 1861, and the
number of dwellings is 199.
Flinders electoral district comprises the county of Flinders, and all those
portions of the province to the westward of the W. coast of Spencer's gult, and
all the remaining portions of the province lying to the N. of the districts of port
Adelaide and the Burra and Stanley ; bounded on the E. by the boundary of the said
province, together with all islands being W. of the meridian of cape Jervis, with the
exception of Kangaroo island and Troubridge shoal, and other portions of the said pro-
vince not included in any other electoral district. It contains the following sub-districts
— county Eyre (northern portion), county Young, country E. of county Young, county
Victoria, country N. of county Victoria, Burra, and Young; county Frome, country N. of
county Frome to Wilpena, country between Wilpena and mount *Serle, country N.'of
mount Serle, country N.W. of Port Augusta, country N. of county Flinders to Port
Augusta, county Flinders, lake Hamilton district. Streaky bay district; and has a popu-
lation of 7346 persons, and an area of 164,676 square miles, or 105,392,640 acres, of
which 4019 acres are under cultivation. The voting places are port Lincoln, mount
Bemarkable, and port Augusta. Flinders is represented in the Legislative Assembly
by J. Williams and A. Watts, Esqs. (the latter gentleman has lately tendered his
resignation, and the vacancy is not at this time — November, 1866 — filled.) The
number of registered elecfors for 1865 in this district was—for the Legislative Council,
215 ; and for the Legislative Assembly, 963.
FUNDS&S ISLAND [Flinders di8t}'ict) is the largest and most central of the
Investigator group of islands, which lie off the W. part of the coast to the S.E. of
Anxious bay. In shape it is nearly square, each side of which is from 3 to 5 miles in
length, with rocks projecting from the intermediate points. Bights are formed on the
4 sSes, but that on the E. alone offers good anchorage, although Flinders anchored in
the Investigator, in 1802 on the N. side of the island. The anchorage on the E. side is
safe, although there is a reef of rocks lying 2 cables, length from the beach at the S. end«
The liuiding place lies on the beach under the reef, and is frequently rendered difficult
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78 The South AustraUan Gazetteer. [Pli— Pou
from the heary sarf which occasionally rolls in. There is excellent pasturage on the
island, and a sheep station has been established there for some years. There are seye^
good welfs near the anchorage^
IXZNDERS ISLAND RUN (TT. district-;) leases Nos. 143 and 1082; occupiers,
Elder and Schlinke; respectiye areas of leases, 23 and 16 square miles. The nearest
post town is Parkin (Venus bay.)
FUNDSRS ISTHMUS {Kangaroo island) is the name of a narrow neck of sandy
land ieparating the Pelican lagoon on the N. from the sea at Penniagton bay •n the
S. The isthmus is less than a mile across at its narrowest part, near Prospect hill, and
connects the main body of the island on the W. with a smaller portion oi^ the E.
rLZin>S&9 LAKE {Flinders district. ) See Fkanklin Habroub.
rLZin>E&8 MINE ( TT. district) is a copper mine employing about 6 hands, and
lying on the property of Mr. W. R. Mortlock, about 2 miles N. of Tumby bay. Its
Tidue has not yet been proved. See Coppeber Minb.
• FZiZHBSRS REEF {Flinders district) is the name of a reef of rocks, with the sea
breaking over them, lying 4 miles to the S.W. end of St. Peter's island, in Nuyt's
archipelago. See also Franklin Islands.
FZJNT, MOUNT, 29° 5' S. lat, 138° 55' E. long. {Flinders district N.,) is a smaU
'solitary hill, lying on the S. bank of Lake Blanche.
FLO&SirCS LAKE, 28° 50' S. lat, 138° 20 E. long. (Flinders district N.,) ia the
name of a sheet of water lying to the S. of the W. part of Lake Blanche, and forming
part of it in wet seasons.
FOBJBXH, CAPE, {Kangaroo island) is a prominent cape of the N. coast of the
• island, lying to the N.W. of Cape Borda.
FORDHABi' S {Co. Adelaide) is a small agricultural, vine growing and wine makiag
seUlement, lying about 7 miles from Adelaide, on the road to mount Lofty and Craferi.
T^ftre is a well-known hotel (the Eagle on the Hill) at Fordham's, the drive to thaf
place being a favorite one with excursionists, and the view being an extensive and nK)st
magnificent one over the heavily timbered gorges of the Adelaide range to the waters
of the gulf of St. Vincent beyond. On the ranges about here the geological formation
consists of hard quartz rock, and quartzose sandstone* in thick beds, dipping E. 10° to
16° S., 30°, also yellow gritty sandstones, dipping W. 10°, S. 20°. ,
FO&EST ROAD, {Oo, Adelaide.) See Drt Creek.
FOBAESTON {Co. Adelaide) is a postal township in the electoral district of
Qumeracka. It is situated on the north Gumeracka creek, near mount Gould, and lies
in an agricultural and pastoral district, 2^ miles from Gumeracka township* on the
main North-eastern road. With Adelaide, 26 miles S. W., there is communication by
means of Rounsevell's 4- wheeled conveyance, which runs daily. Forreston is under the
control of the Gumeracka district council, the surrounding country being of an elevated
and ruggedly mountainous character. The population is small and scattered.
FO&T&ESS HILL {N. district) is the name given to a lofty hill in the main range.
It lies near the Frome river, and rises to a height of 200 feet above the surrounding
country. The summit is rocky, and upon it are a number of large stones deposited with
almost the regularity of mason's work, giving it the appearance of a hill fortification,
whence the name; The diameter of the hill is 120 feet at the top and 350 feet at the
base. Beneath the cap of stone the hill is covered with scrub and small loose stones.
Near its foot is the Murrywyannia lagoon, an expansion of the Frome river. The sur-
rounding country consists of clay-slate, with outcropping sandktone, and numerous low
abrupt hills are seen in the vicinity.
FO&TY-EZGKT MILE WELLS (Co. CardioeU.) • See Jem Crow's Flat.
FOUNTJLZN RIVER {W. district;) lease No. 78; occupier, H, J. Smith; area,
19 square miles; grazing capacity, 2200 sheep, or 115 p^ square mile; Mr. ^^^^^
Taluation, deducting improvement, £36 6s. per annum. This run also oompreheno*
lease No. 525, having an area of 12 square mUes, and on the entire block are 39iH) ^^
and 240 horses and cattle. The run is watered by swamps, and Ilea 10 milef N.N; W*
of port Lincoln, and 410 miles by the overland road from Adelaide.
VOVm HUMMOCKS (Co. Flinders.) See Whidbst Island.
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Eou — Ebb] The Squth Australian Gazetteer, 79
: . ._ ^
FOmtTB CREEK {Go. Adelaide) is a S. tributary of the Torrens rirer rising in
the Adelaide range, and flowing about 10 miles in a N.W. direction, through flat well-
cultirated country into the main stream, about 6 miles above Adelaide.
FOWItEB. POINT, 32° i' 46" S. lat, 132° 29' 40" E. long, (i^wuiera district:) is a
rocky point running out ajiout 3 miles in a S.E. direction from the main land, and
standing about 120 feet above the sea leveL It forms the W. side of Fowler's bay.
There are a few rocks within a short distance of the eztreqpie point. ^ Near this point,
Eyre^s depot was situated.
FOWLE&'S BAY, 32° 1' 45" S. lat., 132° 29' 40" E. long., mag. var. 3° 8' E.
{Flinders district,) is a bight formed by a projecting point called point Fowler, which
lies on its S. side. The country inland consists of sandy and scrubby ridges, with salt
swamps and brackish water. There is a small anchorage in this bay known as port
Eyre; it has a sandy bottom, holding well outside 3 fathoms, under that depth there
being frequent patches of limestone. This bay was called after Mr. Fowler, the first
lieutenant of the Investigator, the ship in which Flinders made his explorations on the
S. coast. The cliflFs and rocks are calcareous. There is no timber in the neighbour-
hood, and but very little fresh water. Near the bay are numerous islands, the bases of
which are composed of granite, and upon which curious animals and plants have been
found. At the head of this bay Eyre made his depot, or cache for stores, whilst on his
journey over the desert, from port Lincoln to Western Australia, in 1840. For a
graphic account of this terrible undertaking, see the Rev. J. E. T. Wood's '* History of
the Discovery and Exploration of Australia," vol. ii., chapter 1. The surrounding
country is a pastoral (sheep) district; lying 90 miles N.E. of the great Australian bight,
and the most W. settlement in the colony. It is situated on the bay, 200 miles W. by
N. of Streaky bay and has a post ofl^e; the communication with Streaky bay (Flinders,)
port Lincoln, and the intermediate postal stations, as also with Adelaide, 900 miles E.,
by land being by fortnightly overland maiL The distance by sea is 500 miles, there
being communication by occasional coasting vessels. Eyre's depot lies at the W. side
of the bay, and the country surrounding it is taken up for sheep runs. Water is
obtained by digging wells in the sand-ridges, and at Mobeela Gaipe, Wadeemar Gaipe.
Beringana Gaipe, and Beleemah Gaipe, are wells of good water. Wallianippie, a postal
station, lies on Denial bay, about 70 miles to the E. The country is undulating^
consisting of lightly grassed plains and scrub. The Ibrmation is generally limestone.
Tlw population of the district numbers about 200 persons.
FOWXiEXt'S BAY RUN (W. district.) See Macdonnell Lakb Run.
F&ANS£Ain> ISLAND {Flinders district) is a small island lying at the entrance
of Smoky bay.
F&ANKLZN HARBOUR, or Flinders Lake (Flinders district,) is a deep
indentation in the land on the W. side of Spencer's gulf. It is shallow, and is bordered
by a large tract of pastoral land, taken up by^ Messrs. J. and P. McKechnie and
P. Levi. There is an aboriginal station at this place, and the resident magistrates are
H. A. Strong and J. McKechnie, Esqs.
F&AirSZiXli' ISLANDS ( W. district) is the name given to a group of 3 islands,
lying to the S. of St. Peter's island, in Nuyt*s archipelago. They are of ^moderate
elevation, and have a reef of rocks above water, of a circular shape and nearly half-a-
mllein diameter, lying 5i miles N.W., called the Flinders reef, over which the sea breaks
with great violence. .
F&EEIaXNG (Co. Light) is a postal township and railway station in thd hundred
of Nuriootpa and electoral district of Light. It is situated on a high plain, 37| miles
N. of Adelaide, on the main line of road between Eapunda and Adelaide, and is the rail-
way entrepdt for the traffic from the Murray river, Blanchetown, Truro, Angaston, '
Greenock, JNuriootpa, Angas Park, and Daveystown, to which places daily coaches run,
carrying passengers and the mails. The district is an agricultaral one, large quantities
ol ezceUent wheat being grown on the plain upon wbich the township is built. At a
. diBtance of 3 miles E. is situated the Wheal Nitschke mine. The nearest places are
Sheoak Log, 4^ miles S.E., Daveystown, 5 miles S. by E , and Lin wood, 8 miles N.W,
The communication being by coach, and with Adelaide, 37| miles S.S.W., by rail.
Preeling has 1 hoftel, called the Freeling, and 3 stores, a post office, a telegrapk station,
and' a railway station (terminus.) The population numbers about 60 persons, and there
are about 16 dwellings. *
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80 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Fre — FuL
ntEELZlTG (C7o. Sturt) is a S. W. hundred of the county lying on the N. hank
of lake Alexandrina, and on the E. hank of the Bremer riv^r. On these banks is a
quantity of purchased land, the remainder being scrubby pastoral country. This
hundred is crossed by the main road from Adelaide to Wellington.
FBJBSLZirG HEIGHTS, 30° 10' S. lat., 139° 25' E. long. (Flinders district,) is
the name given to a range of rugged mountains spurring to the E. from the N. end of
the main range near Tudanamutana township. It lies in good pastoral country, and is
the source of the Farabarana, Fapagoona, Arcaroola, and several other creeks.
X'&SELZNG ISLAND (binders district) is one of the St. Francis group of islands
in Nuyt's archipelago. See St. Fbancis Group.
X'&SXSLZNG SPRING {Flinders district) is a fresh water spring lying on the
S. bank of the Freeling creek, near its junction with the Neales river.
ntESLZN G WATER [Flinders district.) See Macdonnell River.
F&EN CHMAN'S ROCK {Kangaroo island) is a small rocky patch lying oppo-
site Western cove, in Nepean bay, having 12 feet on it at low water.
ntEESTONS CREEK RUN {Kangaroo island;) leases No. 67, 1 158, and 1159'
occupier, M. Calnan; the respective areas are 6, 10, and 10 miles, and the rental £13
per annum.
mESHFORD VINEYARD {Oo. Adelaide.) See Athelston.
FRESH WATE& CREEK {Oo. Victoria) is a stream flowing into the N. side of
the Broughton river, and watering the S.E. part of the Bundaleer run.
F&OBiE COUNTY is the most northern county in the colony, and lies at the head
of Spencer's gulf on its E. side, being bounded on the W. by that gulf, on the east by
the E. plains, on the N. by the N. pastoral district, and on the S. by the county
Victoria. It forms part of the electoral district of Flinders, and is, for the most part,
a pastoral country, watered by the Willochra creek and its tributaries. There is a
lofty peak near its centre known as mount Remarkable, and the chief towns are Port
Augusta, at the head of the gulf, and Melrose. There are 3 hundreds in this country,
those of Gregory, Wongyarra, and Davenport, each containing small areas of pur-
chased land. In the two former 'copper is found. The area of this county is 1404
square miles, or 890,560 acres, of which 74,737 is purchased land, 68,180 acres being
held by freeholders, 13,425 acres enclosed, and 75 acres under cultivation. The live
stock numbers 987 horses, 3514 horned cattle, 134,405 sheep, 818 goats, 250 pigs, and
3255 head of poultry. Of the land under cultivation, 49 acres are fallow, 5 acres are.
orchard, 17 acres garden, and 4 acres vineyard — the latter having produced 1 cwt. of
grapes during the year ending March 31st, 1866, and having 3817 vines in bearing, and
770 vines not in bearing. The population numbers 1908 persons, being an increase of
919 over that of 1861. There are 423 dwelling-houses, as against 273 in 1861.
FROKE MOUNT, 31° 5' S. lat., 139° 10' E. long. {Flinders district,) is a peak
lying on the S. bank of the Rose creek, and to the N. of the Chambers mine.
FROBiE RIVER {Flinders district) is a fine stream, rising by 2 heads — one on
the E. and the other on the W. of the main or Flinders range. The principal head is
the E. one,«and rises in the ^Jilly country near Angipena, whence it flows in a N.
direction about 40 miles past mount Serle and mount Rose. It then turns in a N.W.
direction for about 60 miles, until it falls into the S.E.. end of lake Eyre. During the
course of |his stream it expands into a* large lagoon called Murrywyanna, near
Fortress hill.
RIVER {Flinders district) is a large stream, tributary to the Neales river
and flowing into it upon its N. side, near Mount Hafvey. There is another stream
flowing to the N. of this, and known by the same name, Stuart having supposed it to
be the upper part of the same river; but it flows to the E. between Mounts Elunter and
Robinson into lake Eyre, through a sandy plain interspersed with sand-hills and patches
of mulga scrub. At the upper end of this river fine, smooth-barked gum trees, and
splendid hakeas, 20 feet in height, with bark like cork, are found.
FULRABi {Co. Adelaide) is a postal village, in the electoral district of W.
Torrens, Hundred of Adelaide, and under the control of the W. Torrens district
council. It is situated on the embouchure of the Torrens river into the Reedbeds, at a
distance of lialf-a-mite £. from the sea, and on a small creek or break^oat from the
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Fui>--GAift] TU South AuUraUan Gaeettsmr. 81
7oiTeDS, ronning N. and S., oyer which a good bridge (Moore Farm bridge) has lately
been built, near the farm and yineyard of the late A. H. Bayis, Esq,, Moore farm.
The sorromidii]^ country, the Reedbeds, is noted for its fine pasture all the year round,
and sheep and cattle are g^razed upon it in considerable numbers. Large crops of hay
4ire also grown upon the more eleyated parts of the flats. The nearest places are
Lockley's, 1^ mile E.; Henley Beach, 1 mile W.; Flndon, 3 miles N.; Glenelg, 4< miles
IS.; Port Adelaide, 5 miles N.; the communication being by horse or dray only.
With Adelaide, 5^ miles E., the communication is by horse or dray to Thebarton,
4' miles, and thence by car. The surrounding country is low, flat, and swampy, and
covered in parts with reeds and salsolaceous plants, which form excellent fattening food
for cattle. The soil is rich, black alluyial, oyerljing limestone, the latter outcroppiog
in many places, and being used for building purposes and road-metaL Fulham has the
reputation of being a pleasant and cool retreat from Adelaide during the heat of
summer, and is a flne drive, with facilities for bathing on the beach. The population
numbers about 100 persons, chiefly small farmers.
FUA&A&TON {Co. Adelaide) is a small agricultural yillage, lying 1 mile
E.N.B. of the suburb of XJnley, and to the E. of Mitcham. The land is taken up by
the residences of persona haying business in Adelaide, or by small farmers and
gardeners.
GAXSmiSft LAKE {Flinders diatriet) is an immense salt lake lying to the K. of
the Crawler ranges, in a sandy, stony and densely scrubbed desert plain. This lake
forms the S.W. part- of what was formerly thought to be the great inland sea of the
continent, and lies at an elevation of 366 feet above the level of the ocean. Little or
nothing is known of its N. shores, which have never been explored, but its S. part was
travelled over by Warburton and Hack, in 1857, the latter of whom found, besides
much sterile country, large salt-bush plains, with grass and numerous springs of fresh
water, and a very large portion of thai part of its coast is now taken up for pastoral
purposes. It forms part of the N. boundary of Eyre's peninsula, and its extent, as
known, stretches from about 31** 20' to 32** 20' S. lat., and from about 134° 25' to
136° lO' E. long., measuring from N.W. to S.B. In the N. part are numerous large
isMnds covered, however, with saline incrustations, and glittering like snow, and near
the S. end are two similar islands. The whole of its shores for a considerable distance
fh>m the water are also covered with this white and glittering salt crust. On its E.
side are a number of salt lakes, probably connected with it in times of flood; some of
these are very large, and are known as lakes Younghusband, Hart, M'Farlane, and the
Island lake, and appear to stretch across, with intersections of scrubby and mosUfr
worthless land, to the W. shores of lake Torrens.
OAMlEOir HILL {N, district) is a peak in the main ranges, lying near Illina-
wurtina. There is a small creek, known as the Gammon creek, flowing past its base.
{Co, Chrey) is one of the S. hundreds of the county, containing a
considei^ible amount of sold land. The township of Gambler lies to the W. of this
hundred.
OAJUmat ISLES (Spencer*8gulf) lie nearly in the middle of the entrance to
Spencer's gulf, and are four in number, besides two peaked rocks lying near the south
side of the largest and southernmost, which is 3 miles long, and is in 35° 11' S. and 136°
29' E. This is called Wedge island, from its shape, the high cliffy end being to the
SwE,; and there are 20 or 30 fathoms in mid channel between it and cape Spencer. The
W. island is detached 6 miles W. from Wedge island, and is about the same distance
B.S.E. from the S.E. end of Thistle island. A reef lies to the N. of the N. island.
Mag. var. 5° E.
OAJKBnat, MOUNT, E. {Co. Orey) is a district council in the electoral district of
JKetoria. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr. James
Sacpherston, and. 4 councillors. The population numbers 1350 persons; the area is 100
square miles, or (S4,000 acres; land under cultivation, 9152 acres; and number of
direlling-houses, 244.
qAWmBR, MOUNT, W. {Co. Grey) is a district council in the electoral district
of Victoria: It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr. C. Fisher,
aad 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district council for 1865 were
a*' follow :— Assessment £19,000;— rates Is in the pound; rates coUected, J&861 4s. 3d.;
totil peoeipts^ £2212 IBs. 5d. ; office expenses and salaries, £291 5a lOd.; expended on
a
Digitized by LjOOQIC
89 The South Australian Gazetteer, [Gam — Gaw
pablic works, £1203 68. 8d.; the population numbers 2584 persons,- the area is 60 square .
miles, or 38,400 acres; land under cultivation, 10,005 acres; and number of dwelling-
houses, 446.
GABUIS&TOWN, 37° 50' S. lat., 140° 50^ E. long. {Co. Grey,) is a postal town-
ship ill the electoral district of Victoria, hundred of Gambler, and under the control of
the district councils of mount Gambler E. and W. It lies near the extinct volcano,
mount Gambler, the crater of which forms the celebrated Blue lake. The district is
agricultural and pastoral ; wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, &c., being grown, and sheep
and a few cattle depastured. There are 2 steam flour mills in the township. The
nearest townships are Penola, 36 miles N.; Allandale, 14 miles S.; and Port Macdon-
nell, 18 miles S. The communication is by the mail coach twice a week, and 3 traps
run from Gambiertown to Port Macdonnell, to meet the steamer from Adelaide and
Melbourne. The communication with Adelaide, overland, is by Rounseveirs coach,
826 niiles by mail route—the mall carries 2 passengers ; and by steamer, via Port
Macdonnell, once a fortnight. Gambiertown has a Destitute board branch, and a hospital
is about to be erected in the township. The hotels are— the South Australian (Long's,)
the Mount Gambler, the Globe, Mac's, and the Farmers' inn. In the township are a
post and money order office, a telegraph station, a local court, a public pound, and
branches of the National, English, Scottish and Australian Chartered, and Savings
banks, and the South Australian and Adelaide insurance companies ; also, an Oddfel-
lows' lodge, M.U., a Foresters' court, and a tent of Rechabltes. Gambiertown is an
aboriginal station. The resident magistrates are J. N. Wood, J. Umpherstone, J. C.
Lyon, J. A. C. Hunter, A. Hobbs, G. Glen, C. G. Doughty, andH. Cunningham, Esqs.,
and Dr. Wehl. The surrounding country is undulating and intersected by numerous
swamps and lagoons. Much of the land In the immediate neighbourhood is adapted for
agricultural purposes. It is thickly timbered, the general aspect being fertile and
pleasing, even seen at a distance. That portion lying to the S., between mounts Gam-
bier and Shanck, consists of beautiful meadow land, equal to any In England. The
population of the township is but limited, but the whole district Is well populated by a
body of Industrious farmers. The geological formation is fossillferous limestone, with
deep alluvial deposit, and numerous streams of volcanic lava and ash. Near the volc^ic
hills the soil becomes less rich, as is evidenced by the quantity of stringy bark [Euca-
lyptus fabrorum) and grass-tree {Xanthorrliea Australis,) and the ferns (principally
Pteris esculenta, Asplenium laxum, and A.Jlabelli/olium,) and underwood becomes thiclc
and intricate.
GANTBEAUBiE CAPE {Kangaroo island) is a projection on the S. coast of
Ihe island.
GASCOZGNS BAY (Flinders district) is a deep indentation on the W. coast of
Streaky bay, and lying between point Demole on the N. and point Collinson on the o.
OASKMORE {Co. Gawler) Is the name of a smairagrlcultural settlement in the
neighbourhood of Gawler. It is inhabited by a few farmers, who cultivate wheat ano
other produce.
GASSXNGTON (Co. ffindmarsk) is an agricultural wheat-growing settlement
in the district of mount Barker, inhabited by a few farmers.
GAWLK&, 34° 35' S. lat., 138 50' E. long. {Cos. Gawler and -4^f^«'^^») ," ?
postal township and municipality In the electoral district of Barossa, and "J°^^ ,^^
Nurlootpa, Mudla Wirra, and Barossa. The town of Gawler Is situated on the ^aj*^^
river, or rather between two branches thereof, which, meeting at the western bounaarj
of the park lands, form one river called the Gawler river. It Is 26 miles N. of Adeiaiae.
The town is situated on a flat or hollow near the foot of the Barossa ™f ""^*\*°1'
continuation of the Mount Lofty range, which lie about 10 miles S. and E. of ^'^^ ^°^ *
These ranges are generally considered to possess mineral deposits, lead, silver, "[^ PPm
and gold, but, as yet. these have not been found In quantities to V^Y \^^ ^^l^S^
working. No rivers or lakes of note exist near the town beside those mentionea a .
There are 2 mills of large power, both in the hands of Mr. W. Duffield, ^'^'* .
which large quantities of flour are exported to all parts of the ^^J^*"^"^. Australian
which have done as much as any other mills to raise the fame of South a .^
flour. The enormous quantity of wheat purchased at these mills constitute ine '^
feature of Gawler trade and give a market for the surrounding wheat crop . ^^^^
are four extensive agricultural Implement, factories and a foundry in .^ .^ rg^Jorles.
which more reaping machines have been turned out than from the Adelaide
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Gaw] The South Australian Gaxetteer. 83
These factories and mills give employment to a great number of men. The district in
the neighbourhood of Gawler is chiefly agricnltural, alihost exclusively wheat-growing.
The resident magistrates are J. A. Buchan, W. Duffield, P. F. Ferguson, W. H. Lewis,
J. Martin, G. M. D. {fott, J. Pile, R. J. Turner, and J. Warren, Esqs. The nearest
places to Gawler are Lyndoch, 10 miles K., beautifully situated at the foot of the
Barossa mountains; Tempters, 9 miles N. on the old North road, prettily situated in a
Talley about 3 miles W. of Freeling station; Virginia, about 10 miles W., near the sea
coast; and Smithfleld 6 miles S., on the Adelaide road; Willaston, Bertha, Gawler
South, and Gawler West, being adjoining townships may be considered as part of
Crawler generally; also Evanston and Bassettown near the railway station. The
communicHtion with these places is as follows :— Between Gawler and Smithfield, by
railway; Sandy creek, Lyndoch, and Tanunda. by daily mail carts; also a mail
conveyance to Williamstown and Mount Crawford, 3 times a-week, and to Willaston 3
times a-day. The telegraphic communication ramifies throughout this and all the
adjacent colony. With Adelaide, 26 miles S., the communication is by railway, 3
times a-day, and the same northward to Kapunda, distance 25 miles. Gawler has
branches of the South Australian, National, Adelaide, and Savings banks; also of the
Adelaide and South Australian assurance companies. It has 2 volunteer rifle com-
panies, a Masonic lodge (lodge Fidelity, 584 E.G.,) an Oddfellows* lodge, M.U., a
Foresters' court, and a Rechabites' tent. The Gawler institute takes a leading part in
the literature of the colony, and almost every religious denomination is represented and
has its place of worship. There is a police court and local courc, police station, pound,
telegraph office, post office with money order office in connection; also a printing office,
whence issues the Bunyip newspaper. The hotels are the Commercial, Globe, Old
Spot, Prince Albert, Gawler Arms, and Old Bushman, in Gawler proper; in the
adjoining townships, the Willaston, Mill inn. Terminus, and Criterion; at Templers,
the North Star, one of the best family hotels to be found in the colony, the Lord
Lyndoch, and the Smithfleld hotels, in these respective townships ; also, the Wheat
Sheaf inn on the Tanunda road, about 2 miles from Gawkr. The country on the S.
and £. side generally is hilly, as before mentioned; on the W. and N. generally flat
and woody, and well adapted for agricultural pursuits. Some of the best wines in the
colony are made on the Gawler river, at the vineyard of Mr. Duffield (Para Para) and
those of Dr. Schomburgh and Mr. Winckell (Buchsfeldt,) and others of smaller note.
The extensive forest of Mudla Wirra lies on the N. and W., but, being all sold by the
Government, is fast disappearing before the axe and tiie plough. The immediate
neighbourhood is of the carboniferous formation, afibrding abundance of limestone for
road making and building purposes.
The municipality of Gawler has an area of 487 acres and a population of 1694
persons. The amount of assessment for the year ending 1865 was £10, 334— the rate
being Is. in the pound; the rates collected were £480 15s. 6'J., the amount ot Government
grant-in-aid £460; the amount of private subscriptions £158 Os. 6d., and the Govern-
ment grant-in-aid £276 I9s. 7d; the amount raised from other sources was £163 Os. 7d.,
making a total amount of £1538 16s. 2d; the disbursements were £180 16s. for office
expenses and salaries, and £1,519 lOs. Id. expended on public works. Within this muni<«
dpality are the works of 6 agricultural implement makers, 3 brick yards, 6 coach
builders works, 1 brewery, 2 foundries, 1 pri^ng press, 3 saw mills, and 1 tannery;
also 199 tradesmen's shops.
GAWLER COUNTY lies in the S. part of the electoral district of Stanley, and
is bounded on the N. by the county Stanley, from which it is separated by the river
Wakefield ; on the S. by the county Adelaide, from which it is separated by the river
Gawler ; on the E. by the county Light, and on the W. by the N. part of the E. coast of
the gulf of St. Vincent. It is divided into the hundreds of Alma, Dalkey, In^mann,
Balakiava, Dublin, Grace, Mudla Wirra, and port Gawler, and is the smallest of the
South Australian counties. Its E. and S. portions are nearly all purchased land, and
its N. and W. part is mostly taken up for pastoral purposes. This county is watered
by the river Light, and by the N. tributaries of the Gawler, and the S. trilfutaries of
the Wakefield rivers. The county is generally flat, and contains the N. portion of the
great Gawler plains ; and the W. part consists of low swampy country, running N. and
S. along the coast. This county has an area of 979 square miles, or 626,560 acres, of
which 310,462 acres are purchased land ; the extent of land held by freeholders being
136,381 acres, the land enclosed 169,214 acres, land under cultivation 84,146 acres,
and laud enclosed, but not cultivated, 85,068 acres. The live stock numbers 3974
oa
Digitized by LjOOQIC
84 Ths South AustraUan Gazette. [Gaw— Gfeo
hones, 5341 horned cattle, 54,796 sheep, 898 goats, 8050 pigt, and 2S,87S head <tf
poaltry. Of the land under cnltiyation, 54^497 acres are under wheat, 815 acres
under barley, 38 acres under oats, 7951 acres under hay, 288 acres under green forage,
S tuves under peas, and 13 acres under other crops, 20,484 aerea^re fallow^ and 2 hctm
under potatoes. There are 20 acres of orchard, 53 aores of garden, and 53 acres of
Tineyard, the latter having 32,500 Tines in b^^ng, and 30,660 Tines not in bearing,
llie crops for the year ending 31st March, 1866, were 312,972 bushels wheat, 7108
btishels barley, 272 bushels oats, 4729 tons hay, 2 tons potatoes, 2508 gallons wine, and
65 cwt. grapes. The population numbers 6493 persons, being an increase of 2709 since
1861. The number of dwelling-houses is 1331 against 874 in that year.
aAWLEB. MOUNT {Co. Adelaide) is a surTey station and peak in the S. part
of the Gawler ranges, aud in the hundred of Para Wirra. It lies about 2} miles W.
of the township of Maidstone, and 4} miles N.W. of the chain of ponds.
Oik^WlXR MOUNT {Co. Itinden) is the name gtren to a peak of the liTerpod
ranges lying 15 miles to the N. of port lincoln, and to the W. of Louth bay.
GAWXiER FORT (Co, Gamier) is a S. hundred of the county, consisting prh»-
cipally of purchased land, much of which is under cultiTation by a body of industrious
small farmers. This hundred is watered by the Light and Ghiwler riTers, the latter
flowing along its S. side. The township of Crawler and the port of Gawler are both in
this hundred.
OAWLEB. PORT {Co, OawUr) is a district council in the electoral district of
Stanley. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr R. Warren
(of Two Weils) and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district ■
council for 1865 were as follow : — ^Assessment, £13, 218 J 3s. — rate, 6d. in the pound; rates
collected, £302 14s. 6d. ; total receipts, XI 302 8s. S^d. ; office expenses and salaries,
*X68 7s. 8d. ; expended on public works, i£ll33 Os. 7d. The population numbers 1370
persons ; the area is 149 Muare miles, or 95,360 acres ; land under cultiTation, 31,606
acres ; and number of dwelling-houses, 262. There is a public pound in this district.
OAWUai RANGE (Flinders district) is a range of rugged mountains, rising ia ^
Taat mass out of the low, scrubby countiy, lying in a line with the W. part of the
coast, and at a considerable distance from it. Their principal eleTation is about 2000
feet. The mountams are of granite, with only coarse Tegetation, and no water except
a few surface pools. From one of the summits. Eyre, the discoTerer, obtained a Tiew
oTer an interminable scrub, with salt lakes. The E. part of the range consists of reddish
quartzite and porphyritic gi^anite. It is a singularly high and barren range, stretching
in lofty, rugged outline as far as the eye can reach. This part of the country is
remarkable for its sterility. This range was discoTered by Eyre, during his joum^
from Streaky bay to the head of Spencer's gulf, in 1839, and was found by him to be of
granite, with coarse Tegetation, and no water, except in a few surface pools. From one
of the summits he obtained a Tiew oTer interminable scrub, with salt lakes. To the N.
of the range there is grass in patches, but little water, the rock changing to reddish
quartzite.
OAW1JB3A REACH (Co. Adelaide) is a pordon of the channel of Port Adelaide^
which see ,
0AW1XR RIVER {Co. Gawler and Adelaide) is a stream formed by the con-
fluence of the N. and S. Para riTers, which meet at the township of Gawler. From
that place the riTer flows in a tortuous course in a W.S.W. divection, for about 20
miles in a straight line, until it falls into the gulf of St Vincent, at Port Gawler. The
township of Milner is on its N. bank, about 2 miles from its mouth, and \t flows past
Virgin^ and Roseworthy. It runs generally about 5 months in the year.
GAWXiSA TOWN HILL (Co. Adelaide) is a peak and sunrey stetion in the
range to the S. of Gawler, and lying about 5 milies to tho S. of that town:
0£A&78 SWAMP (CcMucdonnett) is a swampy lagoon, which lies 5 mitei
IT.W. of Narracoorte, and receiTes the overflow of lake Ormerod in wet seasons, feom
this swamp the surplus water flows into Mma creek, and by it into the sea at Eingstdii'
O E mmXUVn hill «7o. Mindmarsh) is a peak in a range of low hills lying^
tbehundredofEondoparinga, and about 1^ miles &W. of StratbalbyB. a^smrroun*-
ing country is an agricultural one,
WSJjAKR {C& Ihbefis an Irreguhlrljrfomwd^ sheet' of frttttw^ter, wHh
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
m
Cb)0 — GIE.J . The Setoh AmtvaUm Gmetteer. 85
Teedy..ftD(i inuddj banks, lying t<f the S.ELof Bobe (Ooichen bay.) There are two or
three small fresh water creeks flowing into it, but no apparent outlet. . , '
OEO&GE (or WBKTA^WBXTAyfMVER {FUndcir^^ district) is a fine stresm itsing
in tbeN. part of the nudn range^ and flowing in a N.E. direction through the township
oflSlanchewater into lake Gregory. It is f<^ by seyeral small nnnam^ creeks, which
water tolerably, good pastoral country. These, as well as the main stream, subside in
dfy weather ioto chains of witteriiolesjf sometimes connected, bat usuaUy detaohdd.
OSO&CRE LAKE RUN {S:E. District) See Johnson's Coast Rtm.
OE&BULN FLAT, or Tjsa Tbeb Swamp (Co. Gfrey^) is the name given to a long tract
of swampy or marshy country lying at the back of the hill which form the E. boundary
of the S.E. coast lakes. This iwamp is 25 miles long and 3 miles broad. Here and
there places may be found "where it i^ passable, but, in general, it is an immense
quagmire, thickly orergrown with dense reeds. There is little doubt that it was
&rmeriy a lake, and received the drainage of the large flat to the E. of it. It has bdsa
remarked that this swamp grows drier every year, and the land consequently more
availkble, and it is confidently hoped that ere long the whole will be fit for cultiva-
tion. This may be due to a greater dryness in the seasons than those which formerly
prevoiled-^a fact to which all the older «ettlers bear testimony— or it may be due to an
ofkheaval of the land.
^ASRMAM FLAT RUN (JS,E. ditU^ot;) lease No. 186; occupier, J. Ellis-, area,
8 square miles'; grazing capacity, 1400 sheep, or 175 per square mile ; Goyder's valua-
tion,( deducting improvements, £50 per annum. This run is watered from swamps,
and lies .270 miles S<S.E. from Adelaide, 66 miles S.E. of Robe, and 30 miles N.W.
of port Macdonnell, where the wool is shipped.
OERMiklf PASS {Co, Light) is a pass or opening in the ranges Ijring to the
£. of Augaston, And on the main road from that place to Blanchetown.
n ASBMAN PORT (Spencer's gtdf) is a deep bight in the land in the N. part of
the E. coast of the gulf. There is a shipping port on the S. part of this bay, known
as port Peri, where wool -and produce from the pastoral district to the S. of Port
Augusta is shipped. A large sand-bank runs out firom the main land at this place,
dry at low water.
.OE&TT'B HILL, 28° 55' S: lat., 138** 50' E. long. (Flinders district,) is the name
of a solitary hill lying to the S. of lake Blanche.
GIBSON'S PENINSULA (Flindeis (it«^tW) is the name of a prominent headkad
mnning in a northerly direction ^om the mainland, and forming the S. head of Streaky
bay. A deep indentation on the E. side is known as Blancheport. Cape Bauer, the
S. head of Streaky bay, is the W. point of this peninsula.
^ZLBJEAT (jQo. Light) is a hundred lying in the N.W. part of the county, and
consisting of purchased land, the most of which is used for agricultural purposes. The
township of Riverton, on the main N. road, idd Clare, lies in this hundred. It is watered
j)y the upper part of the Gilbert river and its tributaries. There are 2 flour mills
in this hundred, working 4 pairs of stones, by an aggregate of 22 horse steam power.
OUASATOir, 84** 10' S. lat., 138"* 40' E. long. (Go. Light,) is a postal township
far tile electoral district ot Light,^ and hundred of Gilbert. It is situated on the river
Gilbert, and on the main rof^ irom Adelaide to Clare and Kooringa. The nearest
place»areRiverton (the next telegraph statioi^, 7 miles N; Rhynie, 7 miles S.; Navan,
3 miles N. ; and Stockport, 7 miles S . With Rhynie the communication is by Rounsevell's
daily mail coach, and with the other places by horse or private vehicle. With
Adelaide, 62 miles S., the communication is by RoonsevelFs daily mail coach to
Kapunda, and thence by rail. Gilberton has a post Office, a store, and one hotel —
the Bow and Arrow. The country to the E. is flat, to the W. it rises in gentle
slopes to hills lightly grassed and sparsely timbered, and to the N. is low, and
Udobirabiy adapted to the growth of wheat, which is largely cultivated in the district.
It is intended shortly to form a district oooncil in the neighbourhood, under the name
•t the district council of Gilbert. The population numbers about 100 persons.
cClt&BSftT RIVER. (Go, Light) is an important N. tributary of t*(ie Light river,
imrlng in a. S. direction through a tract of cultivated country, and past the townships
of Gilberton and Rtverton into the main stream in the hundred of Alma. The banks
#i Hit rives ar& taken up byia body of IndHttiioas settleni, who eoltivate^good oroips
Digitized by LjOOQIC
%% The SotUh Australian Gazetteer. [Gil — Glb
of wheat and other farm produce upon them. The water is for the most part hrackish,
bat catHe thrive well upon it.
GZX.BEB.T'S RUN {N.E. dittrict.y See M'Vittib's Run.
QILE8 (^^' -^i^^rt) is a hundred lyin; on the E. bank of the Murray rirer,
below Blancbetown. It is taken up for pastoral purposes.
OZX1E8' FLAT {Hindmarah) is the name of a tract of fiat asrricultural country
lying 2 miles to the E. of Finnis flat. It is inhabited by a scattered farming population.
OZLE8' HILL {Co, BindmarsK) is an elevation on the road from Strathalbyn to
Currency creek and lying about 5 miles S.E. of the former place.
OIXiULP, RUN (S,E, district;) lease 356a; occtpiers, Palmer, Murphy an^
Henty; area, 79 square miles; grazing capacity, 11,000 sheep, or 140 per square mile;
Goyder's valuation, deducting improvements, £345 Ss. per annum. This run is
watered from swamps, wells, and waterholes, and lies 230 miles S.S.E. from Adelaide,
and 35 miles E.S.E of Robe (Guichen bay, ) *where the wool is shipped. On this and
other leases taken up by the same occupiers under different dates, are 34,200 sheep,
250 head of cattle, and 40 horses.
OZXiLES LAKE, 32"" 45' S. lat., 136'' 50' E. long. {Flinders district) is a large
marshy salt lagoon, found by Hack in 1857, and lying to the S.W. of the Baxter
range. It lies in barren and densely scrubbed country, with little grass and scarcely
any water.
GILLXEB'S BXrS (N. district;) leases Nos. 119 and 120; occnpier, M. Gillies;
area, 34 square miles ; grazing capability, 9500 sheep; Goyder's valuation, deducting
improvements, i;'51 per annum. This run is watered by the Willochra creek, and lies
about 45 miles N. by ^. of Port Augusta, and 230 miles N.W. of Adelaide.
OZLLE8 PLAINS {Go. Adelaide) ia a tract of agricultural country lying to the
N. of Adelaide, and near the village of Walkerville. It is inhabited by farmers and
gardeners.
OLAB8T0NE MINE (N, district) is a copper mine lying about 20 miles N. of
Melro*e» and 32 miles distant Irom Port Augusta. It has been but little worked,
although the indications are favourable. The country consists of clay-slate and quartz,
several outcroppings of ore and copper stains being found in many places. Small
particles of galena and silver have also been found. This mine has not been worked
for some time.
GLANFXtiLD (Oo. Adelaide) is the name of a small village lying on Lefevre't
peninsula, on the W. side of the port Adelaide creek, and connected with port Adelaide
by a wooden bridge.
OLANVZXiXJB {Co, Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral district of port
Adelaide. It is under the control of a chairman, tlie present one being Mr. D. Brown,
of Lelevre's. peninsula, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district
council for 186,3 were as follow :— Assessment, i:i766 168. 6d.— rate. Is. in the pound ;
rates collected, £66 13s. 4d.; total rectiits, £366 13s. 4d.; (face expenses and salariei,
£30; expenses on public works. £366 13s. 4d. The population numbers 195 persons;
the area is 3 square miles, or 1920 acres; land under cultivation, 21 acres; and number
of dwelling.||ouse8, 44.
OLEESON'S MIDDLE RUN, (O). Stanley;) lease. No. 1 16 ; occupier, H. Ayers;
area, 67 square miles ; grazing capacity, 7000 sheep, or 122 per square mile ; Goyder*i
valuation, deducting improvements, valued at £637, £442 12s. per annum. This run
lies 25 miles N.E. of port Wakefield, and 90 miles N. of Adelaide. It is watered by 8
wells at the N. end of the run.
GLENBROOK (Co. Hindmarsh) is a small agricultural settlement, in the district
of Encounter Bay, and lying to the N. of Victor harbour. It is settled upon by a few
farmer , engaged chiefly in the cuLivation uf wheat.
GLENBU|tNy formerly known as the STOCKTAitDS {Co. Hindmarsh) is a postal
township, in the electoral district of Encounter bay, hundred of Yankulilla, and nnder
the control of the district council of Rapid bay. It is situated at the head of the Yoho
creek, the Stockyard creek flowing at a distance of half-a-mile, and the Sissiconing,
and BuUaparinga creeks flowing at a distance of 9 miles. The district is an agricultund
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Gle] The Sovih Australian Gazetteer. 87
piKoral, and mining one; wheat and other cerStls being grown, cattle and sheep grazed,
and a silver lead mine having been opened on Mr. Collins' property, althoug)) not jet
worked. Tne Wheal Coglin, Talisker, Campbeirs creek, and some other small mines,
are also in the neighbourhood^ and silver lead is being found all over the district The
nearest places are BuUaparinga, 3 miles N.E., and Silverton, about 4 miles distant, S.
The communication with the former place is by horse or dray, and with the latter by
car 4 times a-week. With Adelaide, 67 miles N., the communication is by Rounsevell'f
coach twice a-week. Glenbnrn has a post office. The nearest hotels are at Silverton
and Finnisft vale, each distant about 4 miles. The surrounding country is very moun-
tainous, with intervening plains, whose fertility is unsurpassed in any part of the
colony, the soil being admirably adapted to the growth of wheat and other grain. From
this cause; and also from the mineral resources of the surrounding district, Glenburn
promises to become a highly important township. The uncleared country i» covered
with thick scrub and some magnificent timber, and the whole district is well watered.
The geological formation is of clay.slate and limestone. The population of Glenburn
and its neighbourhood numbers about 400 persons.
OZiENCOE STATION (8. E District) is a station occupied by E. J. Leake. Esq.,
and lying near mount Burr. There is a post office at the Bush Inn, on this station,
known as the Mount Burr post office, which see. See also Molong Run.
GLENDO&E {Co. Stanley) is a small, agricultural village, lying 1 mile S.W. of
tlie township of Black Springs, on the road to Adelaide. It consists of a few scattered
houses and a store, and has a chapel, and a scattered population of about 70 persons.
GXiENEXiG is a municipality and postal township, in the electoral district of
W. Torrens, and hundred of Adelaide. It is iiituated on the Holdfast bay, on the
E. shore of St. Vincent^s gulf, and on the embouchure into that gulf of the Sturt river.
There is also a salt-water creek flowing through the township, the entrance to which
might, at a reasonable outlay, be converted into an excellent harbour. This creek or
rather arm of the sea is known as the Thames river. At this port is a green, fixed
light, which may be seen at a distance of 6 miles. Glenelg is the principal and favourite
watering-place of the colony, and, being within an easy distance (6^ miles) of the
capital, is very much frequented during the summer months by persons desirous of
enjoying the sea air and bathing. It is also rapidly growing in favour as a place of
permanent residence, by merchants and others having business in Adelaide, on account
of its great salubrity. Agriculture is carried on only to a very limited extent, and
pastoral pursuits not at all. The principal occupation followed by the working part of
the population is that of fishing. A large number of boats go out daily, when the
weather permits, and their produce is mostly sent to Adelaide for sale; but the absence
of a good fish-market there prevents the disposal of it at so great an advantage as
would otherwise be the case. The nearest places are — Brighton, a small township on
the coast, about 3 miles S.; Marion, a small village, about 3 miles S.E.; and Plympton,
a yery scattered village, about 3 miles N. With these places there is no regular
communication at present, the population not being sufficient to support it. A mail
coach runs from Adelaide to Glenelg and back twice every day. A line of telegraph is
always accessible, and 6 or 8 omnibuses each way, during the winter months, but •
considerably more during the summer. A tramway has for some years past been
contemplated, aii^ several attempts made to form a company for its construction ; no
steps have yet, however, been tak^n for the carrying out of the work, beyond making
surveys and plans. The distance from Adelaide to Glenelg is 6^ miles. There is a
mechanics' institute, and a good government school-house, with a residence for the
master. There are 4 places of religious worship— viz.. Episcopalian, Congregational is t,
Wesleyan, and Primitive Methodist — a post and money order office, telegraph-station.
Foresters' court, public pound, volunteer rifle corps, and a branch of the South Australian
insurance company. In Glenelg are the following hotels: — The Pier, the St. Leonard's,
the Berkshire, and the Liverpool. Mr. Rounsevell, mail contractor, is the proprietor
of most of the conveyances running to and from Glenelg. A spring-van runs to and
from Adelaide daily, for the carrying of heavier merchandise— Wright, proprietor.
Glenelg has for the last 9 or 10 years had the advantage of a municipal government.
It is divided into 3 wards— Glenelg ward, St. Leonard's ward, and new Glenelg ward-
its corporation consisting of a mayor and 6 councillors. In the immediate neighbourhood
the country is flat ; but there is a lofty and picturesque range of hills running from
S. to N.E., within a distance of 3 miles. The soil is sandy in some places, and swampy
in others, and lies over a formation of limestone and dolomite. The resident magis-
Digitized by VjOOQIC
88 The South Austrc^n ffm^fUeer. [Q^ns
mjtesAre H. 3..J. Strangways, J. Peacoek, A. Scott,*a»d*R.'B.<GdUej,=£iqt. ThAe
is an el^rant and substj^ntial iron jetty, extending about a quarter of >« niikiiito^lil»
flea» which if a very fashionable promenade during the summer months, having 'been
erected About 9 years ago, at a cost of nearly £30,000. The receipts and expenditure
of this municipality for 1865 were as follow :~ Assessment, '£9061-^Tate 1«. in the pound;,
rates collected, £474 9s. 5d.; total receipts from all sources, £905 13s. 9d.; Office
expenses and salaries, £125 I3s. 4d.; expended on public wotks, £797 17s. ^d. The
area of the municipality is 589 acres, the population nuti^ring IV4^ persons, 'a&
increase of 439 since 1861. The dwelHng-houses number 603, being ^an increase 'of'SS-
since that year. Within the municipality there are 97 shops, kept by tradesnien of
. 7«nou8 branches of business.
mUaUSLQ BIYJSB, (Co. Adelaide.) See CowA]!n>iLi.A Biybr.
SftElfO&OffQB {Co, Adelaide) is a ^mall agricultural t<yvens]up,* lying about a
ndle N.W.of Basbwood's gully post offioe, and on the main Adelaide axid ,Goo1imi
road. It forms part of the Dashwood's goUy postal district-^which see.
O-UBNE-lVllf (Go. Adelaide) is a vineyard, ^e propeit^r and retiflenee of
0. McEwin, Esq., J. P., situated near Houghton, about 14 miles from Adelaide^ ontho
main road to Qumeracka. It is on the W. spur of mount Lofty range, and about 1000
feet above the level of the sea. A gully runs through the enclosed grounds E. and W.,
and on its flat, and on the alopes of the hills rising from it, Mr. McEwin has planted
his vineyard and oroluurd. The Frontignac and black Hambro' are the principal
varieties, and fine pure wines are made from them.
QIJ9NOflllOm> (Co. Adelaide) isa small village, suburban to Adelaide, in the
eleetoral district of £. Torrens and hundred of Adelaide. It lies otT the main E. road
from Addaide to mount Torrens, 4 miles S.E. of Adelaide, the communication being by
Bounsevell's daily line ^of coaches. The district is an agricultural one, inhabited by
small farmers, gardeners, and vignerons ; there being also several suburban residenoea
of gentlemen having business in Adelaide in the surrounding locality. The country, ia
hilly, with fine fertile valleys and slopes, many of them in a high state of cultivation.
GUenosmond has a public pound, an Oddfellows' lodge (A.LO.F.), and 1 hotel— the Vine.
Tbe resident magistrates are T. Elder, J. Toung,> C. Smedley, T. Graves, and
C.Lindsay, Esqs. There is a silver lead mine in this village, on the property of Osmond
Qilles, Esq., who has leased it on royalty to an English company. It contains several
good lodes, and many hundred tons of ore have been raised. There is a fine vineyard
at Qlenoemond, theprop^tyof Mr. Osmond Gilles, growing Tokay, Riesling, Mourasti^,.
Gftrignan, Gouais, Verdeilho, Malbec,Shiraz, Grenache, and Mataro, the wines produced
being of excellent quality. A large cellar, and some good wine-making machinery
have been erected on the ground. There is also a vineyard called Birksgate, the
property and residence of A. Hardy, Esq., situated on the Glenosmond road, on thp^
slope of the first hill approached from Adelaide. The whole of the vineyard is on
rising ground, and is supplied with water from the Glenosmond creek. The soil is a
rich brown loam, on a subsoil of decomposed limestone and slate. The varieties or
fapes are t^e red and white Madeira (both used lor a white wine,) Gouais, Pedro
imenes, Verdeilho, Frontignac, and Palo-vino-blanco. There is a capital fruit
garden on the property. At the entrance tto the hills are the Glenosmond quarries, in
which blue alaty shales and hard greenish-grey fine grained sandstoSs are exposed,
having a dip W. 22**, S. about 10°. The beds are intersected by numerous N. and S.
and E. and W. nearly vertical parallel joints, and by veins containing galena. The
beds ure similar in lithological character and general structure to some of the Ludlow
rooks of tbe upper Silurian series of N. Wales. No traces of fossils have been found
in them. ,
QL&N PAKA (Co. Adelaide) is a vineyard, the property «nd residence of
D. Randall, Esq., J. P., situated in the neighbourhood of mount Crawford, about 3
miles from Pewsey vale, on the road to Gumeracka. The soil in this vinej^urd is li^t,
and the subsoil varies from clay to micaceous sandstone, mixed with gravel and iron*
stone. The vineyard is bounded on the W. by the Barossa range, which riielters it
from the prevailing W. winds. The chief varieties of grapes are Shiraz, Riesling, Cav^
bonet. and Pedro Ximenes. There is an excellent wine cellar, 2 storeya high, each stovey
being 12 feet high and 40 feet by 82 feet in the dear. The walls are of atone, with a
limeash and composition roof. The Glen Para wines have attaiaed greatoelebrity, bolh i»
the S. Australian and Victorian nmrketa. Mr. Randall has also another ?inS9«cd^oa ^
Digitized by VjOOQIC
6ifi~6ooJ Tk$ 8ou^ Auatraii&n Gazettur. 80
Hw S. Bbine, 10 miles due E. from Glen Pan, ibe 2 Tineyardt b«Ting mn aggfegste
k of aboat 80 acres.
HILL, 29r W S. lat, 137° ¥f £. long. {Flinders district,) is a low hill
lyil^ on tbe S. of Davenport's springs, and in tbe pastoral country to the S. of
lakeEjre.
mVOMQim WLJLE (FUmdirB ditkia) is the name of a reef of rooks lying half^
mile from the S.W. end of 8t. Peter^s isbmd, in NnyVs archipelago. The sea geoMaUy
*^ ' 1 orer this fee£
CM>AT ISLAND {Co. Hindmarth) is a small sandy island lying in tke lower
Ifanay, near Kankiiie's ferry and to the 8 J!, of the township of Clayton.
^OjB:T island (Flinders district) is a small granite Ishmd lying to the W. of
at. Piter's island in Noyt^s arch^ieU^^ and divided from that isUad by a channel
hi^f ■ wile in width, and impassable for reseels. Its N. and W. sboMS are bold a&d
niky, and its S. coast has sereral daagerous reefs ranniog from it.
.BOVnLBT ISLAND {Co. Bobe) is a small rocky island lying off cape Thomas»
in the N. part of Guicben bay.
QOBOD {Co. ffindmarsk) is a amall agricnltursl settlement in tbe district of
Encoonter bay, lying to the N. of Victor harboor, and inhabited by a few farmers.
"QOTUDIOK QROVE {Oo. ^ddaide) is a small agrienltnral village under the
control of tbe district council of Tea-tree gully. It lies 1 4 miles distant 8.W. fr«m
the Upper Little Para river, 4^ miles N.E. of Modbury, and 14 miles frt)m Adelaide.
^Fhe -surrounding country is undulating, consisting generally of bald hills, capable of
cultivation. The population numbers about 40 persons, nearly all engaged in agiteol*
tural pursuits. * '
GOODWOOD PARK {Co. AMaide) is a small residential suburb of Adelaide,
^jring I mile 9. of Unley, on the fiMrnhiU creek. It is 3 miles from Adelaide, with
irhich place there is communication by 'bus throughout the day.
QOOXiWA, SS"" 35' S. Ut., 139*' E. long. {Go. Bindmarsh,) is a postal township and
port in the electoral district of Encounter bay, hundred of Goolwa, and under the control
of the district council of Goolwa and port Elliott. It is situated on the W. bank of the
Murray river (about 7 miles from the Murray mouth,) which has been sucoessfuUy
navigated by the various steamers trading between the Goolwa, the upper Murray,
Mmnmbidgee, and Darling rivers, and is about to.be made more generally available by
the introduction of vessels specially built in Great Britain for the purpose, and under
tiie supervision of Captains J. Johnstone and King, who have been for some years
engaged in the river trade. The Finniss river flows into the Murray about 6 railes,«iid
the Currency creek about 3 miles, E.N.E. of the township. The district is partly agri-
cultural and partly pastoral, the farmers dividing their attention between wheat growing
and- sheep grasing, by which means the land is yearly improving in quality. There is
a.«team flour mill (Barker and Co.'s) in the township, 1 brewery, and 1 iron foundry,
the latter establishment being entitled to the credit of having constructed tbe first iitta
vessel (the Jof^f Miller) built in South Australia. It has all the appliances for doing
every kind of shipbuilding and engineering required on tbe rivers. The nearest placea
are — Middleton, 4^ miles N.W.,on the line of tramway to port Victor; Port Elliott,
^ miles W., and also on the tramway line ; and Currency creek, 4 miles N. The com-
munication with Currency creek is by Bounsevell's bi-weekly coach, and with the other
places by the tramway. With Adelaide, 55 miles N.W., the communication is daily
from Port Elliott, a bi-weekly via Strathalbyn by Bounsevell's mail coaches. Gk>olw«
h*s a post and money order office, a telegraph office, and 3 hotels— the Goolwa
(Yarcoe's,) Corio (Neville's,) and Australasian (Willcock's,) a local court, a volunteer
oavalry corps, an aboriginal station, and branches of the South Australian and Adelaide
banks, and the South Australian and Adelaide insurance companies. The. surroundiug
country for a distance of about 6 miles is flat, gradually forming to the N. W. into a range
of hills. The soil is black and sandy, and overlies a limestone formation. The pppu-
lotion numbers about 600 persons.
OOOXiWA DISTRICT COUNCIL (Co. ffindmarsh.) See Eluott Post.
CM>0&WA {Od.iMindmMfsh) is a S. hundred of the county, lyhig on the W. side
of Jlska iUAxaodiioa, and oa the eoast of Encounter bay. The townships of pott
Digitized by LjOOQIC
90 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Goo — Gba
Elliott and Goolwa, the latter the depdt of the Murray navigation, are in this hundred.
About half of its area is purchased land, mostly agricultural.
QOOLWA (or Lower Murray) RIVER {Co. ffindmarsh) is the name given to
the navigable channel leading from the sea mouth of the Murray to lake Alexandrina.
This channel turns sharply to the W. immediately after entering, running in a N.E,
direction for about 6 miles, when it forms a bend past the port ot Goolwa to the E. for
14 miles, and opens into the lake at point Sturt. The steamers trading up the Murray
come down the Goolwa river, as far as the townsliip of Goolwa, which is situated upon
its W. bank.
GOOSE ISLAND {Co. Hindmarsh) is a small sandy island in the lower Murray
river, near the township of Clayton. Rankine*s ferry crosses the stream at this place.
GORDON'S RUN {SE. district;) lease No. 167; occupier, Jas. Gordon; area, 10
square miles; grazing capacity, 2000 sheep, or 200 per square mile; Goyder's valuation,
deducting improvements £150. This run is watered by swamps, and lies on the
border of the colony, 220 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 95 miles K.N.E. of Guichen
bay. This run is worked from the head station, near Apsley (^Victoria,) the road from
Karracoorte to Apsley passing through it.
GORGE MINE (^Co ffindmarsh.) See Normanvillb.
ZT GOTTXiZEB'S well run (AT. district;) lease No, 26; occupier, Alexander
M'CuUoch; area, 93 square nriles; grazing capacity, 18,000 shieep, or 195 per square
mile; Goyder's valuation, £930 per annum, deducting improvements, valued at 4;'2977.
This run lies 35 miles N. of Kooringa, and 135 miles N. of Adelaide. It is watered by
wells and a few small springs, and lies 12 miles N. of Ulaloo creek, and to the E. of
Black rock. This run also comprises leases Nos. 30, 239, 372, 597, 229, 428, 331, and
524, which have a total area of 407 square miles, and graze 40,000 sheep, and 30 head
of cattle.
GOVZ»D» MOUNT, {Co. Adelaide) is the nAe of a lofty peak, th^ighest in the
Barossa range. It lies 14 miles to the E. of the tawnship of Eersbrook, and is
exceedingly rugged and thickly timbered. The Chain of Ponds creek and village lie
5 miles W., Maidstone 2 miles W., and Gumeracka 3 miles N.Wi
GOULD'S CREEK (Co. ^c^ZazVfe) is a tributary of the upper part of the little
Para river, rising in the Gawler ranges, and flowing W.
GOYDE& {Co. Stanley) is a S. hundred of the county containing a small quantity
of purchased land. The remainder of the hundred is taken up for pastoral purposes.
GOVERNMENT FARM (Co, Adelaide) is the country villa of the Governor of
the Colony, and is situated in a natural basin, nearly surrounded by hills, along the S.
side of which the Sturt river wends its way. It lies 4 miles beyond Mitcham, and 8
miles S. from Adelaide.
G&ACE {Go Gawler) is a central hundred of the county, containing about three-
fourths of its area of purchased land, much of it under cultivation. It is watered by
the Light river. There is a public pound in this hundred.
GRACE PLAINS {Co, Gawler) is the name given to a tract of good flat agri-
cultural and pfstoral land, lying in the hundreds of Grace and Dublin, on the N. side
of the river Light. It consists of lightly grassed plains, having occasional belts of
malice scrub, and patches of pine timber, useful for building purposes. The township
of Mallala lies on these plains, the country being sandy and having abundance of lime-
stone, which is used for building.
G&ABAM, MOUNT {Co, Robe,) is a volcanic hill lying about 10 miles N.N.W.
of Robetown.
GRAHAM SWAMP (Co. Robe) is a large morass of black mud, very boprgy, and
covered with reeds, lying at the foot of mount Graham, 45 miles frftm Guichen bay.
This trends away to'the N.W. until it forms a perfect channel about half-a-mile wide,
but containing little or no water. It continues for a long distance until it becomes a
stream, which flows into the Salt creek, and thence into the Coorong.
GRAND JUNCTION (Go, Adelaide) is a postal township in the electoral district
and hundred of W. Torrens, and under the control of the Yatala district council. It
Ifl situated on a flat called the Para plain, wliicb is bounded on the E. by gentle hills,
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Gra — Gre1 The South AmtraUan OazetUer, 91
aad on the W. by a salt swamp. The name is given to the place in consequence of 5
roads meeting there. The district is an agricultural one, and produces excellent cropa
of wheat and bay. The nearest places are Dry creek or Montagu, distant 2} miles N.E.,
the means of communication therewith, as with Adelaide 6 miles S., being by Bowden's
mail omnibuses along the great and lower N. roads. There are 2 hotels — the Grand
Junction and the Bird-in-hand. The surrounding country is flat, and the soil good. The
population numbers about 100 persons.
O&ANZTX: ISLAND {Co, Hindmarsh) is a small rocky island Ijdng in Encounter
bay, opposite the mouth of the Inman river. It lies about half-a-mile from the land,
and has a small rock, known as the Seal rock, about 14 miles to the S.£.
GRANITE MOUNT [Flinders district) is a peak of the Gawler range, lying a
short distance from mount Centre in a N. direction. There is a good rocky waterhole
under this hill, discovered by Hack, and known by the native name of Ponara.
G&AMZTE RANGE {Flinders district.) See Warburtom's Range.
G&ANTHAM ISLAND {Co. Flinders) is a small island lying off a projecting
point on the N. side of port Lincoln. The Investigator anchored here in 4 fathoms,
soft bottom. Fresh water may be obtAed on this point by digging pits about 100
yards behind the beach at the head of the port, and although discoloured by whitish
clay, through which it passes, it has no pernicious quality, nor is it ill-tasted. From
Captain Flinders' observations at this point, there appears to be only one high water
in the 24 hours.
O&EAT BEND (Co. Burra,) See North- West Bend.
GREAT BRADFORD MINE (Co, Hindmarsh,) is a copper mine, not^ow worked*
lying 4^ miles from Finniss flat. *
G&EEN BANK {Co. Hindmarsh) is a small agricultural settlement in the neigh-
bourhood of mount Barker. It has a small farming population engaged in the cultiva-
tion of wheat and vines.
OaEENXiY ISLES, 34° 40' S. lat.. 134° 47' E. long. {Co. Flinders,) is the name
given to two peaked rocky islets of abrupt granite formation, the peak of the larger
island being 636 feet in height, and visible about 30 miles in fine weather. They lie
to the S.E. of point Sir Isaac. •
GBEENLY LAKE {Flinders district) is a swampuhallow lake lying between the
coast of Coffin's bay, and the Greenly range of hills. It is surrounded by pastoral
country, and is to the N. W. of port Lincoln.
OBEENLY Mf)UNT, 34° 20' 15" S. lat. {Flinders district,) is a peak in a low
range ol hills lying a few miles from the coast, opposite the entrance to Coffin's bay,
for the navigation of which it forms a landmark. The surrounding country is taken
up for pastoral purposes. The district to the S.E. of this, hill is a scrubby limestone
table land, mostly covered with thick scrub, and lying from 600 to 1000 feet above sea
level. This hill attains an elevation of 1000 feet above the level of the sea.
GREENOCK {Co. Light) is a township in the hundred of Nuriootpa, and in'
the electoral district of Light, and is a polling place for the same district, situated on
the Greenock creek, 44 miles N.N.E. from Adelaide, on the main line of road between
Freeling and Blanchetown (river Murray,) and on the main line between Gawler and
Kapunda. A daily mail runs from Truro and Angaston, via Greenock, to Freeling, to
meet the first train to and from Adelaide ; and three times a week runs a conveyance
from Angaston via Nuriootpa and Greenock to Freeling, to meet the same train. The
nearest townships are Victorville E., Brunskill town S, and Boomawanda W., all
three townsliips are adjoining Greenock. The next nearest townships are, then,
Nuriootpa, 4 miles E., on the main road to Blanchetown, Angaston and Tanunda.
Kapunda, 9 miles Jf.,on the Adelaide and Kapunda railway; Daveyston, 4 miles S. W.,
on the main road to Freeling; Moppa hillb, 3 milts N.K ; and Seppelsfield, due S., 2 miles
from Greenock. Greenock is situate in a valley 600 feet above the level of the sea. It
has a post office and register office. The nearest telegraph office is at Victorville. The
population is 122 ; the number of dwellings, 37; and the area in acres, 85. It was
surveyed as a township in 1853. Victorville, in the same valley, with a population
of 89, dwellings 18. Brunskill town, the sanje, whh a population of 28; dwellings 4.
Boomawanda, on a hill, with a population of 5; dwelling, 1. The hotels are:— in
Digitized bvLjOOQlC
Od Ths 8mah AttHraHan GazeUar. [Obb
dreeaoek, Oreenock Anat ; io Viotonrine, Greenock Oreek taTern. Greenoek 4s
oeiorly tnrrotinded b^rtoMll hillt, iiioely timbered, and a'good'mimberofprettygstdeat,
whioh h«Te<aHrayf •• food iiKpretBionon trayellers, ooming partioolarty^from the^W.
iide. TbetorrovndiBg oowitry is allavial, wdl-grassed • and tiosbered, and 'well
itdapted ^ragrUmHinraL pnrsuils, wliit^ are extensir^lj fi>liowed in She neighbovrliodd.
Wlieatis frown heveto « great extent. Opper mining is- also •carried on in'thw
district, particularly to the S.W., 4 miles from- Greenock, where a^nine is opentd
named Wheal Nitsohke. All the ranges and neigiibourboodr' from WheabNitsoltke to
Kapanda mine, contain«a,good deal ef copper, and ina few years, no 4oubt, more mines
will be opened with soccess on the Jkbore^aimed ranges. There is a steam aiill
(Palmer's) in full work, at Victorvilla Greenock has 1 Wesleyan chfkpel and 1
school/ also one German chapel (Latheran) and school.
O-RXm PATCH RUN (TT. dittrict;) lease No. 99; ooeiq»ier, Jaaies SincUiii;
area, 29 square miles; grazing capacity, 2900 sheep, or 100 per square mile ; Goyder's
Taluation, deducting improvements, £1 18 per annum. It is watered from springs, and
lies ^ miles N;W. of port Lincoln, and 405 miles overland from Adelaide.
PLAINS (Co^Dcdy) is. a tr# of flat pastoral land lyi^ in the
bondred of Kulpara.
I (Ob. Adelaide,) a name sometimes applied to GrUnthal — whioh see*
WATERHOLES (Co, Light) is the name given to some deep water-
holes on the river Gilbert, and on the direct road from Gawler to Saddleworth.
'Q&EGO&Y ( Co, Frome) ts a hundred lying in the central part of the county, on
the main N.'road via Clare, and to, the N. of mount Remarkable. It contains some
purchased land, and a copper mine known as the Spring creek mine. The oountry
geaerally is ased for pastoral purposes.
O&SQO&T LAKE (Flinders dittriet N.) is a fine large sheet of water lying
about 25 miles N. of Blanchewater, and fed by the Tindllpa, Hamilton, George, and
Bomerous other creeks on its S. side. It stretches for a considerable distance irom £. to
W., (although in dry seasons very fnuch of it subsides into a reedy swamp. This lake
and lake Blanche or Blanchewater to the K., were formerly supposed by Babbage to be
one continuous sheet of salt water, and to form the E. arm of lake Torrens, but they
have been found to be quite s^>arate, and after heavy rains remain fresh for iully 7
months. They receive the wMe dniaage of the country.
OREGOaT's CROSSING, 29'' SO' S. hit., \4<f E, long. {FUnden district,) ig ttie
name given to a crossing over the bed oi lake Blanche, available#xcept in wet seasons,
when the country becomes a shallow swaipp. There is, however, a range of sand-hills
which runs across the bed of the lake, and Vhich is most probably always above water.
This crossing lies to the E. of Blanchewater, and to the N.E. of mount Hopeless. This
crossing was first discovered by Gregory, who crossed, and states that the passage
between the lakes was a level space about half-a-mile wide, and that it was sandy, .and
covered with salicomia, without any connecting channel or creek of any kind.
CrSfiOO&l^'S SPRINGS (N, dUtrict.)See Wblcomb SpRiims.
' COUNTY is the most soathem comty of the colony, and is sitoaied at Its
S.E. extremity, being bouivded on theW. and S. by the sea, on the N. by the county* Bohe,
and on the E. by the colony of Victoria. The N. boundary of the county is an imaginary
line rooningifrom cape Rabelais to the boundary of the colony in 37° ' 6. lat. The 8.
and E.. parts of the county are settled and taken up by a number of -agriculturists and
sheep-fiuners, the setlled district being divided into the fallowing • hundreds :-^N.
hundreds, Monbvila 'and Penola; central hundreds. Grey, Hindmarsh, and Yo«ng;-€.
hundreds, Benara, Bianche, Gambler, Eongorong, 'MaodctMiell, and Caroline. The
principal townships in this county are— Penola, Gambiertown, and MaodonneU iny,
the lauer beiag the pert of that part of the colony. There are no rivers in the county*
hut numerous small swanpy creeks, and several underground streams, connected witii
its volcanic formation. The W. ^ or ooast side of the county, is taken i^ by lai^ge swan^j
lagooas, the principal of whidi are known as lakes Bonney, Frone, George, aad St. Glidr.
The S. coast consists of ranges of ^shifting saodKhllis or4unes, and the centre is4ibBMt
entirely ef volcanic formation, the celebrated volcanic hills known as memts Gamhitr
asd Sdianck, with their singular lake craters (for a canoise description of whociiii^
. Digitized by LjOOQ IC
Gbs— Gm] The South AustraUim Gazetteer, 98
the Bev. J. £. T. Wood's *' Geological ObserTationt in Soatk Australia,'' p. 224,) and
the tmaller ones^ moants Burr, Muirhead, Leake, Graham^ and Macintyre being the
principal. Lgrlng«t the bates of these hills are vast swamps, and shiUlow lagoons^
witk sandy and Iknestone beds, and many of them encrusted with saline deposits. At
CKfe Nor^mberiand, the S.W. part of therounty, is a lighthouse, and along the CQA«t
are nomerons bays, the principal of which, after Macdonnell bay on the S., is RivoU
bayCn the W. This county is comprehended in the electoral district of Victoria, and
has an area of 2347 square miles^ or 1,502,080 acres, of which 306,446 aerea a«e
purchased land, there being 239,700 acres held by freeholders; 500,720 acres enclosed^
and 2i,420 acres under cultivation; the live stock nnmbers 5275 horses. 26,883 homed
cattle^ 556,029^ sheep, 135 goats, 2555 pigs, and 16,423 head of poultry; of the cultivated
land, 13,571 acres are under wheat, 145 acres under barley, 879 acres under oats, 2023
acres under hay, 3139 acres under green forage, 14 acres under peas, and 18 acres under
other crops; there are 717 acres of fallow land, and 587 aores under potatoes; 108 acres
are orchard, 212 acres are garden, and 7 acres are vineyard, the latter having 3429
vines in bearing, and 2427 vines not in bearing. The crops for the year ending March
3l8t^ 1866, were 245,483 bushels of wheat, 3071 bushels of barley, 18,292 bushels of
oats, 2975 tons of hay, 1184 tons of potatoes, 441 gallons of wine, and 88 cwt. of
grapes. The population numbers 6517 persons, being an increase of 3180 since 1861;
and the numb^ of dwellings is 1853, being an increase^f 835 since that year.
Q&ST {Co. Orey) is one of the central hundreds of the county. About half the
land in the hundred is sold. The township of Ealangadoo lies near the middle of
this hundred.
OmiNDAX ISLAND (Co. Flindtn) is a rocky island lying la the N; part of
Thorny passage, upwards of 2 miles from the mainland to the W., and 4 miles N. W.
£mm the N. point of Thistle island. It is three-quarters of a mile long. •
O&UNTHAL or Grebnthal (Co, Adelaide) is a postal township in the elec-
toral district and hundred of Onkaparinga, and under the control of the Onkaparinga
district council. It is situated on the Onkaparinga river, which passes through the
town, the village of Cox's creek lying 2 miles S.W. on the Adelaide road, and Bal-
hannah 3 miles N.E. ; communication with both places, as also wiAi Adelaide, 18 miles
"W., bemg had hj Rounsevell's daily mail coaches. The district is an agricultural one,
large quantities of wheat and hay being grown there. It also possesses numerous fruit
and vegetable gardens, and the cultivation of the vine is particularly and successfully
atten<j^ to. There is one hotel in the township, —the Stanley bridge. The surrounding
country is mountainous, the hills being rugged and containing much quartz, some of
yr^Ach are sKghtly aurifierous ; and, although there are no regular diggings, small qnim-
tities of gold have been obtained at various places on the Onkaparinga river. In the
deep gullies lying between the hills the soil is exceedingly rich, and in many places
highly cultivated, producing almost every kind of fruit and vegetable known in
the colony. The population numbers about 150 persons.
Q&UNBYy MOUNT {Flinders district^) is the highest peak in the Anderson
range of hills.
gray's CBEEK, 26° 30' S. lat., 139** 25' E. long. {Flinders distinct,) is a smaU
watercourse lying in a grassy oasis in the Stony desert of Siurt. This creek was
found by the Burke and Wills expedition, and named after Gray, one of the party. It
consists of a reach of water 1 mile long, 3 chains wide, and between 2 and 3 feet deep.
To the N. of this stream is another smaller watercourse, running between banks from
20 to 30 feet high, having permanent pools of water, slightly brackish. The country to the
N.W. consistsof sandy and stony plains, with high red sand-hills, covered with spinifex.
Tliere is much box scrub on the flat, but no grass. To the S. is good grass and
salt bush.
• BAY, 37** 9' 45" S. lat., 189° 44' 15" E. long. {Co. Robe) is a fine
bajiformed by cape Lannes, on its southern extreme, and Baudin's rocks and reefs^
If: by W; 4^ 'miles ttom thence at its northern extreme. From ci^ Lannes, a reef of
reokf-nm N.N;W. \\ miles ; from Baudin's rocks, another reef stretches 1 J .miles in a
&£; dfrectionr; Oape Lannes may be known by an obelisk on its extremity, 46 feet in
height, painted red and white in horizental stripes, which, being about 100 feet above
the ^e» level, is visible 12 mtfes from the deck of a moderate sized vessel in clear
lier. The «ottst to the southward is composed of sandy hMlocks, lightly timbered.
ker»«xtMid IUljr24nilfis off this part of tl» ooasi'; and, from tbehr treaeherovf
Digitized by LjOOQIC
94 The South Australian Gazetteer, [Gul — Gum
nature, and the heavy ocean swell setting directly on them, should be most carefully
EToided. Baudin's rocks form a group of islets situated from cape Lannes, N. by W.,
4) miles ; they are visible about 7 miles. The bay, inside the reefs, off cape Lannei
and the Baudin's rocks, is 3 miles deep, and lined by a clean sandy beach, the bottom
quite clear and of excellent holding ground, with gradual soundings from 5 fathoms in
Uie stream of the reefs to the shore, with the exception of a few rocky points, n^ the
township of Robe, which terminate a few fathoms from the beach. Frigates' modnngs
have been laid down in 4 fathoms, under the shelter of cape Lannes and its reef. Two
vessels of any tonnage can be accommodated, the water being rather deeper at the
eastern buoy. A convenient jetty, with a tramway from the road to the end, is now
completed, having, at its extremity, 6 feet at low water ; boats can load here in any
weather, by having a line fast to a grapnell outside, to steady them and haul off by.
The township of Robe lies at the head of this bay. The whole of the E. and N. sides
of Guichen bay are composed of low sand-hills, scarcely 30 feet above the water level,
but on the S. side a change takes place. The sand is replaced by rough craggy rocks,
which, though not rising very high, are bold and abrupt, sometimes presenting a
perpendicular face to the heavy surf which beats upon that coast. Amongst the rocks
on the SL side of this bay are several blowholes, caused by the wash of the waves
having bored caves into the rock, and then upward to the surface by a channel, through
which every wave which falls upon the shore sends up a column of spray into the air,
even on the calmest day.
GULF OF ST. VINCENT (Flinders district and Torhe's peninsuh^f See St.
Vincbnt's Gulp. ,
GUXiLETT^ MOUNT, RUN (Oo.Frome;) lease No. 110; occupier, J/H. Angas;
area, 45 square miles; grazing capability, 5000 sheep, or 111 per square mile; Goyder's
valuationpleducting improvements, £279. This run is watered by the heads of Spring,
Stony, Beautiful valley, Horrocks, Nectar, and mount Gollett creeks. It lies 20 miles
S.E. of Port Augusta, and 180 miles N. of Adelaide.
OUM CREEK (Co. Burra) is a small stream, subsiding into a chain of waterholes
in summer, and flowing into the Burra creek. It lies 7 miles S. W: of Kooringa.
OUME&ACXA* 34'' 50' S. lat., 138° 56' K long. (Co. Adelaide,) is a postal
township in the electoral district o\ the same name, and hundred and council district of
Talunga. It is situated on the Kenton and Smith creeks, which run N. and S., the
Torrens river being a quarter of a mile from the township, and running W, The
district is both agricultural and pastoral, wheat being grown in large quantities, and
sheep and cattle grazed to a considerable extent. The nearest places are Foreston, %\
miles distant, Curdley creek, 2 miles, and Kenton valley, half-a-rr.ile. The communi-
cation is by horse or dray, and with Adelaide, 24 miles W.S. W., by RounsevelPs mail
coach daily, or by Day's coach twice a week. Gumeracka has a post and money order
office, a telegraph office, a literary institute, a court-house, a police station, a Wesleyau
and a Baptist chapel, and a public school; also a local court, the resident magistrates
being W. B. Randall and H. Dawson, Esq8.,and a branch of the South Australian
insurance company. There are two hotels— the District and the Kenton Inns, a steam
flour mill (Randall's,) and a brewery (Moger's.) Gumeracka lies in an undulating
plain, surrounded by hills.
Gumeracka electoral district is bounded on the W. by the E. boundary of the
district of Yatala; #n the S. by the centre of the river Torrens between E. side of
preliminary section 508 and section 5521, hundred of Para Wirra, by Kangaroo creek
to the Striqgybark Trigonometrical station, by the range to mount Torrens, and by
the spur of the said mount Torrens to the main range, and by the N. boundaries of
hundreds of Kanmantoo, and Monarto ; and by the S. boundary of the hundred of
Finniss to the centre of the river Murray; on the E. by the river Murray from the
last-named point to the N.E. corner of the hundred of Ridley; on the N. by the N.
boundaries of the hundreds of Ridley and Angas; thence W. to Keyne's Hill Trigono-
metrical station; thence westerly by the N. boundary of the county of Sturt to
its N.W. angle; thence by a line in a S.W. direction to a point where the S.
Para river enters the N. boundary of section 669 in the Barossa special survey;
thence, following the course of the S. Para river generally, in a westerly direction, to
the point of commencement. It comprises the district councils of Uigberconibe,
mount Crawford (portion of,) Para Wirra, S. Rhine, Talunga (E. and W., portions of,)
Tea- tree gully (portion of,) Tungkillo, and the hundreds of Angas, Ridley, and Finniss.
It has an area of 867 square miles, or 554,880 acres, of which 38,529 acres are under
Digitized by LjOOQIC
^r7
Grb — Kal] The South Australian Oazetteer. 95
eoltiyation, against 32,816 acres in 1861. The population is 7662, of whom 1770 are
adult males. The voting places for this district are Gumerauka, Tea-tree gully, mount
Pleasant, and Maidstone. The representatives in the Legislative Assembly are the
hon. A. BIyth, and A. B. Murray, Esq. The number of registered electors for 1865
in this district was, for the Legislative Ck>ancil, 750, and for the Legislative Assembly.
1239.
O-REYt MOUNT {N. district,) is a peak in the Druids* range to the S. of the
Passmore rive^, and the N. of th§Kirwan mine.
' OUM ILAT RUN {W. District;) occupiers, Acraman, Main, Lindsay & Co.;
area, 127 square miles under lease; and 8 square miles under claim; grazing capability
14,000 sheep. This run lies near Mount Wedge, the nearest post office being Brumfleld.
The sheep are watered from wells.
OUM FLAT (or Mount Rat) RUN (Forjfce's peninsula;) lease No 18; occupiers,
Anstey and Giles; area, 167 square miles; grazing capability, 18,000 sheep; Goyder'g
valuation, deducting improvements, £1075. This run is watered from wells. It lies
12 miles W. of Oyster bay, 66 miles W.S. W. of port Adelaide by sea, and 160 miles
by road from Adelaide. This run also includes leases Nos. 1127, 708. 385, and 1126,
the respective areas of which are 13, 15, 10, and 18 miles, the entire block carrying
44,000 sheep, 350 head of cattle, and 330 horses.
HACKHAM (Co. Adelaide) is a postal township in the hundred and electoral
district ot Noarlunga; and under the control of the Noarlunga district council. The
district is an agricultural one, the principal product being wheat. Morphett vale lies
Ij miles N., Noarlunga 34^ miles S.W., and Castletun (port Noarlunw) 3 miles W.
With these places, and wfth Adelaide, 17i miles N., the communication is by Roun-
sevell's daily line of coaches. Hackham has a poiit office, a licensed school, with an
average attendance of 40 scholars, and one hotel— the Golden Pheasant. The sur-
rounding country is hilly. The population numbers about 2(i0 persons. The resident
magistrate is E. Castle, Esq., J. P.
HACK, MOUNT, 30** 50' S. lat., 138** 60' E. long., {Flinders district) is a peak and
survey point lying in the main range, about 4 miles S. of Angipena. This hill, and the
Cock's-comb I4II enclose a pound about half-a-mile wide by 10 miles in length,
extending in a W. direction to the Sliding Rock creek.
BACKNSY {Oo. Adelaide) is a small suburban township lying adjacent to
Norwood, and forming part of that township. See Nouwood.
HAHNDORFy 35° 3' S. lat., 138" 57' E. long. {Co, Adelaide,) is a postal
township in the electoral district and hundred of Onkaparinjfa, and under the control
of the district councils of Echunga and Onkaparinga. It is situated on the Hahndorf
creek, to the E. of the river Onkaparinga, and lies in an agricultural, wheat-producing,
and vine-growing district. There is a rich silver lead mine, discovered about 5 years
ago, but not now worked, although much ore has been raised from it. This mine lies
near the township, 14 miles S.E. by E. from Adelaide, and 4 miles from Echunga.
Hahndorf has a post and money order offiee, a telegraph office, 2 good schools, 3
churches, and several stores and tradesmen's workshops. There are 2 hotels — the
Grerman Arms and the Union, also a public pound and an Oddfellows' lodge (A.I.O.F.)
The nearest places are— mount Barker, 4 miles S.E., and Griinthal, 2 miles N. W. by N.,
the communication being by Rounseveirs daily mail coach. With Adelaide, 18 miles
N.W., the communication is along the main E. road, by Rounsevell's daily mail coach,
or by carrier's waggon. The surrounding country is hilly, many of the slopes and
valleys being under culture. The soil is good, and overlies sandstone, slate, and quartz.
The population— chiefly a German one— numbers about 450 persons. The geological
formation of the neighbourhood is post-pliocene tertiary drift, consisting of large
fragments of schist, sandstone, and quartz, but slightly waterworn.
BALF-WAY GULLY {Co, MacdonneU) is a singular limestone basin, lying to
the S. of Swede's flat. It is like an immense crater, with a break on the eastern side,
as if for the passage of lava. It is densely covered with brushwood, through which the
coralline limestone peeps from time to time. Standing on its edge, the depression of
the centre appears about half a-mile wide, and no other rock hut the coralline is
aay where visible. There is no sudden declivity from the side, which is covered with
scrub and sand. Probably the hill is over a thousand feet high; but it is joined to the
range, and, therefore, very little elevated above its neighbours. There are only two
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Hal— Ham] Th» South AtutraUan GazeUem; 96
tyofft to which it oooM be'csompared — a crater or an aocient atbll; and; as' th«re an
DO toup roeks witbia mites, it mighty thoagh pertiaps^n weak evidence, bO' supposed
to hare beea the- latter.
(Oq^ SfcnUey) isn S. lAindred of the county; containing a small quantity
of purchased laud. The remainder of the hundred is taken up for pastoral purposes.
BALUBT (Co, Btwra) is a hundred in the N. W. part of the county, containing
a large block of purchased land, probably a third of iUi area, the remainder* being taken
up for pastoral purposes. *
BAZiXi, MOUNT, 88° S' S. lat., 134° SO' E. long. {Flinders diBtrict,) is a hiU
lying in the pastond country to the N.W. of Venus bay and near Cape Badstock.
BALL, MOUNT (or Wbtera) RUN {W. dutriet;) leases Nos. 799, 802, 816, and
938; occupier, James Thompson; respective areas of leases, 21, 51, 12, and 12 square
miles. This run lies at Mount Hall, and near Venus bay, the next post office.
BALL, MOUNT, NORTH (or Yalabinoa) RUN ; lease No. 555; occi^ers,
A. SchMnke; area, 32 square miles; rent and assessment, £45 6s. 8d. This run lies to
the W, of mount Hall, and W. of mount Cooper, the nearest post office being Venus
bay.
BALL'S BAT (Flinders district) is a small indentation in the land lying ta die
N. of point Drummond. The coast is sandy^ and rises gradually to a woody range of
Mils about 3 miles from the shore.
BALL'S CREEK (Go. SindTnarsh) is a stream rising in the Bngie ranges <aad
flowing N. and S. It supplies water to the surrounding agriculture and pastoral
country.
BAflSBtrKG {Co, ffindmarlA) is a small village, with a population of about 60
persons, engaged in agricultural pursuits. It lies about 10 miles W. of the township
of Milang.
BAMILTON {Go. Adelaide) is a small suburban village lying on the river
Torrens, and on the main N.E. road, about 4 miles from Adelaide. Much of the land
is taken up as market gardens and vineyards, and considerable quantities of hay is
g^own in the neighbourhood. It lies over formations of limestone and ^olomite.
BAMILT01| 34'' 10" S. lat., ISS"" 53' E. long. ((7o. Xt^A^,) is a postal township
in the electoral district <d Burra, of which it is a polling place, and hundred of Waterloo.,
It is situated on the river Light, 60 miles N. of Adelaide, on the main road between'
Adelaide and Kooringa. The river light rises 26 miles N. of Hamilton, from
whence it strikes off in a S.E. direction, gradually sweeping round in the form of a
horseshoe to Eapunda, which is distant from Hamilton 10 miles S. West of Hamilton
a large range of hills run N. and S., dividing the valley of Light from the Gilbert. E.
another range runs parallel. From Hamilton down the Light S.E. the country is flat for
several miles, and is called ** Waterloo plains.*' The district is an agricultural one,
wheat being largely grown^ There is a large sheep station (F. H. Button's) 5 mUes E.
of Hamilton, and another smaller (T|ylor*s) Smiles S.W. of Hamilton. Several
of the farmers in the immediate neighbourhood also keep small flocks of sheep. There
is an old copper mine (Belvidere) about 6 miles N.W., situated at the N. end (k
Pete's Hill, the largest and highest in the range referred to above. The mine has
been closed for some years past^ The nearest places are Marrabel, 6 miles N., on the
iMu road to Kooringa, and Allandale, 7 miles S., on the main road to Kapunda. The
commumcation is by means of Rounsevell's mail conveyance, running daily between
Kapunda and Kooringa, a distance of 50 miles, and that with Adelaide, 60 mUes
S.W. by mail conveyance to Kapunda (10 miles,) thence by rail to Adelaide, 50 mileSr
The hotels are the Farmer's home (Mitchell's,) and the Hamilton (Watson's.) N. andE.
of Hamilton is flat, being the lev^ land on each side of the river Light. S. it is high,
undulating, and hilly. £. and N. hilly and undulating for 10 or 12 miles, coming to
the Murray scrub, which is generally flat. The population numbers about 200 persons.
Hamilton has 2 stores, and large com store, a blacksmith's and wheelwright's shop^
saddlers, butchers and bootmakers, carpenters' shops, a public pound, a registratiott
office, a post office and money order office, and a daify mail to and ttom Adelaide^
Kapumpi, Kooringa, Marrabel, and Allandale. There is also a public school-room^
Episcopalian church, Bible Christian chapel; and in connection with the sehool-roottv
a Young Men's Mutual Improvement society^ Hj J. Kelly, Baq,, J.P. is tk% resideirt
magistrate.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Ham — Han] Ths South Australian Gazetteer. 97
ttAmLTON CREEK {Flinders district) is a^mall creek flowing in good country,
with mulga scrub and grass, and lying near the head of the Neales river. Stuart, the
discoverer, describes the country as consisting of floe flats, as fertile as most of the sand-
stone plains to the S. At the upper end of the stream fine smooth-barked gam trees,
and splendid hakeas, 20 feet in height, with bark, like cork, are found.
Also, a creek rising in the N. part of the Flinders range, dnd flowing through
tc^rably good pastoral country, about 30 miles S.E. of Blanche water, in a N.E. direc-
tion past mount Hopeless, into the S.E. end of lake Gregory. It is joined near mount
Hopeless by the Macdonnell creek, and fed by several smaller and unnamed ones daring
its couj^e. It subsides into waterholes during summer.
H AMIIiTON, LAKE {Flinders district^) is a postal station situated on, and
taking its name from the salt lake of that name, and having numerous small salt lakes in
tiie neighbourhood, the chief of which are the Round lake, 8 miles N. W., and the Three
lakes, 18 miles N. W. The neighl|purhood is in the electoral district of Flinders, and is
purely pastoral, both sheep and cattle being depastured. The nearest places are Venus
bay, 65 miles N.W.; and port Lincoln, 75 miles S.E.; there being communication by
fortnightly mail cart; and with Adelaide, 293 miles E.,by mail cart to port Lincoln,
and thence by steamer. The nearest hotel is Syme*s, Venus bay. With the exception
of a range of hills running along the coast, the country is generally low and flat, and of
limestone formation, and fresh water can be had by digging a few feet in the sand. The
population of the lake Hamilton and neighbouring stations numbers about 120 persons.
KAMIXiTON, LAKE, RUN E. (TT. rfw«nc«;) leases, Nos. 1027, 1094 and 1078;
occupiers, Wilson and Featherstone; respective 'areas, 74, 12, and 23 square miles. This
run Ues to the E. of lake Hamilton, and is also known as the Kapindee N. run.
HABOXiTOK, LAKE, RUN (W. district;) leases. Nos. 134, 608 and 1018; occu-
pier, Price Maurice; respective areas, 71, 11, and 33 square miles. The head station
lease. No. 134, has a grazing capacity of 7800 sheep, or lia per square mile, And is
valued by Goyder at £93 88. per annum, deducting improvements valued at £1283.
On the entire block are 29,000 sheep and 250 horses. This run lies on the W. coast
of port Lincoln peninsula, the head-station being at the N.W. corner of lake Hamilton,
70 miles N.N.W. of port Lincoln township.
KABULTONy MOUNT {Flinders district,) is a prominent hill lying to the N. of
Margaret creek, and having some fine fresh water springs near it. One of these springs,
known as the Blanche cup, is a conical mound of limestone measuring 250 yards round
the base, and 60 at the top. It rises to a height of 40 feet out of a flat salt pan, the
cone being covered with a wreath of reeds 8 or 9 feet long. These conceal a circular
basin of water about 50 feet in diameter, and 10 or 12 feet deep, and from this the
overflowings of the spring runs out over the face of the rock in strong streams.
HAMILTON, MOUNT, RUN {N, district;) leases, Nos. 777, 966 and 1105; is a
cattle and sheep station lying near the mountain whence it takes its name, on the road
jBrom Nuccaleena to mount Margaret, the nearest post-office, which is 93 miles N.W.;
Nuccaleena, where is the next hotel, being 207 miles S. The occupiers are Young-
husband and Ferguson, and the respective areas of the leases 260, 300, and 227 miles.
HAMBCXUEtSBSZTH {Go Adelaide.) See Edwardstown.
HAMPDEN {Co. Hindmarsh) is an agricultural settlement in the neighbourhood
<3i mount Barker. It is inhabited by a few farmers, who are engaged in the culture of
wheat and other farm produce.
BAMFTON {Oo. Burro) is the name of a small mining village lying 1| miles
N.E. of Kooringa, and inhabited by copper miners and a few small farmers. There
ore about 30 miners' dwellings in the village, a Bible Christian chapel, and an excellent
stone quarry.
HANSON (Co. Stanley) is an E. hundred of the county, containing a small
quantity of purchased land. The remainder of the hundred is taken up for pastoral
purposes. There is a public pound in this hundred.
HANSONy LAKE {Flinders district,) is a salt lagoon lying in the scrubby sandy
plains between lakes Torrens and Gardiner. In flood time, it probably forms port
of lake Hart, which lies near it. •
HANSON'S (or Heed's) RANGE (Flinders district) is a range of not very lofty
hills, running from N.W. to S.E. about 40 miles. It was discovered by Stuart in
H
Digitized by LjOOQIC
98 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Hap — Har
March, 1860, and called by him Heed's range. The Neales river flows along the S.
foot of this range, and the Frew river along its N. foot, the two joining near mount
Harvey, its S,E. extremity. The highest peak in this range lies to the N.W., and
it known as mount O'Halloran. Sandstone and limestone, with deep sandy drift.
HAPPY VALLEY {Co, Adelaide) is an agricultural settlement lying near Dash-
wodd's gully, a good district road connecting the two places. It lies near the postsd
Tillage of O'Halloran hill. There is a public pound and a Foresters' court in this
place.
BA&DWZCKE BAT (Spencer's gulf) is a deep bight in the W. coast of
Yorkers peninsula, formed by the trending of that coast in a W. direction. This
opening was so called by Flinders after the earl of Hardwicke. He found it one of the
safest and best in the gulf, with abundance of wood and water on the shore.
HARPY, CAPE (Flinders district,) is the N. head of Harvey's bay, and lies
between points Bolingbroke on the S. and Burr on tile N.
HABJBBY ISLAND {Spencer's gulf.) See Sib J. Banks's Group.
HAHQ'S mount {Co. Adelaide) is a point in a W. spur of the main range,
lying about 6 miles S.W. of -Bull's creek.
HA&O'S MOUNT CREEK (Go. Hindmarsh) is a small tributary of Bull's
creek, falling into it about 6 miles from its source, and near the village of Bull's creek.
Both these creeks rise and flow in a S.E. direction, through good agricultural country,
taken up by a population of about 250 persons, most of whom are engaged in
farming pursuits.
HABJtZSTT RIVER (Kangaroo island) is a small stream flowing in a S. direc-
tion into Vivonne bay, on the S. side of the island.
HARRIS' 8 BLUFF (Flinders district) is an elevation in the mount Separation
ranges, and lies in worthless, densely scrubbed country, without grass or water.
HARRIS'S CROSSING, 32° 10' S. lat., 137° 40^ E. Jong. (Flinders district,) is
the name given to a crossing- place over the depressed stony plain forming the channel
f^om lake Torrens to the head of Spencer's gulf.
HARROGATE {Co. Sturt) is a postal township in the hundred of Eanroantoo,
electoral district of Onkaparinga, and under the control of the Nairne district council
It is situated on the river Bremer, the Bremer ranges being half-a-mile distant. The
surrounding district is an agricultural and pastoral one, the former interest being
chiefly represented by the culture of wheat, and the latter by the grazing of cattle.
The nearest places are mount Torrens, distant 8 miles; Woodside, 10 miles; and
Nairne, 12 miles. To these places there is no regular conveyance, the mail being
carried on horseback thrice a week, and with Adelaide 37 miles W.N.W. by Rounse-
veil's coaches from Nairne, or via Woodside, 32 miles. There is a post oflSce, a
public pound, a store, and a Bible Christian chapel in the township, which has a
population of about 60 persons. The surrounding country is elevated and broken.
HARRY, LAKE, 29"" 30^ S. lat.. Ids'" 20' E. long., is a sheet of salt water lying
to the £. of the Frome river. There is another similar lake, called lake Marion, lying
a few miles to the S.W.
HARRY SPRINGS {Flinders district) is the name of a spring of fresh water in
the Gawler range, discovered by Hack in 1867, and lying to the S. of lake Gairdner.
HARRY WESTON'S FLAT (Flinders district) is a tract of flat pastoral country
with occasional ranges, lying on the main road from Adelaide to Wentworth (New
South Wales.) near Overland corner. The stopping place for the coach from Adelaide
to Wentworth, and known as Mallyon's hotel, is on this flat.
HART, CAPE (Kangaroo island,) is a bold headland lying on the S.E. coast of
the island, 4 miles S.W. from cape Willoughby, and 3 miles E. i N. from False cape.
HART (Co. Stanley) is a central hundred of the county, containing a small
quantity of purchased land. The remainder of the hundred is taken up for pastoral
purposesi
HART, LAKE {FlindSs district.) is a large salt lake lying to the N.E. of lake
Gairdner, and probably forming part of it in time of flood. It is probable, that in
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Hak — Hat] The South Amiralian Gazetteer. ^ 99
times of heavy floods, this and others of the neighhonring lakes are united, forming
one vast inland sea> whilst in periods of drought they shrink into mere oozy swamps.
The losses recently sustained hy sheep-farmers who have planted stations there, show
how dangerous it is to depend upon them in dry seasons.
HA&ITS ISLAND (Flinders disirict) is a small rocky islet rising ahout 60 feet
above the level of the sea. It lies about 4j miles W. of Cannan's reef in Nayt's
archipelago.
HA&VST) MOUNT, 27° 45' S. lat., 135° 50' E. long. (Flinders district,) is the
E. extremity of the Hanson range, and is a lofty peak standing near the junction o
the Frew and Neales rivers. Sandstone and limestone, surrounded by sandy and stony
plains.
HAB.VZrT'8 BAY {Flinders district) is a deep indentation in the W. coast of
Spencer's gulf, lying to the N. of port Lincoln, and opposite the Sir Joseph Banks'
group of islands. The harbour known as Tumby bay, forms part of this indentation,
and Tumby island lies in its bight. To the back of this bay lies a tract of pastoral
countiy, and several mining claims have recently been taken up in the neighbourhood,
the principal being the Tumby, mount Liverpool, Flinders, and Copperer mines.
HAWBON' LAKE (Co Grey,) is a large morass or swampy lagoon, lying in a
gap in the Stone hut range. It is covered with long dense reeds, and at its W. end,
sea shells abound, whilst at its E. there are fresh water and sea shells intermixe'd. It
is situated near the coast, to the S.E. of Bobe, and about 6 miles from lake Eliza.
HAWBON' L AEE, RUN, E. (S.E. district;) leases Nos. 215a and 1072; occupier,
T. Magarey; area, 41 square miles; grazing capacity, 5110 sheep, or 150 per square
mile; Goyder's valuation, deducting improvements, £75 per annum. This run lies 215
miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 20 miles by road, E. by S. of Guichen bay (Robe.)
HAWBON, LAKE, RUN, W.{S.E. distrtct;)\ea.8e No. 215; occupier, E.Stockdale;
area 13 square miles; grazing capacity, 330 horses, or 25 per square mile; Goyder's
Taluation, deducting improvements, £82 4s. per annum. This run lies 7 miles E. of
Guichen bay (Robe,) the head station being in the hundred of Waterhouse. The E.
part of this run has lately been transferred to Mr. T. Magarey.
HAWKEB., MOUNT, 30'' 36' S. lat., 139° 10' E. long. (Flinders district,) is a peak
of the mount M*Bdnlay spur of the main range, lying about 15 miles N.B. of Angipena,
and near the N. head of the Big John river. Shale, slates, and calcareous rock.
HAWKER'S HILL (Co. Eyre) is an elevation lying in the rugged ranges to the
W. of Truro, and about 2 miles N. W. of that township.
HAWKER'S SPRING, 28° 30' S. lat., 136° E. long. (Flinders district,) is the
name of a fresh water spring lying near mount Margaret, in the pastoral country to
the N. of the Denison range.
HAWKES CREEK (^Flinders district E.) is a small watercourse leading from
the Murray river to lake Bonney, near Overland corner.
BAWKSNE8T (Co, Russdl) is a camping place on the main road from Wel-
lington to Border town, lying about 15 miles S.E. of the former place, and 3 miles S.E.
of Perkindoo or Twelve-Mile well.
BAT (Co. Eyre) is an E. hundred of the county, consisting almost exclusively of
pastoral land, although a small quantity has been purchased on the banks of the Murray
river.
HATFZSLDy MOUNT (Co. Hindmarsh,) is a peak and survey point in the Yan-
kalilla ranges, lying near the head of the Yankalilla river, and about 4 miles E. of
Yankalilla township.
HAT'S RANGE (Co. Hindmarsh) is the name formerly given to that portion of
the main or Flinders range lying between lake Ale^andrina on the S K., and the waters
of the gulf of St .Vincent on the W. It is now known as^the Yankalilla and Adelaide
ranges. Mounts Lofty and Barker are the highest points in this range.
BATW ASS'S BLUFF (Flinders district N,) is a fine bold massive range of
phills spurring from the main range in an E. direction, and rising majestically above the
Aroona station to a height of 600 or 700 feet above the plain. About 100 feet of the
summit consists ot bare granitic or indurated sandstone of a reddish brown colour;
below this are steep spurs covered with vegetation, and lower still a thick' forest of
fine timber, chiefly gum. There are numerous springs of fine water at its base.
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100 The 8o\Uh Australian Oazetteer. [Ha2 — Hnr
BAZEXiWOOB YINETARD {Co. Adelaide.) See Bbauhokt.
BEEirS RANGE {Flinders district) See Hansoh's Bamois.
BEMMOMS, mount (N. district^ is a peak and trigonometrical station in the
main range, lying on the S. bank of the Breakfast-time creek, and immediately to the
N. of Nuccaleena, the mines in that neighbourhood being situated on its S. slopes.
HENLET BEACH {Co. Adelaide) is the name of a small village lying on the E.
coast of the gulf of St. Vincent, 1 mile distant W. of Fulham.
HE&HZT RANGE, 29"" 35' S. lat„ 137° 26' E. long. {FUndert district N.;) so called
by Babbage from its isolated position* It is about 360 feet above the plain, and lies to
the S. of lake Eyre.
HEEOOTT'S SPRINGS, 29° 35' S. lat., 13^° 10' E. bng^ {Flinders district,) is
the name of a natural spring on a creek known by the same name, and a few miles S.
of mount Attraction. The creek rises in the B. slope of a hill known as the Dome, and
flows N.E. into the Frome river, near mount Attraction* Near these springs some
large fossil bones were discovered by Mr. Burt, which were afterwards pronounced by Pro*-
f essor Owen to belong to the Diptrodon Australis, a gigantic extinct marsupial animal*
BXOREB.C0KBE {Co. Adelaide) is an extensive vineyard, th« property and
residence of the hon. G. M. Waterhouse, and is situated on an elevated position,
overlooking Hope valley and the reservoir of the waterworks. It is a delightful ride
from Adelaide, and is a resort for pleasure seekers, as affording a delightful view of
the city and of a tract of flat land, dotted with patches of cultivation and farm home-
steads. It lies on the range dividing the head waters of the Torrens and Para rivers,
and has about 1100 acres of land fenced in, of which 100 acres are laid out as vineyards,
orchards, and gardens. The varieties of grapes planted are the Verdeilho, Riesling;
and the Stein, from which the celebrated white Highercombe wine is made, and the
Shiraz, Carbonet, and Madeira, which yield the red Highercombe. The wine is all
manufactured and bottled on the premises, the wine-house being immediately adjacent,
and having 3 casks capable of containing 4000 gallons. There is a flne orchard, growing
apples, oranges, pears, cherries, apricots, plums, walnuts, chestnuts, Alberts, and
barcelouas, and an apiary, to which great care is devoted.
KZOHEECOBKBE {Co, Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral district of
Gumeracka. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr.
J. G. CouUs, of Athelston, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this
district council for 1865 were as follow:— Assessment, £4320 16s.— rate. Is. in the
pound; rates collected, £211 Os. 6d.; total receipts, £685 9s.; office expenses and
salaries, £40 6s.; expended on public works, £508 5s. 7d. The population numbers
642 persons; the area is 14 square miles, or 8960 acres; land under cultivation, 1360
acres; and numbers of dwelling-houses, 148. ^
[■9 MOUNT {Flinders district,) is the S. peak of a low range of hills lying
along the W. side of Spencer's gulf, in Eyre's peninsula, at a few miles distance from
the coast, as commonly called the mount Olinthus ^range. Mount Hill attains an
elevation of 1500 feet above sea level, and is a prominent landmark from the gulf. The
surrounding country is very scrubby.
HZXiL RIVER RUN {Co. Stanley;) lease No. 132; occupier, the hon. H. Ayers;
area, 50 square miles; grazing capability, 15,000 sheep, or 300 per square mile; old
rental, £133 6s 8d; Gfoyder's valuation, £1400 per annum, excluding improvements,
valued at £475. The head station lies 3 miles E. of the Clare run, and 20 miles
N.N.E. of the township of Clare, on the Hill and Broughton riv^s, and the run is-irell
grassed, except a few patches of spinifex.
BXM>BSAESB {Co. Adelaide) is a postal township and railway station in the
electoral district of W. Torrens, hundred of Adelaide, and under the control of the
Hindraarsh district council It is situated on the river Torrens, in an agricultural
district, where wheat and hay are gi^own to a considerable extent. It may be considered
as suburban to Adelaide, lying 2 miles N. W. on the road and railway to port Adelai4e'^
The nearest places are Bowden and Brompton, two villages separated from Hindmarrti*
by the port road, and Carrondown and Croydon lying respectively to the N. and N.W.
The means of communication with Adelaide are by railway and by carriers' dray
along the port road, that road being, however, very much out of repair, and almost
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Hin] The South Australian Gazetteer. 101
knpassable in wet weather. Hindmarth has a post and money order office, a mechanics'
institote, a public pound, a volimteer rifle corps, and an Oddfellows' lodge, 4 brickyards
(Shearing^fi 2, Muggridge's, and Sutton's,) a steam flour mill (Magarey and Go's.,) a
brewery (Crawford's,) 2 tanneries (Dench's and Pascoe's,) and 2 fellmongering and
wool- washing establishments (Taylor's and Peacbck's.) The hotels are the Commer-
cial, Black Lion, Jolly Mill^, and Land of Promise. The surrounding country is flat,
and the soil strong and clayey, and well-adapted for agriculture and for the manufacture
of bricks. The population numbers about 3500 persons, including that of the
■eighbouring Tillages,
HIHDBMJtSB {Co. Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral districts of
W. Torrens and port Adelaide. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one
being Mr. Edward Beck, of the Re^beds, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expen-
diture of this district council for 1865 were as follow : — Assessment, £17,208 — rate.
Is. in the pound; rates collected, £869; total district, £2009 48.; office expenses and
salaries, £209 4s.; expended on public works, £1800. The population numbers 4123
persons. The area is 16 square miles, or 10,240 acres; land under cultivation, 4549
acres ; and number of dweUing-houses, 917.
B2H9BS4JBISB (Co. Qrey) is one of th* central hundreds of the county, and
contains about a-third of sold land.
BXHDMAmSB COUNTY Ues on the S. part of the E. coast of the gulf of St
Vincent, which bounds it on its W. side. It is bounded on the N. by the county
Adelaide, on the S. by the sea at Backstsdrs passage and Encounter bay, and on the E.
by the county Sturt and lake Alexandrina. It is divided into the hundreds of Strath-
albyn, Macclesfield, Kondoparinga, Bremer, Alexandrina, Goolwa, Nkangkita,
llyponga. Encounter bay, Yankalilla, and Waitpinga. A large tract of the central
and S. portions of thi^ county are unavailable, except as afibrding scanty pasturage
for sheep and cattle, from its mountainous and scrubby character, but more tlian YiaU
of it is purchased land, and of that about a third is under cultivation. The chief
towns are Rapid bay, Yankalilla, Strathalbyn, mount Barker, Macclesfield, port
Elliott, Victor harbour, Goolwa, Myponga, and Milang. This county also includes
the Hindmarsh island in the W. part of lake Alexandrina. The principal streams are
the Goolwa, or lower part of the Murray, Currency creek, and Finniss river, and
Bumerous small streams. The W. part of the county in the neighbourhood of Rapid
bay is rich in minerals, there being several silver lead mines in the neighbourhood.
The toraveller leaving Willunga by the mail route for the S. mounts at once a mighty
hill, whence he can look back upon a great space of St. Vincent's gulf, and quickly
passing fh>m well-timbered fenced land, enters the sandy scrub which forms the great
banier betweai Adelaide and the S. coast. For some 20 miles the road runf through
country as yet untried, and only remarkable for the variety and beauty of the delicate
wild flowers, which in this country seem especially to love such barren spots. The
view here is cot extensive, owing to the hills, rising here and there to considerable
height and tenanted only by a few cattle run wild. Nowhere is there any trace c^
cultivation, except where the wreck of some wooden farm buildings bear witness to an
attempt to utilise a small spot around a permanent waterhole. Here, we are told, a
siarket garden once existed, whence potatoes and other vegetables were sent even to
Adelaide, while as yet gardens on the hills were few — now nothing will pay its carriage.
Advancing coastward, a last hill brings the traveller to a commanding suminit, whence
a view of the great bay of the S. , called Encounter bay, is opened up. There is yet a
deep descent, and the timber is again large, and fences run on each side of the road.
The sea beach shows a line of shining sand, with (especially towards the Murray for
miles) the eternal surf rolling in, line upon line. The Murray and lakes are well-
defined to the eye in clear weather, and the low stretch of sand which dams in the Coorong
iades in the distance from the sight. Bold and sharp in outline, Rosetta head, a most
striking object on any coast, bounds the view on the right ; eastward from this lies
Granite island, sheltering Victor harbour, while a few rocks at some distance from
land alone break the surlace of the sea, level hence to the utmost horizon. The coast
of Encounter bay is specially striking from combining the picturesqueness of an iron-
bound coast with long sweeps of hard level sand. From the Blufi* to the Murray
mouth a horseman may travel with ease and comfort, except where the rocks, near
port Elliott, form three or four small inlets, where the sea breaks with great violence
even in the very calmest weather. There is also at Middleton, 2 miles E. from
port Elliott, a small cluster of rocks, near which abundance of fine though
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102 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Hin
•mallish shells of great yariety are fonnd ; at times there are most extensive banks
of beautiful kinds of seaweed, which disappear as suddenlj as they come. The
Inman and Hindmarsh rivers enter the sea a short distance W. and £. of port
Victor, respectively; both are bridged now, though, except in winter, thej are easily
fordable at their mouths. The seaboard of the Encounter bay district consists of a
more or less undulating plain, increasing in width from Rosetta head, where the hills
approach the coast, as it goes eastward. Not much of this plain is good land, most of
it, as the country round Groolwa, being sandy scrub. Water is scarce; at port Elliott
a 70 feet well touched but salt water, and the township is supplied by pipes carried
from Waterport, a small patch of black swampy land about half-a-mile from the coast.
Liman valley runs towards Yankalilla on the W., and in that part of it which may be
considered to belong geographically to the Encounter bay district, is either black
undrained alluvial soil, or barren sand. Hindmarsh valley contains some good patches
of arable and pasture land, but only patches, the rest being very poor. The great fire,
some years ago, ruined or crippled most of the early settlers. A. few miles up the
valley the river assumes the form of a rock-strewn stream, flowing between high hills,
dense with verdure, and, if traced to the limits of this glen, is found to fall in a thin
tiiread over a shelf or two of perpendicular rock into a natural basin of some size, the
water in which is in summer as clear A crystal. The gullies of the port Elliott hills
are farmed with as much success as the exhaustory system allows of, producing average
crops. At Southcote, 2 miles on the Adelaide road, the residence of B. E. Laurie, Esq.,
S.M., there is a vineyard of 8 acres, and an excellent orchard and orangery. The soil
being very dry, the wine produced is of superior quality, though less in quantity than
where the vine roots can touch water. Gums, wattle, and cherry, grow as elsewhere,
and neat* the sea the sheoak, which once covered the coast plain, wherever the soil was
not to poor to grow it. A shrub called the Groolwa currant produces a fruit which is
in season in September, and makes very good jam; as, howQver, the natives always
root up the 5 cshes to shake off the fruit, it will probably disappear soon. The mesem-
bryanthemum grows upon the granite rocks immediately over the sea. The hills are
composed of blueish gneiss and granite, while the plains have a crust of limestone
embedded in marl, under the thin covering of soil or sand from which it crops out
perpetually. This crust at port Elliott is some 3 feet thick, under which is the
common clay. The rocks which overhang the sea are granite. Kangaroos are plentiful
in the Waitpinga district W. of port Victor, at Currency creek and in the Einniss
scrub. Opossums are numerous and very destructive. The dasyure (misnamed the
wild cat) is common. The wild dog has been seen lately near Currency creek. Aquatic
birds are to be seen in hundreds of thousands upon the lakes near Groolwa ; swans,
geese, du^s, teal, native companions, cranes, &c. The sacred ibis, a beautiful white
bird witlnred skin, is occasionally seen. Cockatoos, parrots, &c., are common here as
elsewhere, and a large flock of magpies has colonised port Elliott as sparrows haunt
London streets. The shell parrot, so common north of Willunga, has never been seen
here. The whale once was found in numbers on this coast, but after keeping up a
thriving fishery for years, deserted its old haunts, and is now rarely caught. A whale
or two visits Encounter bay each season and tempts a motley crew to give chase, but
it is not often that a prize is made. Fish in general are very plentiful, and a good many
crayfish are found near Victor harbour. Fine specimens of the hippocampus are often
cast up on the Middleton beach. We have seen one a foot long, and very beautifully
marked. The climate of the S. is much more healthy than that of the Adelaide
plains, nay, men who have travelled esteem it the most favourable of any in Australia.
Hot winds are not so frequent as in Adelaide, nor do they last so long, and in. the stiU
days of summer the sea-breeze seldom fails to blow in the evening. Many people who
who have been unable to rear children elsewhere, have found their families most healthy
here, and there is every prospect of this becoming ultimately the chief refuge for the
delicate or convalescent. At Gk)olwa there is a land-breeze and sea-breeze daily in
summer, so that a boat can sail to the Murray mouth and back with a fair wind each
way. The area of this county is 1032 square miles, or 660,480 acres, of which 323,386
acres are purchased land, 194,172 acres are held by freeholders, 249,897 acres are
enclosed, and 72,333 acres are under cultivation, leaving 177,564 acres enclosed but
not cultivated. The live stock numbers 7421 horses, 14,687 homed cattle, 101,889
sheep, 317 goats, 8066 pigs, and 35. 167 head of po\2ltry. Of the land under cultivation
49,987 acres are under wheat, 1210 acres under barley, 523 acres under oats, 10,021
acres under hay, 1 105 acres under green forage, 215 acres under peas, and 367 acres
under other crops, 7 151 acres are fallow, and 478 acres under potatoes. There are 250
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Hut — Hol] The South Australian Gazetteer, 103
acres of orchards, 417 acres of gardens, and 609 acres of vineyards, the latter having
413,456 fines in bearing, and 263,832 vines not in bearing. The crops for the jear
ending March 3l8t, 1866, were 540,369 bushels wheat, 16,063 bushels barley, 5990
bushels oats, 10,012 tons hay, 910 tons potatoes, 60,845 gallons wine, and 1652 cwt.
grapes. The population numbers 13,980 persons, against 12,502 in 1861, being an
increase of 1478 persons. The number of dwelling-houses is 2705 against 2542 in that
year, being an increase of 163 houses.
HnrBMABBB ISLAND (Co. itindmarsh) is a large flat and swampy island,
lying in the S.W. corner ot lake Alexandrina, and separated from the main land by
the Goolwa or lower Murray river. The sea mouth of the Murray lies to the S.E. of
this island, and is connected with the lake by three passages, known as the Goolwa,
Holmes's creek, and the Boundary creek. Mundoo island lies to the S.E. of Hindmarsh
island*, being separated by Holmes's creek. On this island a brittle inflammable sub-
stance, resembling resin in appearance, was found some time ago by Mr. J. Ranki/^e in
considerable quantities. It burns slowly, with a clear flame, and gives out a bitumvnous
smell. This discovery points out that ere long petroleum wells may be worked in
that part of the colony.
HZNBlIik&SB RIVER {Co, Hindmarsh) is a stream rising in the hilly country
to the N. of Encounter bay, and flowing S.E. into the sea at Victor harbour.
KOSOSOirS HILL (Flinders district) is the name given to a peak in the main
or Flinders range, lying on the main N. road between Angipena and Yudanamutana,
and at the head of the Illinawurtina creek.
HOO BAT {Kangaroo island) is the name given to a postal statioD^ situated on
the N. coast of the E. peninsula of Kangaroo island. It lies 10 miles to the E. of the
American river, and is in a pastoral (cattle and sheep) country, 6 miles distant from the
Cuttlefish silver mines (prospecting,) and 70 miles by sea from Adelaide. The country
is hilly, and the soil consists of alternating patches of black alluvial, with outcropping
sandstone rocks, and barren yellow clay, interspersed with dwarf casuarina covered
swamps. The population is small and scattered.
KOO BAT {Kangaroo island) is a small boat harbour lying on the N.E. coast of
the ishind, 6^ miles N.W. of cape Coutts. The coast is bold, and trends W. i S. for 2
miles to Kangaroo head.
KOO BAY RIVER RUN (Kangaroo island;) lease No. 805; occupier, R. Tapl^;
area, 22 square miles; rental, j£ll per annum. The post town is Hog bay.
BOO BAY RUN (Kangaroo island;) leases, Nosl 542 and 1064; occupier,
W. Walker; total area, 11 miles; rental, £10 per annum. Next post town, Hog bay.
KOU>FAST BAY, or bo ad (Co, Adelaide,) is a bight in the E. coast of
St. Vincent's gulf, lying to the S. of the entrance to port Adelaide, and about 33 miles
N.N.E. from Cape Jervis. The anchorage is off the town of Glenelg, and about 1^ miles
from the shore, in 5 or 6 fathoms clay, with the light or flag-ttafl in one, with mount
Lofty bearing E. by N. S.W. gales cause a very heavy sea in this roadstead, but as
Ibe holding ground is good, ships may ride in perfect safety, if provided with good
anchors and cables. Coasters may approach the end of the jetty closely, but oare
should be taken to avoid a shoal patch or an oyster bank, lying about a mile to the
8. of the township. There is a green fixed light, 29 feet high, on the end of the jetty,
at Glenelg, in this bay, which may be seen at a distance of 6 miles. It lies in 34° 5^
S. lat., or about 12 miles S. by E. i E. of the port Adelaide lightship. The holding
ground ii clay of ^eat consistency, and as the water shoals very gradually, a vessel
must drag her anchor up hill for 2 miles before she can sustain damage. About the
middle of the bay lies an inlet or boat harbour, on which is built the township of
Glenelg.
HOXi&O WELENA {Flinders district) is the postal name of the centre of a large
pastoral district, lying in the electoral district of Flinders. The post-office is at the
Mattawarrumgalla station on the Siccus river, about 12 miles from its source. On the
W. side of the run is a very uneven range of hills, running N.E. and S.W., in which
zange the Siccus river rises. 6 miles to the £. of the station is the Wildaminga creek,
a large gum creek, nearly always dry. The district is solely a pastoral one, consisting
of a few sheep runs ; it has, however, suffered very severely from the late drought,
which has almost unstocked it. A copper mine was opened in the district some years
Digitized by LjOOQIC
104 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Hol — H3p
•go, bat the ore was not found to be of sufficiently good quality to pay for working.
The nearest townships are Black Jack, 45 miles W. ; Fort Augusta (the nearest port
and polling-place,) 95 miles S.W. ; and mount Remarkable (Melrose,) the nearest local
court, 90 miles S.W. bv 8. There are at present no means of communication with
these places except by horse or dray, the passenger conveyances having been taken off
tiie road in consequence of the drought, but it is anticipated they will be resumed
whenever the state of the country will permit/ With Adelaide, 270 miles S., the com-
munication is from Black Jack, by RounsevelPs mail carts. There is a post office at
HoUowelena, and also a depAt for supplying the aboriginal inhabitants with the neces-
faries of life during severe seasons. The surrounding district is, to the W. very rough
hilly spinifex country, and to the E. saltbush plains (at present dried up) with much
mafiee scrub. This part of the country has sulSered much from the influence of t^
late drought—one of the most severe ever known in the colony — all vegetable matter
fit for the sustenance of animal life having disappeared. It is, however, hoped that ere
this the heavy rains which have fallen in almost all other parts of the country will have
reached this district. The population is small and scattered, that at MattawarrumgaUa
consisting of 4 white persons and 4 aborigines.
BOLZiOWELENA RUN (N. district;) leases, Nos. 318, 342, 419, 439, and
537; occupier, J. Warwick ; total area, 189 square miles ; grazing capability, 12,000
sheep and 100 head of cattle. This run lies 5 miles N. of the Siccus river, the next
post-office being at Mattawarrumgalla, better known by the postal name of HoUowelena.
The shipping port is port Augusta, nlistant 100 miles, the communication being by
bullock teams.
BOUttSS' CREEK {Co. Hindmarsh) is the name of a channel of the lower
Murray, ruilhing between Hindmarsh island to the W. and Mundoo island to the E.
It is shallow, and much impeded with sand banks and patches of mangrove swamp.
BOZiROTS'S RUN (IT. diatHct ;) lease. No. 146 ; occupier, B. J. H. Holroyd ;
area, 14 square miles ; grazing capacity, 1650 sheep, or 118 per square mile ; Goyder's
valuation, £43 per annum, deducting improvements valued at £85. This run lies 13
miles W. by N. of port Lincoln, and 415 miles from Adelaide by overland road.
BOOKING {Flinders district N.) is the name of a small roadside township on
the Hookina creek, and on the road from Port Augusta to Blinman. It lies 24 milea
N.W. of the township of Kanyaka, and has 1 hotel — the Hookina inn—and a small
pastoral population. There Is a public pound at this place. *
BOOKZMA RUN {N, district) See Slbef's Run.
BOPE BANK, 32^ 30' S. lat., 139° \(/ E. long. (Flinders district,) is a detached hill
lying in the pastoral district of Eastern plains .
BOPE BANK STATION (N.E. district;) lease. No. 946; occupier, W. Cockrum;
area, 67 square miles; rent, £33 10s. per annum. This station lies to the N. of Nakara
hill, to the N. of Kooringa.
BOPE DOWNS {hinders district) is a tract of tolerably good pastoral country
lying on the N.W. side of Streaky bay. g
BOPE DOWNS RUN {W. district;) leases, Nos. 1109, 1111, and 1154; occupier,
H. A. Crawford; total area, 68 square miles. This run occupies 6 stations, and lies B.
and N.E. of Parla, and from 40 to 50 miles E. of Streaky bay. The grazing capacity
has not yet been properly tested.
BOPE LAKE, 28° 34' S. lat., 139° lO' E. long. {Flinders district^) is the name of
a fine sheet of fresh water about 26 miles in circumference, and haviri§ an aventge width
of about 3 miles, lying in a sparsely grassed flat, lightly timbered with "box? ^^^ situated
in the undulating sandy plains about 250 miles N. of Blinman, and between the Barcoo
river on the E. and lake Eyre on the W. It is fed by Cooper's creek, and has a depth
of 36 feet at the S.E. and 29 feet at the N.W. end in time of flood, and of about 1 1 feet at
the S.E. and 6 feet at the N.W. end in time of drought. The water remains fresh for over
2 years after flood, and then becomes brackish from the quantity of soda contained in
the bed and surrounding country. It contains an abundance of flsh, 4 kinds of which
are known to exist in its waters. The native name of lake Hope is Pando-Penunnie, or
big lake. To the N.W. of the lake and 14 miles distant Ues lake Papperdaar, or Apperdaar,
and at the mouth of Cooper's creek, where it debouches into lake Hope, is the lake
Hope station and post office. When the lake was first settled in 1862 the natives wer¥(
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Hop— Hob] The South Australian Gazetteer. 105
yery numerous upon its banks, as many as 600 or 700 haying been seen there, but lately
they have settled about 50 miles W., frequenting the lake, howeyer, for the fish in its
waters and the roots and seeds on its shores, upon which they subsist. The surrounding
country consist of sand>hills running nearly N. and S., with polygonum flats of about
400 yards in width lying between them. These sand-hills extend to the S.W. about
60 miles as far as lake Torrens, to the N.E. to Ckwper's creek, to the W. 60 miles to
flowitt's depot, and to the N. for an unknown distance. On some of them are found a
plant with a beautiful flower resembling the pink oxalis, and called by the natiyes
*< Parakilya." There are numerous small kangaroo mice, somewhat resembling jerboAs,
aboimding in the locality.
KOPE, LAKE, STATION (Flinders di8triet,)iB&<iSLme station and the post office
for the surrounding district, situated in the electoral district ofFlind^s, and on the
N.W. end of lake Hope, near the point where Cooper's creek flows into the lake. It
lies 250 miles N. of Blinman, the mall being carried on horseback to that place. With
Adelaide the communication is by horse to Blinman, and thence by BounseyelPs mail
coach. The nearest hotel is the Blinman. The surrounding country consists of rolling
sand-hills with intermediate grassy and cloyer coyered flats, lightly timbered with box
and i>olygonum scrub.
The lake Hope run lease. No. 1050, is occupied by the hon. T. Elder, and has an
area of 186 square miles, paying a rental of £93 per annum.
KOPEX.S88, M0UN'4|f29° W S. lat., 139° 45' E. long. (Flindere district,) is a
solitary hill, lying a few miles lo the S.E. of Blanche water. This hUl is peaked, and
to it Eyre steered his way in 1840, through 35 miles of arid country. The yiew from
its summit so sickened him of the surrounding country that he gaye it the ^ame it
bears^ and retraced his steps to mount Arden, where he had left most of his party. The
geological formation is slate and metamorphic schist
KOPE, MOUNT, 34° 10' S. lat, 136° 25' E. long. (Flinders district W^) is the name
g^yen to a prominent hill on a low range lying to the E. of Hall's bay, and to the N.E.
of the entrance to Coffin's bay, the peak forming a landmark to the nayigation of both.
It lies in pastor$J country, at the back of which is the yast waste of scrubby desert
known as Eyre's peninsula, consisting of sandy and limestone plains, with hardly any
gr&is, and destitute of permanent water.
HOPS'S PLAINS {Flinders district) is the name giyen to a yast tract of country
lying on the N.E. corner of the colony, and consisting of sandy, stony, and occasionally
grassy and saltbush plains. To the S. of these plains lie seyeral salt lagoons, and the
country to the W. is known as Sturf s stony desert
HOPE'S RUN {Oo, Victoria;) lease. No. 58; occupier, J. Hope; area, 95 square
miles; grazing capability, 19,500 sheep, or 205 per square mile; old rent and assessment,
j^l97 18s. 4d.; Mr. Goyder's yaluation, £1140, excluding improyements yalued at
£1760. This run lies 48 miles N. of port Wakefield, the shipping port, and on tUe
Broughton riyer and Rocky creek, 30 miles N.W. of Clare. It contains liell-grassed
land, with undulating, scrubby, and spinifex- coyered hills. There are 17 wells on the
run, and 3 small dams, and good roads to port Wakefield andClare.
HOPE VALLEY (Co, Adelaide) is a postal yillage in the electoral district and
hundred of Tatala, and under the control of the district council of Yatala. It is
situated on the Dry creek branch, about a mile distant from Anstey's hills. The
district is an agricultural one, the principal articles of produce being wheat, barley,
and oats. Hope yalley lies 9 miles N. of Adelaide, the next township being Highbury.
The communication is by horse and dray, or priyate conyeyance. Hope yall^ has a
post office, and one hotel— the Bremer. The country is hilly, with good agricultural
flats. The population numbers about 30 persons, mostly engaged in wood-cutting and
farming. •
H0PXZN8 ISLE (Co. Flinders.) See Thoknt Passagb.
HOXJtOCK'S MOUNT (C7o. Stanley) is a peak in the Wakefleld ranges, lying
about 3 miles 1^. of the township of Penwortham. *
KOailtOOK'S PASS (Co. Stanley) is an opening in the Horrock's range, on the
S. road from Stirling and Port Augusta. The formation is of thick-bedded sandstone
iMid siliceous freestone, with soft aluminous stone underlaying it. An attempt was
made some time ago to sink for coal at this place, but none of the strata examined by
Mr. Selwyn, the Victorian geologist, bore the slightest resemblance to carboniferous
lockfl.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
106 The 8ovih Au^alian Gazetteer. [Hob — Hum
B0B,8E8H0E (Co, Adelaide) is a name giren to the township of Noarlunga,
from the fact of its being situated on a bend of the Onkaparinga river, which bend
somewhat resembles a horseshoe. See Noablunoa^
KO&SESBOIi (Flinders district iV.) is the name formerly applied to the vast
tract of country lying to the N.E. of lake Torrens. It was so called because that lake
was at one time supposed to extend in a semicircular form, from the head of Spencer's
gulf to the S. end of lake Blanche, enclosing an immense sandy desert which receiyed
that name.
B0R8ESH0E CREEK {Flinders district) is the name given by Babbage to a
small tributary of Chambers' creek, having several saltwater holes in its course.
HO&SBABEj postal name Tothill's Crbek, {Co. Light,) is a postal township in
the electoral district of the Burra, and hundred of Waterloo. It is situated on Tothill's
creek, and near the foot of the Tothiirs range of hills. The district is an agricultural
one, wheat being the principal article of produce. The nearest places are Marrabel, 5
miles S.W., on the main line of road to Adelaide; Apoinga, 10 miles N.; andSteelton,
5 miles N.W. The communication with Marrabel an^il Apoinga is by Rounsevell's daily
mail coach, and with Steelton by horse or dray only. With Adelaide, 68 miles S.W.
the communication is by BounsevelPs daily mail coach to Eapunda, and thence by
rail. Horsham has a post office, a school, and a Primitive Methodist chapel; also one
hotel — the Boyal Oak. Whyte park, the English and jflkstralian patent copper com-
pany's central station, lies in the neighbourhood, whence coals are conveyed by horse-
waggons to the Burra mines, and the Burra copper to Eapunda. The surrounding
country is undulating and lightly grassed and timb.ered, and is well adapted for agri-
cultural pursuits, which are extensively carried on in the neighbourhood. The district,
embracing a radius of about 8 miles, is generally known as Tothill's creek. The
population of Horsham numbers about 80 persons.
BOUGHTON (Co, Adelaide) is a postal village in the electoral district and hun-
dred of Gumeracka, and under the control of the Highercombe district council. It is
an agricultural (wheat growing) district, and lies 4 miles S. of Millbrook, and 2 miles E.
of Steventon; the communication, as with Adelaide, 18 miles S. W., being by Bounsevell's
line of daily mail coaches. There is an hotel in the village (the Travellers' Best), a Fores-
ters' court, and a public pound. There are 2 small vineyards near this village (Reed's and
Needham's), the vines being very productive. The surrounding country is mountainous,
and freestone abounds. The population numbers about 200 persons. The geological
formation is of siliceous and metamorphic rock, granite and greenstone dykes inter-
secting micaceous, euritic, and gneissose rocks, with hard white and brown quartzose
rocks, the whole having an E. dip of from 50° to 60°.
Pli BUCT'S CREEK (Co, Hindmarsh) is a small stream flowing past the township of
Sandergrove.
BUGB CREEK {Flinders district) is a small N. tributary of the Neales river,
flowing from the N.W. through a sandy plain with sand-hills. It was discovered by
Stuart in 1859.
^BUBEBUO SCRUB (Co. Adelaide) is the name given to a tract of land bearin?
strong indications of copper and other minerals, and lying 2 miles N.W. of the town-
ship of Kersbrook.
BUHKOCK hill, 33° 2' S. lat., 137° 25' E. long. (Flinders district,) is the
name given to a rugged peak standing on the W. side of Spencer's gulf, near point
Lowly. It is situated in pastoral country, and forms a landmark both for vessels in
the gulf and for the surrounding country.
BUBEM0CK8 RUN (Co. Stanley;) lease, J^io, 124; occupier, J. Ellis; area 251
square miles; grazing capacity, 51,500 sheep; old rental and assessment, j£491 lOs.;
Gfoyder's valuation, j£4055j)er annum, deducting improvements valued at £4843. This
run consists of salt lakes and lagoons, dense scrub, with mallee, pine and bushes,
grassy plains and saltbush, well grassed spurs' and hills, with oaks and wattle
on the Broughton river. It lies about 28 miles N. of port Wakefield, and 90 miles N:
of Adelaide. The stations lying round this run, and worked with it, are the Barunga,
Bunnabunga and Wokurna, comprising leases Nos. 396, 421, 467, and 492; the
respective areas being 37^, 56, 12, and 23} square miles.
BUMPB&ET'S SPRINGS {Co, QawUr) is the name of a post office in the
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Hun — ^Inv] The South Australian Gazetteer. 107
hnndred of Alma, established for the conTenience of the surrounding agricultural
population. It lies 68 roiles N. of Adelaide.
BUNTSa, MOUNT, 27° 25' S. lat., 136° 45' E. long. {Flinders district N.,) is a
flat-topped hill lying in a sandy pialn, with low ranges of sand-hills on the N. side of
the Frew river, and to the W. of lake Eyre. It was seen and named by Stuart, during
his exploration in March, 1860, from his camp on Neales river.
KUaO> MOUNT, {Flinders district.) See Uro Mount.
HU&TXiXi YALE (Co, Hindmarsh) is the name given to an alluvial flat running
down to a tea-tree scrub swamp, and lying near the township of Beynella. Much of
this flat is taken up for cultivation purposes.
-_ HUT HOTEL (Go. Burra) is a roadside hotel on the main road flrom Eooringa to
;Kapunda, and lying 2 miles from Stony gap.
BUT RIVER {Oo. Stanley) is a fine stream rising near Seven-hill, and flowing
about 20 miles in a ge^ral N. direction past the township of Clare, and through good
pastoral country into tne Broughton river, on its S. side.
BYNAII RUN {S.E. district;) lease, No. 166; occupier, Mr. A. Smith; area,
63 square miles; grazing capaciiy, 16,000 sheep, or 235 per square mile; Goyder's
valuation, £872 per annum, deducting improvements valued at £1890. This run lies
220 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 85 miles E.N.E. of Robe (Guichen bay,) where the
wool is shipped. On this run, and on the purchased land round the head station, are
20,000 sheep, 170 head of cattle, and 30 horses.
IIiX.JLPIirXPA STATION (A^. (fi^ertW) is a portion of the MifccheliU run, held
unier a separate lease by J. Williams. See Mitchelili Run.
ILLUSION PLAINS {Flinders district) is the name given to a large tract of
flat country lying on the Frome river, and to the S. E. of lake Eyre. It was explored
by Parry id 1858, and was found to consist of poor country, with larg^ patches of
pebbles imbedded in sand, but at times these were replaced by clay plains, rent and
flssured if dry, and boggy if retaining moisture.
Ilf OLEWOOD ((79. Adelaide) is a small village on the Para river, lying 3|
miles from Steventon. It has a scattered agricultural population, and 1 hotel— the
Inglewood .
HTKfiRUCflklT {Go. Oawler) is a N.W. hundred of the county, containing a
small quantity of purchased land on its N. side, the S. bank of the Wakefield river.
The area of this hundred, including those of the hundreds of Balaklava and Dalkey,
is 204,800 acres, the cultivated land being 1423 acres. The population numbers 253
persons.
INMAN RIVER {Go. Hindmarsh) is a stream rising in the Yankalilla range, and
flowing in an E. direction through Inman valley, into the sea at Encounter bay, to the
S. W. of Victor harbour.
INBIKAlN V alley {Co, Hindmarsh) is the name given to a tract of good
agricultural land lying to the N. of Victor harbour, near Bald hill, and inhabited by a
number of small farmers^ chiefly engaged in the cultivation of wheat. The Inman
river flows through the valley.
INMAN V^LEY (Go, Hindmarsh) is a postal village in the electoral district
and hundred of Encounter bay, and under the control of the Encounter bay and
Yankalilla district councils. The upper part of Inman valley is situated on the Nixon
river, and the lower on the Inman river. The district is an agricultural one, wheat
and oats, chiefly the former, being cultivated. The nearest places are Encounter bay,
12 miles E.; Yankalilla, 8 miles W.; and Myponga, 10 miles N.; there being no public
means of conveyance to those places. With Adelaide, 5# miles N.N.W., the communi-
cation is from Yankalilla by Rounsevell's coach, and the* nearest hotel is at Yankalilla.
Inman valley has a post office, a Congregational chapel, and a common school. The
resident magistrate is F. A. Lindsay, Esq., J. P. The surrounding country is elevated,
and nearly surrounded by a chain of high hills. The population numbers about
360 persons? For a description of the neighbouring country, see Hindm^Ilsh County.
XNTE&B&ACHIE (Oo. Adelaide) is a small village lying on the S.W. of the
pleasant suburb of Woodside. It has a Scotch kirk and a manse, the residence of the
pastor, the Rev. J. M^jPean. The population is scattered, and is chiefly engaged in
agricultural and gardening pursuits. There is a public pound in the village.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
108 The South Australian Ohx^teer, [Iny — J4.C
HfVBSTZGATOB, GROUP {Flinders district) is the name givea to a group of
islands lying off the S.E. head of Anxious bay, on the W. part of the coast. It was so
called by Flinders, from the Investigator having anchored to the N. of it in 180j2. It
comprises Flinders island. Topgallant isles (3,) Ward islands (2,) Pearson islands (6,)
and Waldegrave islands (2.)
ZmrSSTZG ATOa strait {minders district;) formed by Kangaroo island with
the southern part of Yorkers peninsula, is upwards of 17 leagues in length, and averages
about 23 miles in breadth, with the exception of Althorpe isles, and a shoal flat that
extends 4 or 5 miles off a very low point to the westward of Troubridge hill. This strait
is free from dangers, and of an ample depth of water. "From 45 fathoms in the middle
of the western entrance, the depth diminishes quickly to 25, then more slowly to 20 ;
after which it is irregular between 12 and 20 fathoms, as far as the mouth of the gull
ot St. Vincent. Of the two sides, that of Kangaroo island is^uuch the deepest, but
th^e is no danger in any part to prevent a ship passing through the straits with perfect
oonfldence. The bottom is mostly broken shells, mixed with sai^^ gravel, or coral, and
appears to hold well." Since Capt. Flinders wrote thus, the safe navigation of the
straits has been much facilitated, by the establishment of lights on cape Borda and on
Troubridge shoals. Between cape Borda on the N . W. .extreme of Kangaroo island, and
point Marsden on the N.E., the land presents no remarkable features, and the chart
will afford a much better knowledge of it than any written description. There appears
to be from 15 to 19 fathoma water within a moderate distance from the shore, A reef
extends about a mile to the northward of cape D'Fstaing, the neighbourhood of whidti
should be avoided, as the soundings near it give no warning. Near capes Cassini and
Button, the chart also shows rocks extending but a short distance from the shore. With
these exceptions, the north side of Kangaroo island* appears to be free from danger.
This strait is so called after the ship in which Flinders performed his voyage of dis-
covery on the S. coast,
ZB.ISHTOWlf {Co, Adelaide) is a small residential village, suburban to North
Adelaide, and lying on the E. slope of the hill on which that township is built. It
consists chiefly of the dwellings of labouring men and their families. The Torrens
river flows to the S. of the village, and is crossed to the S.E. by the Company's bridge,
near a flour mill (Stevens's) known as the Company's mill.
ZaOll PEAK RUN iN,E. district;) leases Nos. 673 and 676; occupiers, J. T. and
R. Browne ; areas, 60 square miles and 98 square miles respectively ; total rent,
£79 per annum. This run lies round a hill called by the same name in the E. plains,
the next post town being Kooringa, to the S.W.
ISLAND LAKE (Flinders district) is a large salt lake, lying to the E. oi lake
Gairdner, and probably connected with that lake in flood time. Mr. Babbage com-
puted the area of this sheet of water at 480 square miles, and it is probable that in
times of heavy floods this and others of the neighbouring lakes are united, forming one
vast inland sea, whilst in periods of drought they shrink into mere oozy swamps.
The losses recently sustained by sheep-farmers who have planted stations there show
bow dangerous it is to depend upon them in dry seasons. The N. part of this lake is
called Red lake, and the S. part lake McFarlane.
ISOLATED HILL (Flinders district) is a remarkably solitarj^h ill, lying 12 miles
S.E. of Blanchewater, and 20 miles S. of mount Hopeless. This hill is described bv
Babbage as being 750 feet high, and being in the midst of well-grassed plains, with
numeroui^ springs of good water, and a creek flowing past its foot to the E.
IT ALU-IT ALLI RUN (Flinders district;) lease. No* 59; occupier, H. J. Rich-
man; area, 37 square miles ;||grazing capacity, 4450 sheep, or 120 per square mile;
Goyder's valuation, £77 8s. per annum, deducting improvements valued at £1278.
This run lies'5 miles N.E. of mount Brown, 195 miles N. of Adelaide, and 25 miles
E.N.E. of Port Augusta. This run also includes lease, No. 850, which has an area of
14 square miles, and pays a rent and assessment of £25 13s. 4d. per annum.
ITSLOWIB CREEK (N. district) is a small oreek, flowing in flie pastoral
country, about 40 miles from Yudanamutana.
JACOB, MOUNT {Flinders range,) is a peak in an E. spur of the N.E. end of the
main range lying about 20 miles S.E. of Yudanamutana. Thdp^elcome copper mine
lies on the N. W. slope of the hill.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Jaok-^Jul] Ths South AmtraUan GhtetUeer, 109
JACOVB CR££K (Co», Light wad Adelaide) is a stream rising in the main or
Adelaide range, near and to the N. of mount Crawford, and flowing in a N.W. direction
1 mile distant firom Rowland's flat. This creek forms th^ N.£. bonndarj of the county
of Adelaide*
JACOB'S PLAINS (Co. Stanley) is the name given to a tract of fine agricalttufal
tUCidnlating land, lying about 3 miles to the W. of Seven-hill, and watered by the tribu-
taries of the Hutt river. The whole of the district is thickly settled upon by a class of
industrious &rmers who grow Urge quantities of wheat in the fertile alluvial soil ot
tiiese plains.
JAFFA CAPE (Co. JZoitf)— (Cape Bbrnouilli of the last edition of the Admiralty
eoaat-sheet^^—in lat. 36° bV S., and long. 139° 42' E., is a piece of saniy land, but risiug
from the beach to a moderate elevation, and well wooded. W. 4 miles from the cape
lies a small islet, on which a beacon has been erected. This islet is 300 yards in circum-
ference and is visible 3 miles ofi*. There are several other rocky patches in the
neighbourhood. From the cape northwards the land trends to the E.N.E., forming a
shallow bay with good anchorage, called Lacepede bay.
JAOOSO MOUNT {Co. Hindmarsh) is a high peak and survey point in the
rugged country in the E. part of the hundred of Myponga, and about § miles N. W. of
Cunency creek township.
JAKfi, liOXi'^T,(W.di8t/rkt.) See Ulibbib Run. .
JSFFCOTT, MOUNT (Co. ffindmarsh,) is a lofty peak and W. spur of the N.
part of the Yankalilla range, and lyuig about 14 miles S.E. of the S. part of the Aldinga
bay, whence it forms a prominent landmark.
J£M CROW'S FLAT {Co. Cardwell) is a camping place on the main road from
Wellington to Border town, lying 48 miles S.E. of the former place. There are some
springs at this spot, known as the Reedy, or Forty-eight mile wells.
JS&VIS CAPE, 35° 40' S. lat.. 138° 10' E. long, (Co. Ilirhdmarsh,) is a high bold
projection of the main land, forming the E. point of entrance to the gulf of St. Vincent.
The high land which forms this cape is much intersected by^gullies, and projects
occasionally in bold cliffy extremes; the northernmost of which, marked on the chart
N.W. of High bluff, is 7 miles N.N.E. from the western extremity of the cape, and
round its N. side forms a bight open to the westward. The S. W., or most projecting
extremity of this prominent headlan4, does not present so steep a face to the sea as in
other parts of it, but slopes gradually from the hills, about 2 miles inland. A ledge oi
rocks runs off the northern part of cape Jervis, about 12 cables' length. Inside the rocks
will be found a convenient little boat harbour. The soundings off the reef increase
very rapidly from 4 to Jl 1 fathoms. This cape is separated from Kangaroo island by
Backstairs passage. There is a resident magistrate in the neighbourhood, F. Raasfordj
Esq., J.P.
JOANNA {Co. Robe) is a hundred in the E. part of the county, containing but
little purchased land. The country is pastoral, and is watered by the Musquito creek.
JOBN CREEK (Flinders district) is a small creek flowing in the pastoral country
40 miles S.E. of Yudanatnutana. *
JOXN> MOUNT, 30° 58' S. lat., 139° 10' E. long. {Flinders district,) is the E. peak
of an E. spur of the main range, lying on the S. bank of the Rose creek.
JOBNSON'S COAST (or Georgm Lakb^ RUN (S.E. district;) lease, No. 214;
occupier, A. Johnson ; area, 17 square miles ; grazing capacity, 2000 sheep ; Goyder*8
valuation, £64 8s. per annum, deducting improvements valued at £28. This run lies
240 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 25 miles S.E. of Guichen bay.
JULIA. CREEK (^Co. Light) is a N. tributary of the Light river, flowing thtough
the agricultural country in the hundred of the same name in a S. direction. The
country to the E. is covered with dense scrub, which extends to the Murray river.
JITXiIA CREEK {Co Light) is a hundred lying in the N.E. part of the county,
and watered by the creek of the same name. It consists principally of purchased land,
much of which is taken up for agricultural purposes. The area of this hundred is
64,000 acres, the number of acres under cultivation being 400, and the population, num-
bering 80 persons, mostly agriculturists. *
Digitized by VjOOQIC
110 ITie South Australian Gazetteer, [Kat>
, (Co. Daly) is a postal township in the electoral district of Port Adelaide
and hundred of Wallaroo, and is situated in the N. part of Yorke's peninsula about 6
miles inland, on a course nearly £. from Wallaroo springs, as laid down in the charts
from Hack's surveys, and nearly 100 miles from Adelaide, lying N. from the city.
Between this place and Adelaide there has been established a line of daily communication,
the mail conveyance also taking a limited number of passengers each trip. Other means of
communication and passenger and goods transit have been established by means of weekly
steamers and numerous coasting vessels. The nearest township is port Wallaroo, 6
miles distant, to which place a tramway has been constructed, and is generally used for
passenger and goods traffic. The other township is the Mounta, situated 10 miles S. W.
from Kadina, to which place from Kadina passenger carts run at irregular intervals.
There has also bdbn a tramway laid down and lately opened for passenger and goods
traffic, but principally for the transport of ore from the Moonta mines to the port of
shipment. There being no rivers, creeks, springs, or any permanent really fresh water
in this portion of the district, it was never considered even suitable for the profitable
depasturage of sheep in former years, and agriculture was never thought of. In
fjMJt, the country was never fit for anything until one of the oldest resident settlers,
Captain Hughes, discovered that udder the valueless surface there were chances of
great wealth in store for himself and others. He found traces of existing copper-bearing
lodes on the beSch near his station, and for years tried to follow those traces back into
the country, but unsuccessfully, until at length in the year 1860 a shepherd, who was
a remarkably intelligent man, discovered copper ore thrown to the surface by the
wombats in their burrowing under the limestone crust covering the country just under
the subsoil. Upon this discovery rested the future weal of the peninsula, and it having
fallen into energetic hands, operations were commenced forthwith, and the result has
proved, so far, highly satisfactory, inasmuch as now there are in the district some of the
largest and best paying mines in the world. The first discovery is named the Wallaroo
mines, comprising several sections of 80 acres each, on which are sunk several pumping
shafts, and innumerable whim, whip, and minor shafts, from all of which immense
quantities of ore are continually being obtained. There is one 60-inch cylinder pumping
engine, supplied with steam by three large Cornish tubular boilers. Th^re are also
2 powerful double-Ating horizontal high pressure engines employed in winding,
crushing, and pumping operations. In addition, there are other large engines arriving,
and to be erected as the work of developing the mine progresses. It will be understood
that all this work is carried on on one immense lode running E. and W. through the
country, and in following its course E. will be found the Matta mine, on a low flat.
This is only second to the former, in consequence of the hitherto confined nature of
the works, which, however, has been improved of late under a public companj , who
have erected a large engine 60-inch cylinder. There has been a large adit or drain
constructed some 3 miles in length, for the better conduct of water away from the
mines. The next principal mine may be called the New Cornwall, which has 2
steam engines, one 80-inch cylinder and the other of 35-horse power high pressure,
besides a quantity of other machinery. In Kadina there is a local and police court
house, a post, money order and telegraph office, and several churches and chapels of
various sects and denominations. The hotels are — the Kadina, White Lion, Wombat,
Miners* Arms and Exchange. Theonlj^nveyance booking office is that of Bounsevell's
lineof daily coaches to Adelaide, at th^Exchange hotel. The inhabitants have often-
times attempted to form themselves into either a district council or corporate body, but
have failed hitherto, as the greater portion of the mining community seem opposed to
such a course. The surrounding country is for the most part slightly undulating, the
nearest hills or ranges of any consequence being the Hummocks, some 30 miles distant,
bearing nearly E. The land is exceedingly barren and sterile, the surface being covered
with limestone in most parts, and the geological formation of the limestone crust is
passed in sinking. The shelf or rock is met with at from 6 feet to 6 fathoms, generally
composed of micaceous sandstone, with, in places, dykes of porphyry tic rock, fossiliferous
sandstone, and in some few places granite appears in small quantities. In some of the
fossiliferous stone many curious and complete fossils of ammonites and other shell fish
have been obtained. In other parts of the country hornblende, wavelite, manganese,
and other minerals have been found, and^ in short, the general surface indications would
lead to the impression that the country is far richer in its mineral resources than most
other parts of the province, and that in the course of a few years the area of ground
between the three points — Kadina, Moonta, and Green's plains, will be proved to contain
a complete network of highly mineralised lodes or veins. The population of Kadina
Digitized by VjOOQIC
yAT> — Kan] , The SoiUh Australian Gazetteer, 111
and the surrounding mines maj be computed at about 4000 persons. It may be con
sidered generally a pretty healthy spot, the only drawback being the total want ot anything
like natural fresh water, the lack being partly remedied by distilling the copp^er water from
the mines, and by collecting rain water in tanks, reservoirs, aod every available utensil.
Kadina has branches of the South Australian and National banks, and the South
Australian insurance company. There are two Oddfellows' lodges and a Foresters'
court; also an aboriginal depot in the township.
KABZNA (Co, Daly) is a central hundred of the county forming part of the
Moonta and Wallaroo copper mining district, and consisting principally of pastoral
country. There are a few small blocks of purchased land near the £. side of the
hundred.
SADLZ BIERI, (Kallhi View, or Massacre Lake,) 27° 15' S. lat., 140° 4' E.
long. {Flinders district j) is the name of a sheet of water lying immediately to the N. of
a luxuriantly grassed flat dh the Wondwarara creek, and tl^ N. part of the N. arm of
the Barcoo river. It was called Massacre lake by M^Kinlay, from his finding traces of
white men (most probably Gray,) and his supposition that the whole of the Burke and
Wills exploration party had been killed and eaten there by the blacks. There is a
large dry salt lagoon to the W., and some salt lakes to the N. The country consists
of sandy and stony plains.
EtSTUKL (Co. Light) is the name of a mountain situated about 3 miles
S.E. of Tanunda. It was so called by M. Menge, an eminent German geologist, after
a mountain in the Black Forest of Germany.
KALABB&O HUN {S,E. district;) lease, No. 205 ; occupiers, D. and M. M*Kin-
nou; area, 31 square miles; grazing capacity, 4500 sheep, or 150 per square mile;
Goyder's valuation, £124 4s. per annum, deducting improvements valued at £504.
This run is watered from the Dismal swamp, and lies 35 miles N.N.E. of Macdonnell
bay, 263 miles S.S.E of Adelaide, and 70 miles from Portland (Victoria) where the
wool is shipped.
KAJ^NGADOO HUN {S.E, district;) lease, No. 184; occupier, J. N. M'Leod;
area. 18 square miles; grazing capacity, 2300 sheep, or 121 per square mile; Goyder's
valuation, £118 12s. per annum, deducting improvements valued at £32. This run
lies 255 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, 75 miles from Guichen bay, and 38 miles N. of
Macdonnell bay,
KA&ANOABOO (Co. Grey) is a small agricultural and pastoral village lying
about 5 miles N.W. of the township of Tarpeena. There is a large quantity of fine
land, available for agricultural purposes, in the neighbourhood. The population, a
scattered one, numbers about 100 persons.
KAUBZ VIEW [Flinders district.) See Eadli Bisri.
XANAPPA MINE (Co.Stwrt) is a copper mine lying 37 miles E.N.E. of
Adelaide. A late report from the captain stated that everything was progressing
well, and that he expected shortly to come to the main lode in the 20-fath()m level.
Another, dated September 4, was similar in purport. Since this another branch of
the lode in the 20-fathom level had been cut, and the sample of it seemed to be of a
very good character.
KANOA&ZLLA (or Eybe's) FLAT (Co. Adelaide) is a township 27 miles
from Adelaide, situated on the S.E. branch of the S. road from Adelaide to the Goolwa,
in the hundred of Eondoparinga, and under the control of the district councils of
Eondoparinga and Clarendon, the boundary line of the two passing through the middle
of the township. Dashwood's gully creek also passes through the township, and mount
Panorama lies about 1^ mile. The district is an agricultural one. and there are
numerous vineyards in the neighbourhood producing fine crops of grapes. The nearest
places are Clarendon, 3^ miles distant; Meadows, 7 miles; Morphett vale, 9 miles; and*
Nbarlnnga, 11 miles. There are no regular conveyances to those places, but with
Adelaide, 27 miles N.N.W., the communication is by public conveyance, leaving on
Tuesdays, at 10.30 a.m., or by Gobers conveyance from the Meadows. There is one
hotel— the Eangarilla; also a booking office, a post office, and the usual stores and
shops. The country is elevated, quartz supposed to contain gold abounding in the
district. The population is small and scattered.
Dfgitized by CjOOQIC
113 The South Australian (Gazetteer, [Kan
KANOAROO CREEK (Co. Adelaide) is a small S. tributary of the Torrens
rirer, rising in the main range near Stringy bark hill, and flowing through rugged
oountry for about 6 miles in a N.W. direction, into the main stream.
KANGAROO FLAT RUN, DESERT {S,E, district;) lease, No. 692 ; occupier,
P. McDonald ; area, 12 square miles ; grazing capacity, 1000 sheep, or 83 per squate
mile ; Goyder's valuation, £34 per annum. This run has no surface water, a&d the
wells have fallen in. There is no stock upon it at present. It lies 105 miles S.E. of
Adelaide. This run also comprises leases, Nos, 876 and 883, which hare respectiye
areas of 21 and 14 miles.
KAMGA&OO HEAD (Kangaroo island) is a bold rocky headland, forming theE.
horn of Eastern cove. It lies on the N.E2. end of the island, 2 miles W. 4 S. of Hog bay,
and on the S. side of Backstairs passage,
XANGA&OO ISI4ND is a large island extending from 35^^35' to 36° 5' S. lat.,
and from 136° 35' to 138° 10' E. long., and measuring 75 miles from E. to W., and 30
miles from N. to S. This island lies to the S. of the gulf of St. Vincent and Investi-
gator strait, the latter separating it from Torke's peninsula. Between the N.E. end of
the island and cape Jervis, the Eu head of the gulf of St. Vincent, is a narrow passage
known as the Backstairs, and used by vessels making Adelaide from the E. Flinders,
the discoverer, landed upon this island on the 22nd May, 1802, finding the beach grassy,
and the country further inland covered with thick scrub, he gave it the name it bears
in consequence of finding large numbers of kangaroos upon it, 31 of which were shot by
his crew the first day. These animals were found to be large and fat, and differing
only from those of new South Wales by the fact of their being darker in colour. It is
in form something like the shape of a Malay creese, the E. end, which is nearly detached
from the main body, forming the handle, and the remainder the blade. Its E. point is
known as cape Willoughby, and a lighthouse known as the Sturt light, and showing a
revolving white light every 1 ^ minutes, is erected there upon the edge of the cliffs, llie
W. extremity is cape Borda, which has also a lighthouse called the Flinders light,
showing a revolving white and red light every half-minute. This island is for the most
part covered with dense scrub, and a&>rds pasture only for a few sheep and cattle. The
Land is of tolerable elevation and well-wooded, presenting on its N. side a steep cliffy
shore, with sandy beaches, and ranges of sand-hills, with white perpendicular stripes.
The harbour of Nepean bay, in the N.E. part, is scarcely to be surpassed, and will
accommodate hundreds of vessels. The entrance is protected by a sandspit or shoal,
which leaving a deep passage to the S. forms a complete breakwater. The spit is dry
at low water, and can always be avoided by the soundings, which are very regular. Ships
of 700 tons burthen can anchor within half-a-mile of the landing place. It lies in lat.
35° 33' S., and long. 137° 41' E. Kingscote, the principal post office, is situated on the
slope of some hills, looking down a steep precipice into the sea. On the beach stands a
storehouse and a few huts built of bushes. The soil of this island, in the vicinity of
Kingscote, is composed of sand left by the retiring sea, mixed with a small portion of
vegetable mould. The want of rain upon so dry a soil, renders it impossible to produce
vegetables, except during the rainy season. About 200 or 300 yards from the sea, good
soil is found, where young potatoes, plants, and peas will thrive, but no sooner is the
rain over than the earth is heated to that degree that every vegetable perishes. Nine
miles in the interior there are belts of iron and limestone running through the island, in
the interstices of which good soil is frequently found. The animals found in this island
are kangaroos, wallabies, bandicoots, opossums, and iguanas. Snakes, from the circum-
stance of the island being one matted bush, are most abundant, and are seen winding
along in all directions. Tarantulas, scorpions, and -mosquitoes are also very numerous.
There is an abundance of eagles, pelicans, cormorants, crows, magpies, robin redbreasts,
swallows, and small birds remarkable for the brilliancy and variety of their plumage.
A bituminous substance, resembling tar in appearance, is found largely scattered upon
, some parts of the beach of this island, and points to the discovery ere long of petroleum
spdngs. In this island there are 2375 acres of purchased land, 1189 acres enclosed,
and 676 acres under cultivation. The live stock numbers 98 horses, 294 horned cattle,
9329 sheep, 211 goats, 206 pigs, and 761 head of poultry. Of the land under cultivation
398 acres are under wheat, 176 acres under barley, 55 acres under hay, 39 acres fallow,
3 acres under potatoes, 2 acres of garden, 2 acres of orchard, and 1 acre of vineyard^
the latter having 610 vines in bearing, and 6 160 vines not in bearing. The crops for the
year ending March 31, 1866, were 5701 bushels wheat, 3475 bushels barley, 77 tons hay,
•
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
Kan] The SoiUh Australian Gazetteer. 113
6 tons potatoes, and 1 cwt. grapes. The population numbers 227 persons, and the
number of dwellings is 43. *
KAMHANTOO iCo. Sturt) is a postal township in the electoral district of
Onkaparinga, and under the control of the Nairne district council, and is pleasantly
situated on an alluvial flat on the main line of road from Adelaide to Swan i>ort on
the river Murr^i^. The river Bremer runs 1 mile to the E. of the township, and takes
its ri^ in the tieighbourhood of mount Beaver, 14 miles N.E. of the township. The
neighbourhood is partly mining, pastoral, and agricultural, the farmers for the most
part combining wheat growing with the rearing and breeding of sheep. There are also
2 copper mines situate 1 mile S. of the township— E. Eanmantoo mine and'W.
Eanmantoo mine, both in full work, and employing a number of men. Grold in quartz
has recently been discovered on the eastern slopes of the Bremer ranges, 10 miles E.
of Eanmantoo, and a company been formed to test its productiveness. Staughton and
Paringa villages, situate 3 miles 8. from Kanmantoo, derive their existence from
the mines. Callington, 4 miles S.E., contains the largest copper mine in the district,
worked by an English proprietary — the Worthing mining company. There is a daily
mail and coach between Eanmantoo and Callington, and a daily mail and coach between
Adelaide and Eanmantoo, along a good macadamised road, distance 34 miles. .
Eanmantoo contains a school of 50 scholars, a post office, public pound, a branch of
the South Australian insurance company, a Foresters' court, and 2 general stores. The
hotels are the Eanmantoo and the Miners' arms; and 3 places of worship — the Primitive
Methodist, Wesleyan and Roman Catholic churches. The surrounding country is
undulating, lightly timbered, and well adapted for pastoral pursuits. The population
numbers 150 persons. There is a very fine vineyard of 25 acres, near Eanmantoo
(Mr. C. B. Young's) which promises to produce wine of a very superior class.
The Eanmantoo mine lies to the E. of the township, and was worked until lately
by a company formed in November, 1861, with a capital of £12,000, in £5 shares. It
is, however, now in the hands of a company called the New Eanmantoo company, who
have had it a few months, and who are prosecuting the w^dcs with vigour. Austin,
'who visited the mine in 1863, speaks in the following terms of this mine : — ** Since the
commencement of this company (the former company) 1920 tons of ore have been
raised, and smelted at the company's smelting works, in the neighbourhood of Scott's
creek. These works consist of a calcining, a reverberatory, and a refining furnace, and
other necessary buildings. The principal lodes are the Eangaroo, Emily's, and the
Boundary lode. The 2 former run N. and S., and the latter is a counter lode. The
first is a large lode yielding yellow ore of a moderate percentage. Emily's lode has
produced large quantities of yellow ore, which, at the 10-fathom level, gave place to
red oxide and native copper ; 1 large block sent to Adelaide for exhibition weighed 1 1
cwt. 2 levels have been driven on the lode, at 16 and 26 fathoms respectively, showing
a considerable quantity of ore to have been left in the mine. The copper produced at
the smelting works £rom the ore now being raised amounts to about 12 tons per month,
and the rate of cartage to Adelaide is 20s. per ton. A large amount of work has been
done at this mine since its first commencement. The South Australian company raised
about 4000 tons of ore, and opened a large extent of ground. Mr. W. B. Dawes, who
subsequently rented the mine, raised above 1900 tons. Some of the old stopes and
drives in the mines testify, on examination, to the immense deposits of ore which for-
merly existed there. This mine is paying the proprietors. 64 hands are at present
employed on it, and 16 at the smelting works." In the hands of the new Eanmantoo
company the mine appears to be in an exceedingly flourishing condition, and since
Austin's visit many improvements have been made, and a very large quantity of ore
has been raised. The Eanmantoo W. mine is situated on the side of a hill, about 100
feet above the valley. It lies to the W. of tl^e olU Eanmantoo workings, and to the
N. of the Paringa mine (an important mine now closed, but from which 900 tons of
copper ore were raised, and which, probably, may be again worked to advantage at
some future time.) The principal shaft of the Eanmantoo W. mine is down 34 fathoms,
the lode at the bottom being about 7 feet wide of good sulphuret ore, and a payable lode.
Several levels are driven on the course of the lode at various depths, viz., 11, 22, and
28 fathom levels, the lode in the end of the two latter being payable. There are
several other workings, which are much the same as the deep shaft, the country round
the lodes being hard mica schist, with every probability of killas country a little
deeper; this has been proved by a shaft sunk to the depth of 40 feet in the Paringa
mine. There is little doubt that when the workings are taken deeper, and whea
Digitized by iioOgle
114 The South AustraUan OazeUeer. [Kan— Kap
maohinerj ii i^aced on the ground, bv which the extraction of the ore can be expedited,
this mine will become one of the belt in the colonj. At present, on the small scale
cm which it is carried on, it pajs all working expenses, and leaves a considerable profit
to the good. The number of hands at work in this mine is about 40* The mine i»
leased from the South Australian company. *
XANKAIITOO (Co. Sturt) is a hundred lying in the W. part of the county, and
mostly taken up as purchased land. Agriculture is carried on to sodl^ extent,, and
oopper is obtained from the Eanmantoo and W. Eanmantoo mines, both of which lie in
the hundred. The £. portion of the hundred extends into the Murray belt of mallee
scrub.
BUN {N. district.) See Willipa Run.
(Flindem district N,) is a postal mining town^ip in the ^eetoral
district oi Flinders, and situated on the W. of the Eanyaka credc, and on a numb^ of
prominent waterholes, the principal of which, about 4 miles from the township, is the
wcdl* known Rocky waterhole. (See Eantaka Cbebk.) The Willochra creek pclsses the
W. side of the Eanyaka run. The district is a pastoral and mining one, the former
interest being represent^ by sheep runs, and the latter by the celebrated Eanyaka
copper mine, wMch lies about 3]^ miles S. W. of the township. The nearest places to
Kuiyaka are Willochra, about 18 miles distant, S.; Hookina, 24 miles N.W., and
Edowie, 50 mUesN.W. With these places the communication is by horse and private
vehicle only, private mails being carried on horseback. With Adelaide 260 miles
S. the communication is by Rounsevell's weekly mail coach to Eapunda, and
thence by rail, or by Rounsevell's weekly mail coadi to Port Augusta, and thence by
steamer. Eanyaka is prettily situated, and has a post and money order of&ce, and 1
hotel — the Great Northern. It has several good stone buildings, one of which is a fine
woolshed. The resident magistrate is J. R. Phillips, Esq., J. P. The surrounding
country is elevated and mountainous, the hills, especially on the E. side of the gully,
being bold and lofty, and having clumps of good timber. The grass, except in times
of drought, is plentifuL The formation of the country is of pipeclay, decomposed slate,
and soft sandstone, with oclRMional outcropping beds of limestone. The population is
smaU. The Eanyaka copper mine lies 194 miles N. \ W. of Adelaide, about a mile
from the station, and in a country consisting of pipeclay, decomposed slate, and sofi;
sandstone. There is a well-defined lode, which improves as it goes down, and is from
2 ft. to 30 in. in width. A good deal of gypsum is found at the sides of the lode. The
country is nearly white, and the ore of a dark blue and grey colour.
XAHTAKA CREEE (Flinders district) is a creek rising in Wonaka hill, and
flowing through a fine pastoral sheep country in a general W. direction past the B.
side of the Eanyaka township (where it fiows nearly N. and S.) into the S. end of lake
Torrens. It is joined at its lower end by the Willochra creek, and has, near Eanyaka,
a number of pools of water, with springs which supply the neighbourhood the entire
year. One of these is known as the Rocky waterhole, and takes its name from a large
mass of rock directly overhanging the spring. This rock measures about 22 feet in
lieight from the plain, but where the water has been washed away it is fully 10 feet higher.
The waterhole it overhangs so nearly corresponds in dimensions to the rock that many
persons £ancy it has been thrown out of the bed of the creek by some extraordinary
convulsion of nature. It is composed of hard granite rock. The natives in the neigh- '
bourhood attach a superstitious importance to the rock, as they manifest an anxiety
when at the point of death to be brought and laid down to die under its shadow. This
waterhole lies on the road from Eanyaka to port Augusta, about 4 mUes from the
former place, and is well known and much used by teamsters. The course of the
creek consists of pipeclay, decomposed slate, soft sandstone and limestone.
KANYAHA RUN {N. district;) lease No. 118 ; occupier, J. R. PhilUps; area,
50 square miles ; old rental and assessment, £72 18s. 4d.; Goyder's valuation, £25 per
annum, deducting improvements valued at £7175 per annum. The estimated grazing
capacity of this run is 5000 sheep, or 100 per square mile. The run is watered by the
Eanyaka and Wirrianda creeks, and by a fresh water lagoon on the N. W. end. The
head station 3 miles distant from the Eanyaka post office, 60 miles N.E. of port
Augusta, and 250 miles N. of Adelaide. The manager is Mr. T. Bowman. This run
also includes leases Nos. 117, 252, 276, 280, 436, 74a, 313a, and 516a, having a total
area of 360 square miles, and grazing 35,000 sheep, 100 horses, and 100 cattle.
RUN {W. IHstrict;) lease, No. 100. This run is part of the Coppie
• Digitized by LjOOQ IC
Eap] TheJSouth Australian Gazetteer. 115
ran— which see. It has an area of 34 square miles, and a grazing capacity of 3500
sheep, hdng yaloed bj Qoyder at £128 12s. per annum, deducting improvements
Talued at £82.
KAXnrXA BUN {W. district;) leases, Nos. 851 and 1034 ; occupier, S. Groode ;
afeas of leases, 46 and 29 square miles respectively ; total rent, £37 per annum. This
ran lies on Uie coast to the.E. of point Drummond, the next post office being at laka
Qamilton.
KAPPAWANTA BUN (W, district;) leases, Nos. 569, 803, 861, 862, 1031, and
and 1032; occupiers. Parr and Luxmoore; areas of leases, 37, 9, 18, 8, 19, and 12 miles
respectively. This run lies near lake Newland, to the S. of Wedge hill, the next post
office being Parkin (Venus bay.) •
XAPPnfBSfi BUN, N. (W. district.) See Hamilton Lake Bun, E.
XAPUiniA, 34**20'S.hit.,l38°60'E.long. (Co.Zi^A<,)i8a postal mining township
and municipality, and the terminus of the N.line of railway fromtAdelaide, in the elector^
district of Light and hundred of Eapunda district council. It is situated on the main N.
road, and is the terminus of the N. railway, and the starting place of the G^^at Northern,
Clare, Burra, and Eastern plains lines of coaches. The nearest places are Allandale 3
ij^es N., Hamilton 10 miles N. on the road to Eooringa, the communication being by
Roch, and that with Adelaide, 47 miles S.W., by raiL Kapunda has a post and money
order office, a telegraph station, fine roomy railway station with goods sheds and other
accommodation, a court house, police office, branches of the English, Scottish, and
Australian Chartered, National, Adelaide, and Savings banks, and of the Adelaide, and
South Australian insurance companies. There are 2 volunteer rifle corps (the Kapunda
and the Kapunda mine,) a Freemason's lodge (Lodge of Light, No. 410, 1. C.,) 2 Odd-
fellows' lodges (M.U.O.F., and A.I.O.F.,) a Druid's lodge, and a Forester's court
There is a newspaper published in the township. The hotels are the N. Kapunda
rCrase's.) Sir John Franklin, and several others. The resident magistrates are : —
G. Tallis, D. Shannon, G. Boberts, M. H. S. Blood, W. Oldham, J. S. Browne, W. Lewis,
H. Kelly, and J. White, Esqs.
The receipts and expenditure in this nranicipality for 1865 were as follow : —
Assessment— £14,760— rate Is. in the pound; rates collected, £206 38., being the total
amount collected; office expenses and salaries, £137 16s. 6d.; expended on public works,
£138 158. 6d. The population numbers 2540 persons, being an increase of 642 since
1861, and there are 513 dwelling-houses, being an increase of 38 since that year. The
area of the mimicipality is 574 acres. The affairs of the corporation are managed by a
mayor and 8 council)#rs, there being 4 wards, known as the E., W., N., and S. wards,
each of which is represented by 2 councillors. Within the municipality there are 81
shc^s kept by tradesmen of various branches of business.
The Kapunda copper mines, N. and S., lie 50 miles N.N.E. of Adelaide
and 24 miles ftom Gawler. " It is the oldest copper mine in the colony, having beei:
discovered in 1843, by Mr. F. S. Button and Mr. C. S. Bagot (now of London,) the
youngest son of Capt. Charles Harvey Bagot, then a sheep-farmer and also a member of
the Legislative Council. The mine workings are on hilly ground of moderate elevation,
and which was originally lightly timbered with peppermint gum, but the settlement of
the adjoining township, the working of the mine, and above all the carrying on of
flmelting operations, have denuded the country of almost every stick of timber for
miles round ; abundance, however, remains for the requirements of the mine for some
years to come, and within a moderate distance for cartage. The first ore was raised at
the Kapunda mine on the 8th January, 1844, and on the 23rd of the same month 5
dray loads were despatched to Adelaide. The ore was good, the mine promised well,
and search soon began to be made for copper ore in other directions, and it was not
long before further discoveries were announced. With reference to the statistics of tiie
Kapunda mine, a concise and valuable little work by Mr. Frederick Sinnett, called
• An account of the colony of South Australia, prepared for distribution at the Inter-
national Exhibition of 1862,' says:— 'On 4th March, 1845, the first horse- whim
commenced work drawing water, and kept the mine dry to the 15-fathom level for some
time; but as the works were extended it was soon found that it would be indispensable
to procure engine-power, and during 1847 a 30-inch cylinder double action engine, with
a supply of pumps, was obtained from England^ and erected on the mine, commencing
work on 1st July, 1848. Shortly afterwards machinery was added for crushing ore, and
for drawing or hauling; and this engine, with a brief interruption, caused by tht
Digitized byVjOOQlC
110 The South Amtralian Ocmtteer. [Kap
I '.
In^eakiDg of the main shaft in June, 1850, has heen at work ever since. As the extent
of wor^g increased so did the water, and in 1850 a larger engine was purchased and
erected— commencing work in January, 1851. Both engines were employed in pumping
for some years, but latterly all the water has been brought to one shaft, now sunk a
depth of 60 fathoms, to which level the mine is kept in fork by the last-mentioned
engine, which is of 36-inch cylinder, single direct action. The other engine is used in
hauling and crushing. In December, 1849, the first smelting furnace commenced
work, and was shortly followed by a second; and for some time a large portion of the ores
were reduced to regulus before shipment. The great attractions presented by the
goldfields of Victoria during the year 1852 induced most of the men to leave. The
smelting works ceased altogether on 17th March, and were not resumed till March,
1855. Nearly all the miners also left, aad it was with considerable difficulty the engine
was kept going, and the mine kept dry — ^at one time there were but 4 miners. During
1854, however, and especially in the early part of 1855, large numbers returned or
came to work, and since then there has not been any material interruption. The
ores comprise almost every variety, as yellow ore, or pyrite, blue and green carbonates,
, muriates, grey and black sulphurets, oxides, bell-metal, and peacock ores, and native
copper, or malleable. The percentage also varies much, from 66 downwards. The
engines on the mine are as follows : — 1 30-inch cylinder, 6-feet stroke, double action
condensing, now used only for hauling and crushing ores. 1 36 -inch cylinder, 8-feet
stroke, single action, direct expansive and condensing, used only for pumping ; those^
at present attached being a 12-inch plunger column, and drawing lift at the bottom;
between 5 and 6 strokes per minute keep the mine in fork. Each of these engines
has 2 large tubular boilers of about 30 feet by 6 feet, all of which were built on the
mine, as well as another spare boiler. A 10-horse power portable high pressure engine
is employed in turning, boring, chaff-cutting, &c. &c. There is also on the works, but
not yet erected, 1 50-inch cylinder condensing engine and a tubular boiler, in plates.
One set of stamps and a plunger jigging-machlne, for ore dressing, to be erected
immediately ; 1 water wheel, and perpendicular and circular saws. The buildings
now erected are— the 2 engine-houses and boiler-houses above named, with crusher
and lathe-house attached, and draining case. A large and very substantial erection of
stone, with slate roofing, just completed — and comprising engine-house, boiler-house,
crusher, and mine stores. This is intended for the reception of the present drawing
engine, as the ground around it is sinking. There is 1 metal foundry or cupola, 1
brass foundry, smiths' shops, and iron store, carpenter's shop and timber yard, and saw
pits, weighbridge and office, and a counting-house, with manager's residence attached,
a commodious and handsome building. There are also residences for the accountant,
clerk, agents, and engineer— and about 30 other cottages occupied J^y the workmen and
miners ; also houses for the pitmen, timbermen, sumphmen, and a range of barracks,
or changing rooms, for the miners ; also a magazine for powder, store for candles,
stores for mine materials, stables, &c. At the smelting works there are 6
ore-reducing furnaces, 1 copper roaster, 1 refinery, copper store and ore shed, all
substantially roofed; also superintendent's residence and office, smith's forge; brick-
kiln, and brick shed for fire bricks which are made on the mine, of very superior
quali y, from clay and sand obtained in the immediate neighbourhood. Besides the
driw jng done by the engine, there are 8 horse whims, 2 double whipseys, and several
single whipseys; and on the ore-floors are 12 jigging sieves, picking tables, &c. &c.'"
The above description, by Mr. Austin, fairly shows the state of the mine, allowing for its
advancement since 1864. The geological formation is a soft alumnious rock of a
variety of colours, from pure white passing into pink and red, grey and blue. It hardens
by exposure, and forms a convenient and beautiful building stone. The general dip is
W. 10°, S. 20°. The mineral veins run in parallel lines N. by E. and S. by W., and
have a W. underlay from 25° to 80°. To the N.E. they terminate abruptly in a soft
blue pyritous slate, which runs N.E. and S.W., dipping to the N.W. from 25* to 70°.
On^ the S. strike the veins are intersected by a series of nearly E. and W. &ult8,
which throw them to the E. in steps.
KAPUNBA (Co. Liaht) is a central hundred of the county lying on the N. of the
Light river, which waters it, and consisting principally of purchased land, mostly used
for agricultural purposes. The township of Kapunda, the N. terminus of the railway
line from Adelaide, lies in this hundred. In this hundred is a steam flour mill, working
3 pairs of stones by a 20-horse power steam engine. This hundred, exclusive of the
corporation of Kapunda, has an area of 51,840 acres; of which 20,070 acres are under
eultivation. The population of this portion numbers 2190 persons.
Digitized by V^OOQIC
Kar — Ken] The SotUh Australian Gazetteer. 117
JtilllKAIITTiTiA MINE (Co. Daly) is a copper mine lying 85 miles N.W. of Ade-
laide, and forming one of the Torke's peninsula mines. It lies near the Telta, and to the S.
of the Moonta and Eadina mines. Captain Warren, under date Karkarilla Mine, October
13tfa, 1866, reports as follows: — *'The lode in the 80-soath has been cut through to
the hanging wall, and we find it to be 11 feet in width, producing ore throughout of a
superior quality. The men hare commenced to stope the back, and the lode continues
quite as productive. The 80-end north is about the same as when last reported. The
stopes in the back of the 70-south are yielding 2 tons ore per fathom, with indications
of an improvement. The lode in the 70-end north is looking considerably better, being
worth in the present end fully 5 tons ore per fathom. The stopes in the back St
this level ane yielding 4 tons ore per fathom. The tributers are making fair wages
at their respective tributes. The number of hands now employed on the mine is 58."
The Karkarilla mine is steadily improving. The shaft is now down to the 80-fathom
level, the lode being about 3 feet wide. All the workings are turning out as much
ore as ever, some of the pieces weighing over 1 cwt.
KAKKULTO MINE (Co. Burra) is a copper mine, lying 74 miles N.W. of
Adelaide, 5 miles N. of Apoinga township, and immediately to the S. of the great
Burra mines. It lies in good mineral country in hilly ground of moderate elevation,
on which both the South Australian mining company and the Royal mining company
have large blocks of purchased land, and both companies went to work on their
property, but very little copper was obtained. In speaking of this mine, Austin says: —
" The ironstone and gossan did not, as was hoped, give place to copper ; still a little
copper ore was occasionally met with, and the proprietors felt encouraged to proceed,
especially as the iron ore could be sold as a flux to the smelting works, at a price which
helped to pay the expense of raising. The Royal mining company, however, soon
alMuadoned the workings, and eventually sold the property at a loss. The Burra
company are still continuing operations, and a few tons of copper ore have been
dressed up, to yield an average of from 16 to 20 per cent, of copper. It is still the
opinion of some practical men that the Earkulto mine will ultimately prove rich in
copper, though, as the depth at present reached is upwards of 40 fathoms, it will
probably be necessary to sink considerably deeper before the desired result can be
attained. The South Australian mining association, who cannot be accused of a
wasteful expenditure in the development of thpi property, seem to have had great
confidence in the Earkulto, for they have laid out upwards of £30,000 in opening the
mine." This mine lies 3 miles from Stony gap, and is at present worked by a Melbourne
company, who are sanguine as to results, and although the lode is not cut as yet,
copper of rich percentage has been found.
KARLGUBJIA RUN {S.B. district;) occupiers, J. W. and J. H. Boothby;
area, 32 square miles; grazing capacity, 200 head of cattle. This run, which forms
part of Tintinarr^ lies 36 miles distant from Magrath's flat, the next post office.
8LATZNGA LAEE (Co. Hindmarsh and Ruzsdl. ) See Lake Alexandbina.
KEMBIZSS' HILL {Co. Hindmarsh) is a small hill and survey point in the
coast range, lying about 5 miles from the coast E. of Normanville.
KENSINGTON AND NORWOOD MUNICIPALITY (Co. Adelaide) is a
suburban municipality lying in the hundred of Adelaide, and on the E. side of the city of
Adelaide. It includes the townships of Eensington and Norwood, and has an area of
883 acres. It has a mayor and a corporation of 8 councillors, and is divided into 4
wards for municipal purposes, as follows: — W. Norwood ward, 249 acres; E. Norwood
ward, 247 acres; Eensington ward, 254 acres; and Eent ward, 133 acres. The receipts
and expenditure for the year 1865 in this municipality were as follow: — Amount of
assessment, i;'20, 446— rate, Is. in the pound; amount of rates collected, £1014 58,;
total receipts from all sources, jC2206 18s. 4d.; office expenses and salaries, £500 13s.
lid.; expended on public works, £1516 17s. 3d. The population of this municipality
numbers 4309 persons, being an increase of 923 since 1861; and the number of
dwelling-houses is 919, being an increase of 94 since that year. Within this munici-
pality are 2 brick yards, 2 soap and candle works, 1 coach builder's works, 1 jam
manufactory, 1 sodawater, &c. manufactory, 2 breweries, 2 distilleries, and 12 wine
presses. There are also 90 shops, comprising those of tradesmen of all kinds.
KSNSZNGTON {Co, Adelaide) is a village, suburban to the city of Adelaide, and
lying adjacent to Norwood, on the E. side of the city— the two places forming the
municipality of Eensington and Norwood. There are numerous residences of gentlemen
Digitized by LjOOQIC
118 The Sov^h Australian Gazetteer. [Ken— Ket
havinff business in Adelaide, 2 hotels, and several stores, also a pnblie pound. The
resident magistrates are A. Watts, T. Taylor, C. Tenn, L. Glyde, G. E. Hamilton, and
J. W. Nicholls, Esqs. Kensington lies at the foot of the Adelaide range of hills, and
on its S.W. side is the Adelaide racecourse. See Kensington and Norwood.
XSMTOir CREEK ((7o. Adelaide) is a small drainage creek, flowing at a short
distance to the N. of the township of Gumeracka. It runs through the Tillage of
Kenton yalley.
KENTON VALLEY (Go, Adelaide) is a small agricultural village, lying on
the Kenton creek, about half-a-mile N. of the township of Gumeracka. There is an
inn in the village, known as the Kenton. The resident mugistrate is W. Lillecrapp,
Esq., J.P. •
KENT {Co. Adelaide) is a small suburban township, lying adjacent to Norwood,
and forming part of the municipality of Kensington and Norwood. See Norwood.
KENT TOWN (Oo. Hindmarsh) is a small township adjoining the postal town
of Langhorne, or Langhorne's creek, on the Bremer river. It is taken up by agricultural
settlers engaged in the cultivation of wheat. The soil is sandy and overlies a limestone
formation.
KEB43 AXNTy CAPE (^Kangaroo island) is the most W. point of Vivonnebay on
the S. side of the island. «
KERSBKOOK ((7o. Adelaide) a postal township in the electoral district of
Gumeracka, situated on the Chain of Ponds creek, and 1 J miles W. of the Barossa range
of woody and rugged hills. The district is an agricultural one, wheat being the chief
article oi produce. The nearest places to Kersbrook are Maidstone, J-mile N. by E.
PMllipstown, 8j miles S. by W., N. Gumeracka, 4 miles N.E., and S. Gumeracka, 5
miles S.E. The communication is by private conveyance, except to Gumeracka, with
which place, as with Adelaide, 23 miles S.W., it is by Bounsevell's daily line of mail
coaches. Kersbrook has a post office, and a branch of the South Australian insurance
company. The' nearest hotel is at Maidstone, and the population numbers about 200
persons. About 2 miles distant, N.W. of the township, is a place known as the
Humbug scrub, where indications of copper and other minerals have been found from
time to time.
KETCBOWLA RUN (N.E. district) is a run on the E. plains, occupied by
Hilary Boucant, Esq.; the area is 266 square miles, and the grazing capability 7980
sheep, or 30 to the square mile — if no sheep are on the run, about 1596 head of cattle,
or 6 to the square mile. This run lies about 40 miles N.N.E. of Kooringa, there being
a new government road from that place to the boundary of the colony passing within 2
miles of the head station, laid out with mile posts, &;c., all the way, and a government
well is about being sunk in the neighbourhood. The station is supplied with water
from w«lls from 150 to 250 feet deep, worked by whims; the water is, however, so deop
and of such uncertain quantity and quality, being frequently salt, thftt little dependence
is to be placed upon it. This run comprises leases, Nos. 764, 415, 505, 416, 306, 567,
and 879.
KETCBOWLA RUN W. {N.E, district;) leases, Nos. 398, 454, 553, and 348;
occupiers, Dare and Munday; areas of leases, 11, 10, 10, and 17 miles respectively.
This run lies to the W. of the Ketchowla run.
KETEN'S (^Co, Eyre) is a solitary peak lying on the boundary line between the
hundreds of N. and S. Rhine.
KETENTON {Co, Byre) is a postal township in the electoral district of Flin-
ders E. The main road is under the supervision of the (Central road board. It is
situated on the Evandale creek, a tributary of the N. Rhine river, that river flowing I
mile distant. Craii's creek (salt) is 2^ miles distant, and mount Misery and mount Cork,
both extinct volcanic mounds, lie respectively J mile W., and 1 mile S.E. The district
IB an agricultural and pastoral one, every kind of farm produce being grown, and there
being numerous vineyards and orchards, and sheep grazing being carried on to a large
extent. The N. Rhine copper mines lie 5 miles S.E., on the main road to the Murray;
the Wheal William copper mine, 10 miles S.E., the Wheal Alfred copper mine, on the Pine
hut creek, 10 miles E. ; and several silver lead mines being situated in the locality. The
nearest places are Angaston, 8 miles W., the nearest telegraph station; and Eden valley,
5 miles S. With these places the communication is by horse or private conveyance,
and with Adelaide, 59 miles, by RounsevelPs mail coach from Angaston to FreeHng,
Digitized by V^OOQIC
KHi — Km] The South AmtraUan Gazetteer, 1J9
-a&d thence by rail. E^neton has a post office, a store, a blacksmith's shop, a Lutheran
i(St Peter's) and an English church, a common and a German school, and the usual
tradesmen's shops. The nearest hotel is at Eden yalley. The surrounding country is
eleyated and hilly, the formation being yolcanic, and the soil admirably adapted to the
culture of the grape. The population— a German and English one— is small and
scattered; the entire N. Rhine district being well populated with an industrious body of
German and English yignerons and farmers.
BLILBBIDE RUN {S.E, district;) lease, No. 182 ; occupier, A.3Watson ; area,
€8 square miles. This run lies to the S. of Penola.
KZXiZJkNOO^LA {Oo. Robe) is an E. hundred of the county, containing aboub.
a third of purchased land and much scrub and swamp.
^J^IEUmLAJXOOImA, run E. {Go. Role;) lease, No. 172 ; occupier, H. Seymour;
area, 22 square miles, grazing capability, 3000 sheep, or 186 p^r square mile. This
station lies on Bool lagoon, about 60 miles E. by N. of Robe, and 240 miles S.E. of
Adelaide. Narracoorte is the next post town. Old rent and assessment, ^58 2i. 6d.;
Goyder's valuation, £11 per annum, deducting improvements valued at £1605. The
low rental is caused by extensive improvements on the run. See also Eillanoola W.
and Mount Benson Runs. A portion of the nm has been lately sold to Messrs.
D. Smith and Co.
SZXiLAirOOIiA RUN W. ((7o. Roh^;) lease, No.»l71; occupier, H. Seymour;
area, 40 square miles ; grazing capability, 4000 sheep, or 100 per square mile ; old
rent and assessment, £94 10s.; Goyder's valuation, £188 12s. per annum, deducting
improvements valued at £57. This run lies 240 miles S.E. of Adelaide, and 60 miles
N. by E. of Robe. The nearest post town is Narracoorte. The run consists of grassed
ridges and rises on the margin of Bool lagoon and other swamps, with oak, black wood,
gum, and honeysuckle, and forest flats, with rushes, herbs, black grass, and
dwarf tea-tree. This run is worked with mount Benson and E^lanoola E. station.
37,000 sheep, 300 head of cattle, and 80 horses were on these three stations, and on
SOOO acres of purchased J^nd in the hundreds of Eillanoola and Waterhouse, when the
last valuation was taken. Eillanoola is under water a portion of the year, and the
sheep have then to be removed to mount Benson. This run also includes lease, No.
484; area,* 25 square miles.
KZLLAVOOL^ RUN S. {S.E, district;) leases, Nos. 174, 175, 915, 981 and
1007 ; occupier, D. Macarthur; areas of leases, 17, 4, 13, 7, and 4 square miles. This
run lies to the S.W. gf Eillanoola, on the Musqulto plains.
KINGSGOTE {Kangaroo island) is a small postal settlement in Eingscote
harbour, on the W. side of Nepean bay. It is an aboriginal station, and the post office
for the district. See Eangaboo Island.
&XNGSC6tE HARBOUR (Kangaroo island) is a fine bay lying in the N. W.
part of Nepean bay, in the N.E. part of the island. It is formed by the shelter
afforded by a shoal stretching in a south easterly direction, from point Marsden, is one
of the best anchorages in the colony. The shoai is composed of sand, and dries at low
water to a considerable extent. The township of Eingscote lies on a hill at the head of
the bay. Excellent vegetables may be procured there, and wood and water may be got
off without much difficulty. The well is situated on a small plateau at the foot of the
hill. It is high-water at full and change at three hours, the rise and fall being about 5
feet, but much depends on the direction of the prevailing winds and the state of the
weather. Eingscote point, the end of some low bushes, is in lat. 35° 38' 40" S., long.
137° 44' 10" E., mag. var. 5° E. N. by W. 4^ miles from Eingscote point lies point
Marsden, a bold headland of moderate elevation, having excellent anchorage, with its
extremity bearing from N. W. to W., in from 7 to 4 fathoms, on a clean sandy bottom.
JLZKGSCOTE RUN {Kangaroo island;) leases, Nos. 16 and 561; occupier,
M. Calnan; total area, 22 square miles. Lease No. 561 is known as the Cygnet run,
l%e post dSftce is at Eingscote.
KZMGSTOlf {Go. Macdonnell) is a postal township in the electoral district of
Victoria, hundred of Lacepede or Caroline, and under the control of the mount
Gambler central road board. It is situated on the S.E. bank of the Maria creek, and is
a SBiall but rising seaport township. It lies on a small seaport known as port Caroline,
•imd on the main line of road from Adelaide to Penola, distant from the former plaoe
Digitized by VjOOQIC
130 The South Atistralian Gazetteer. [Kin — Kib
195 miles, and from the latter 120 miles, in the county of MacdonnelL Kin^*
ston is situated on the main line of mail yroad from Adelaide to Fenola. A belt df
sand-ridges runs from Kingston along the sea beach from Maria creek to the mouth of
the Murray river, with good grassy flats interspersed, width from 1 to 3 miles; outside
of which is a large swamp, which runs parallel with the sand-ridges. About 60 miles
N.W. this swamp becomes the Coorong, at the Salt creek, to which creek, from the
Murray, small crafts come up with rations, &c., for the settlers. Wheat, oats, barleyf
potatoes and onions are grown along the beach side of the swamp; but the country is
chiefly occupied for pastoral purposes, principally sheep. There are no mines of any
description^ although lately there haye been some specimens of coal found, and indica-
tions of petroleum. A company has been formed, and are boring for the above minerals.
The nearest places are Robe, 3 miles S.B., and Narracoorte, 65 miles E., on the main
road to mount Gambler. With these places there is communication by mail vehicles,
which run twice per week; and with Adelaide, 195 miles N.W., by sea; and overland by
mail. The cutter Swallow and the schooner Kangaroo trade regularly to Adelaide.
The hotels in Kingston are the Kingston arms and the Ship inn. The surrounding?
couiftry is generally very flat, excepting slight ranges or rises of a few feet only in
elevation. Large patches of fine country lie to the E. and N.E. A large portion oi
the district is tMnly covered with water at certain times of the year: the Government
have made a commencement of its removal, by which millions of acres of agricultural and
pastoral land will be recovered. The population of Kings ton numbers about 240 persons ;
Narracoorte, a central and rising township, is nearly E., and is elevated above Kingston
200 feet; population of Narracoorte probably 400. The population of Robe town
is about 400; Robe town has been established about 15 years. This port (Caroline)
is situated about in the centre of the S.E. district of South Australia, within 63 miles
from the western end of the colony of Victoria, and is the nearest port to a large and
fertile bush country in Victoria and in South Australia. The geological formation ia
generally limestone rock with deep post-pliocene deposit, filled with shells and soft black
or whitish clay, forming inland into limestone crusted morasses. The resident magistrate
is J. Cook, Esq., J.P.
ILZNGSTOW {Co» Burra) is a hundred in the NiW. point of the county,
containing a large block of purchased land, probably a third of its area, the remainder
being taken up for pastoral purposes. «
KINGSTON MINE {Co, Surra.) See Koosinoa. •
KINGSTON, MOUNT (27° 58' S. lat., 135° 50' E. long. (Flinders district,) is
a solitary hill lying on the S. bank of the Neales river. It springs from a low range
of sand-hills lying to the N.W. of mount Younghusband. Sancfstone and limestone.
KINGSTON STATION {S.E. district;) lease. No. 989; occupier, P. Roberts;
area, 14 square miles; rental £7 per annum. This run lies to the N.E. of Tilley's
swamp, the next post town being Kingston.
KIKADmiTE CREEK {Flinders district) is a small watercourse lying to the
S. of lake Buchanan. Sandy and grassy plains.
KIKBT ISLAND {Spencer's gulf.) See Sib J. Banks's Group.
KntBTBOUTE (or Kyhobolite) BUN (S.E. district;) lease, No. 163;
occupier, J. Affleck; area, 64 square miles; grazing capability, 11,500 sheep, or 177
per square mile; Goyder's valuation, £354 12s. per annum, deducting improvements
valued at £2677. This run lies 210 miles S.S.E. from Adelaide, and 80 miles E.N.E.
of Guicben bay, where the wool is shipped.
KUtByS HILL (Co. Hindmarsh) is a survey point and slight elevation, lying
in the hundred of Goolwa, and about 4 miles N. of port Elliott.
KIBKALA RUN {Port Lincoln district;) lease. No. 675; occupier, H. A. Craw-
ford; area, 82 square miles. This run lies on the E. side of Streaky bay, 7 miles from
the Flinders post office; and also includes Filtiniby, lease No. 1129, and Ferlubiey
lease No. 1090, their areas being respectively 27 and 14 square miles. In these leases,
there are 12 stations.
KntTON POINT (Co. Flinders) is a projecting point on the N. side of port
Lincoln near Boston Bay.
KOHW AN MINE [N. district) is a copper mine lying 202 miles N. of Adelaide
and 72 miles N.E. of Fort Augusta on the Arkaba run; 3 shafts have been sunk, the
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Klb — Koo] The South Avstralian Gazetteer, 121
deepest of which is 21 fothoms. The countrj consists of soft light killas and pipeclay,
and seyeral tons of good ore have been raised, but the mine has not been lately worked.
KLXnOZZG (Ob. Adelaide) is a small agricultural hamlet lying near the postal
Tillage of Campbelltown, and inhabited by a few farmers and gardeners.
KNOTT'S HILL (^Co. Adelaide) is a point in the coast range, lying about 2 miles
distant E. of Wickham's hill.
KOWBOPARZHGA {Cos. Adelaide and Hindmarsh) is a district council in the
electoral district of mount Barker. It is under the control of a chairman, the present
one being Mr. Thos. Jones, of Springgroye meadows, and 4 councillors. The receipts
and expenditure of this district council for 1865 were as follow: — Assessment, £58 10 10s.—
rate 6d. in the pound; rates collected, £103 17s. 4d.; total receipts, £511 88. 2jd; office
expenses and salaries, £127 8s. lOd.; expended on public works, £288 5s. 8|d. The
population numbers 1196 persons, the area is 78 square miles, or 49,920 acres; land
under cultivation, 4036 acres; and number of dwelling-houses, 236.
KONBOPABIHGA {Co. Hindmarsh) is a central hundred of the county, having
about half its area of purchased land, and the remainder scrubby and mountainous
pastoral country.
KOWETTA RUN N. (S,E. District J lease No. 356; occupiers, Palmer, Murphy
and Henty; area, 55 square miles; grazing capability, 7500 sheep or 136 per square
mile. Goyder's valuation £254 per annum deducting improvements. This run forms
part of the Gillap run, and lies 220 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 24 miles E. by S. of
Guichen bay, where the wool is shipped.
KOWGOKOWG (Co. Chrey) is a S. hundred of the county, containing about a
third of sold land, and lying on the S.W. coast. For population, &c., see Benasa
Hnin>sED.
KOWGOKONG {Co. Sturt) See Swanpobt.
KONKABSWA BUN (TT. district;) leases. No. 1102, 1114, and 1152, having
respective areas of 18, 65, and 65 square miles. Occupiers, Dalwood, Goode, and
Goode. This run lies at Streaky bay; the post-town being at Flinders, on that bay.
KOONBOOLEA {Flinders district.) See Fonaba.
KOO&AKZXiBE (Flinders district.) SeePoNABA.
KaO&nrGAy 33'' 40' S. lat., 138° 45' E. long. (Co. Furra,) is a postal township
in the electoral district of the Burra, and hundred of Kooringa. It is situated on the
Burra creek, al)out 50 miles N. of Kapunda, and is in daily communication with
Adelaide by mail to Eapunda, and thence per rail to Adelaide. Kooringa is situated
on very irregular ground broken up in many places by fissures and watercourses; the
situation and peculiarities of the creek divide the township, which is scattered over a
considerable area; there is no corporation or district council, although efforts are being
made to obtain the former. Kooringa has its institute, post office ,and inoney order
office, and telegraph station. It is surrounded by a chain of undulating hills, in many
parts of which and in several localities copper ore is found, together with promisirig
specimens of silver lead ore. Irrespective of the Burra Burra mine, there are other
recent mineral discoveries now in active working, and considered very promising.
There are no rivers near Kooringa; there are the Burra, Baldioa, and Gum creeks, but
in summer waterholes alone can be relied on. Gum creek is about 7 miles on the
Clare road S.W. from Kooringa, Baldina about same distance among the hills and in
N.E. direction from Kooringa, and the Burra creek divides the township. The great
Burra copper mines lie to the N. of the township on the Burra creek. (See Bdbba.)
Kooringa has no mills, but there is a brewery and a candle manufactory in the town-
ship. It is principally a mining ahd pastoral district, with a few sections under wheat *
cultivation, but those are scattered and at distances varying from 4 to 7 miles from the
township. The pastoral lands are principally devoted to sheep-farming. Besides the
Burra Burra mine, there are several other mines in course of working, and as follows;
The All Nations mine. Flinders mine. Scrubbers' Camp mine, Kingston mine and
Karkulto mine. The two former are worked by a Melbourne company, who are san-
guine as to results. The lode is not expected to be cut yet, although copper of rich
per centage has been found. The Scrubbers' Camp mine is looking very promising;
is situated about 28 mile N. of Koringa; there are several fine branches of promising
cm, ^incipally blue carbonates, 3 average stones trying 20 per cent. It is expected a
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122 The South AmtraUan Gazetteer. [Koo — KuL
L lode will be struck. The Ejoaston mine is situated about 7 miles N.E. of this
place, is thought promising; seme stones of ore, oxide of copper, tried 84 per cent.»
while specimens of silver lead have been found on same property. The Karkulto is
the property of and worked by the South Australian mining association; is 15 miles S«
of Eooringa on Adelaide road; its produce being principally iron ore, used in smelting of
^e copper ore. The neiarest places are Redruth, 1 mile N.W. ; Copperhouse, 2 milefl
W.; Hampton, 1} mile N. by E.; Sod Hut, 8 miles S. on the Adelaide road. There are
no townships of any note nearer than Mintaor and Clare, situated 21 and 25 miles
S. W. and W. With these places there is communication by coach (Bounsevell's,) and
with Adelaide communication per mail to Eapunda, and thence by rail; the distance
from Kooringa to Adelaide being about 99 miles. Kooringa has no benevolent asylum,
but a benevolent association has been in course of active operation for the relief of the
poor. There is a hospital belonging to the South Australian mining association, and built
expressly for the accommodation and benefit of the miners employed on the Burra mine,
but accessible to the poorer classes on obtaining permission from the mine authorities.
The hotels in Eoormga are, the Burra, Miners' Arms, and the Fig and Whistle. In the
township there is a local court, post and money order office, telegraph station, branches
of the National bank and of the Adelaide and South Australian insurance companies,
a public pound, a Masonic lodge (E. C. No. 585,) an Oddfellows* lodge (M.U.O.F.,)
and a Foresters' court. The resident magistrates are T. S. Porter, T. H. Mayne, and
]£, M'Dermott, Esqs. Kanges of hills meet the eye in all directions around Kooringa,
with occasional flats; the main road in many directions undulating and hilly, particularly
between the Burra and Sod Hut, S., while as far as mount Bryan, in N. direction a
distance of 15 or 20 miles, the road is remarkably level and good, and situated on aflat
between two ranges. The population of Eooringa, Kedruth, Aberdeen and Hampton
is about 3100 odd, and the number of houses about 460 but 120 of which are unin-
habited. The want of a corporation here is much felt, and would remedy many existing
. evils. The approaches to the cemetery here are extremely bad and even (fitngerous;
in crossing the creeks and watercourses the remains of the dead have more than once
nearly been precipitated to the ground, the road being m^alled only as far as the post office.
It would be a considerable comfort and advantage to continue the metal road as figir as
Bedruth, the present road between Eooringa and Kedruth being extremely bad. The
geological formation of the district consists of blue, grey and brown arenaceous slate
and sandstone, dipping E. and W. from 20° to vertical.
KOOBINGA {Go, Burra) is a hundred lying in the W. part of the county, aud
on the E. slopes of the main range of hills. It consists almost wholly of purchased
land, of which 2 blocks of 20,000 acres each belong respectively to the South Australian
mining association and the Princess Royal mining company. This hundred is
celebrated for its world-renowned Burra Burra copper mines, which are situated on
the land belonging to the former company. The townships of Eooringa, Redruth,
Littlehampton, and Copperhouse are in this hundred. The area of this hundred,
exclusive of towns, is 57,600 acres, of which 427 acres are under cultivation. The
population of that portion numbers 437 persons, chiefly miners and agriculturists.
* KOOBXUNGA RUN {Co, Stanley;) lease. No. 58; occupier, J. Hope ; area, 95
square miles; rental and assessment, £197 18s. 4d. This run lies on the Broughton
and Rocky rivers, to the N.N.E. of port Wakefield.
KKOWGART RUN {S.E, district ;)lease. No. 181 ; occupier, E. Cameron ; area,
36 square miles, including land in the hundreds of Grey, MonbuUa, and Penola. Hie
actual area is 12| square miles; grazing capacity, 1600 sheep, or 133 per square mile.
This run is watered from swamps, and lies 250 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, 75 miles E.
by S. of Guichen Bay, and 45 miles N. of Macdonnell bay.
KUZTPO {Go, Adelaide) is a hundred in the S.E. of the county, containing
-about half its area of purchased land, much of which is cultivated. The remainder is
hilly and rugged, and is used for the depasturage of a few sheep and cattle by the neigh-
bouring farmers.
KUKAWA HUN {W, district,) See Venus Bat Ruk.
KUbPAKA {Go. Daly) is an E. hundred of the coimty, consisting principally of
pastoral land, rich in mineral wealth, and forming part of the Moonta and Wallaro6
mining district. There are some small blocks of purchased land lying in the W. part
of the hundred.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
&JR— Iun] The South Australian Gazetteer. 123
k MINE (Co, Daly) is one of the Wallaroo mines, lying to the N. of the
Dturyea mine, and containing some good branches of fine yellow sulphuret ore.
KTBGBOLXn: RUN i8,R district) See Eisbtbolitb.
IbACSPBDS BAY (Co. Macdonndl) lies to the N. of Guichen bay on the S.E.
coast, and forms the 8. part of the extensive bight to the S. of Encounter bay and the
Murray mouth. It offers excellent anchorage, as no heavy seas can enter. Fresh
water may be had in any quantity by digging in the sand-banks near the beach. At
the head of this bay and on port Caroline, an inner harbour is situated, the township
of Kingston. Its heads are known as Capes BemouiUi and Morard de Galles. See
also Casounb Fobt. There is an aboriginal station on this bay.
lACEFBDI! ((7o. Macdonnell} is a hundred in the S.W. of the county, and lying
on the coast of Lacepede bay. The township of Kingston is in this hundred, the only-
sold land being a long narrow tract running N. and S., at the back of the township, and
bordering the Maria swamp.
ULCyS GROUP {Flinders district W.) is the name given to 2 rocky islands, and
a detached reef, of which the larger island lies W. by S. 5 miles from Evans island.
This island is circular, and about half-a-mile in diameter, and is of considerable elevation.
lUMOdH HILL (Co. Burro) is a peak and survey point in the main range,
lying about 4 miles S.E. of the township of Apoinga.
XJLKE EYRE, {Flinders district N.) In his despatch to Adelaide, of September
last, Major Warburton, who has been exploring the N.E. part of the colony, in'speaking
of lake Eyre, ssys that the Barcoo river flows into it upon the E. side, and that its
banks are boggy, interspered with deep ravines, and covered with \angled masses of
polygonum, forests of gigantic marshmallows and heavy timber. He also reports that
the natives are rank cannibals, frequently eating one another. See also Etbb L^e.
XJiKE HOPE, {Flinders district.) See Hope Lake.
!■ AKE SUND AY STATION ( Yorhe's peninsula;) lease. No. 7 1 , is the head station
of Messrs. Rogers, Lander, and Stephen, and has an area of 47 square miles; grazing
capabiJity, 7500 sheep, or 160 per square mile; Goyder*s valuati^, iJ397 lOs., deducting
improvements valued at £812 10s. The nearest post towns are port Adelaide, 70 miles
by sea, E.N.E. across St. Vincent's gulf; or by land, Moonta, 90 miles N., and
Wallaroo, 100 miles N. by W. This run also includes lease. No. 21, Oyster bay station.
XiALSE RUN {S.E. district;) lease, No. 185 ; occupier, J. Ellis ; area, 5 square
miles; grazing capability, 780 sheep, or 195 per square miles ; G^yder's valuation, £42
per annum, deducting improvements. On this run, and on a purchased section
and land in the hundred of Gambler, are 900 sheep, 25 head of cattle, and a few horses.
This run lies 270 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 33 miles by road, N.N.E. of port
Macdonnell, where the wool is shipped.
LAMGBORNX: (or Langhobnb's) CREEK, 35'' 18' S. lat., 139"" 6' E. long.
{Co, Hir^marah^) is a postal township in the electoral district of mount Barker, hundred
of Bremer, and under the control of the Bremer district council. It is situated on the
creek of the same name, and on the madn road from Adelaide to Wellington, 5 or 6
miles N. of the N. shore of lake Alexandrina. The district is an agricultural one,
wheat being extensively grown in the neighbourhood. Langhorne has 2 stores, a posf^
office, telegraph station, wheelwrights*, blacksmiths', and other shops, and a public
pound. The resident magistrate is J. D. Cave, Esq., J. P.; and 1 hotel — the Lang-
home's bridge (M*Callum's.) The nearest places are Milang, about 10 miles S.W.;
Strathalbyn, 9 miles W.; Wellington, 20 miles E-; mount Barker, 20 miles N.; there
being no direct mail communication except with Strathalbyn and Wellington, with
which places, as with Adelaide, 45 miles N.W., there is communication by mail coach
four times a week. . There are also 4 carriers' waggons plying to Adelaide and
Wellington weekly. The surrounding country is flat; the soil consists of light sandy
land, abounding in limestone, and admirably adapted for the g^'owth of wheat. The
population numbers about 100 persons. The townships of Langhorne, Kent town,
and Bremerton are generally known as Langhorne, or Langhorne's creek. The number
of inhabitants actually in the township is small; but the district around is thickly
populated.
LAWGTOir ISLAND {8pencer*8 gulf,) See Sir J. Banks's Group.
LANNSS, (DoMBBT of the Admiralty charts,} CAPE {Co, Robe,) is the S. head
i
' Digitized by LjOOQ IC
124 The Smith Australian Gazetteer. [Lea — Lei
of Guichen bay, and has a reef of rocks runniog out N.N.W. \\ miles. This cape may
be known by an obelisk on its extremity, 40 feet high, painted red and white in
horizontal stripes, and visible 12 miles in clea§ weather. The coast to the S. is
composed of sandy hillocks, lightly timbered, and breakers extend off the coast for
folly 2 miles. In a small inlet at the S. side of this cape, the rocks are seen in bold
section, the cliffs being nearly 100 feet high. The little bay is very deep, so that the
water washes the cUffs nearly all round. In some places the action of the surf has
undermined them and caused them to fall, and the spray has eaten into its soft friable
texture, giving parts a wild and jagged outline.
IiSACKLT (Co, Adelaide) is a small agricultural village, lying 1^ miles E. of
Fulham, to the W. of Adelaide, and in the district known as the Reedbeds. Hay is
largely grown in the neighbourhood.
LEAKEy LAKE {Co, Orey,) is a beautiful sheet of water lying 8 miles W. of
Tarpeena, 4 miles N.E. of mount Burr, and near lake Edward. It contains no fish at
present, but it is most probable that if they were placed in it they would thrive.
LEASZNGHAM {Co. Stanley) is a small postal township in the electoral district
of Stanley, and hundred of Upper Wakefield. There are no rivers, mountains, or
lakes near Leasingham, and but 1 creek, running only in winter, cp,lled Watervale
creek, running S. It is in an agricultural district, wheat being largely grown. The
nearest places are Watervale, l^ miles N.; Auburn, 4 miles S.; and Mintaro, 6 miles E.;
the communication being by Eounsevell's daily mail coach. With Adelaide, 824 miles
S., the communication is by Rounsevell's daily mail coach to Eapunda, and thence by
rail. Leasinghaift has a day and Sabbath school, and a Wesleyan Methodist chapeL
There is 1 hotel — the Leasingham ; also a public pound. The surrounding country is
elevated, and the population numbers about 130 persons.
LEE'S HILL, 29° 68' S. lat., 137° 2' E. long. (Flinders di8trict,)ia a low detached
hill, lying on sandy scrubby country to the N. of the N. end of lake Torrens, and
near the head of Chambers' creek.
LEFETKE'S liENmSULA (Co. Adelaide) is the name given to the sandy
tract lying between the Port Adelaide creek or entrance, and the waters of the gulf of
St. Vincent. It is a place of residence for a number of gentlemen having business in
Port Adelaide, and has a post office for the convenience of the inhabitants. It is con-
nected with Port Adelaide by a bridge, and contains the small townships of Milunga
and Weymouth, at the latter of which places is a jetty, running out into the gulf of
St. Vincent, whence the mail and shipping reporters' boats put off to meet incoming
vessels; and there are also the semaphore and flagstaff, where such vessels are signalled
to Adelaide. Lefevre's peninsula consists of sandy drift over a limestone crust, and
along the shore runs a ridge of low sand-hills or dunes, formed by the wash of the
gulf and by E. winds. The following is the official notice of the tidal signals, shown
from the semaphore at Lefevre's peninsula, for the outer bar:— Black ball on south
yard-arm, 12; north, 13; south yard-arm and mast-head, 14; north, 15 fedl water: 2
balls on south yard-arm, 16; north, 17 feet water: black ball on south yard-arm and
quarter, 18; north, 19 feet water; black ball on each yard-arm, 20 feet water: 2 black
balls on south quarter, 21; north, 22 feet water: I black ball on north and south
» quarter, 23 feet water. High water. —A square red flag, under the outer ball, exhibited
at either yard-arm. When, as in the case of the 20-feet signal, balls are exhibited at
both yard-arms, the red flag (high water signal) will be hoisted at the mast-head. Low
water. — A square blue flag, under the outer ball at either yard-arm. The above signal
will be kept flying from the time the tidal wave appears stationary, until the signal
next after high or low water has been made. Red balls are shown at the mast-head fop
ships in sight.
LEZGHHAKDT CREEK {Flinders district) is a small creek lying to the N.W. oi
Strzelecki creek, on Sturt's track of 1845.
LEZGH'S CREEK (Flinders district iV.) is a small watercourse flowing through
sandy country, about 43 miles N.W. of Nuccaleena. There is a sheep station on this
creek, but it is at present unstocked.
LEIGH'S CREEK RUN {N. district;) lease, No. 1100; occupiers. Smith and
Russell; area, 81 square miles. This run, at present unstocked from the late drought,
lies to the S.B. of Termination hill; the next post office being at Nuccaleena.
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Lew— Lig] The South Australian Gazetteer. 125
ISLET {Co. Flinders.) See Thorny Passage.
UEWZSTOlf ((7o. Gawler) is a postal township in the electoral district of Stanley,
hnndred of Port Gawler, and under the control of the district council of port Gawler.
It is situated 2 miles N. of the Gawler river, in an agricultural district, producing
excellent crops of wheat in moist seasons ; the town of Gawler being 9 miles B.,
and Two-wells 4 miles W. With these places there is communication by mail car twice
a week, and with Adelaide, 34 miles S., by railway from Gawler. Lewiston has a post
office, a Bible Christian chapel, and a public school. The nearest hotel is at Two- wells.
The surrounding countr^is flat, and consists of sandy loam and limestone plains, having
belts of mallee scrub andn>^^<^^68 of pine. Very much of the land is fenced and occu-
pied by an industrious class of nftn, who began farming about 10 years ago with their
savings at the Victorian gold-fields. The population of the school and neighbourhood
numbers about 100 persons.
£zOBTy COUNTY, is a central county of the settled districts in the electoral
districts of Light and Barossa, and is bounded on the N. by the counties Stanley and
Burra, on the S. by the counties Adelaide and Sturt, from which it is separated by the
S. Para river, on the E. by the county Eyre, from which it is separated by the main
range, and on the W. by the county Gawler. It is divided into the hundreds of Saddle-
worth, Gilbert, Waterloo, Julia creek, Kapunda, Light, Bel videre, Nurriootpa, Moorooroo,
and Barossa. This county consists almost exclusively of agricultural land, and is popu-
lated by a Urge body of farmers who cultivate all kinds of farm produce. It is watered
by the Upper Light, Gilbert, and N. Para rivers, and their tributaries, and the N.
tributaries of the S. Para river. The chief towns are Kapunda, Saddleworth, Rivertoij,
Hamilton, Freeling, Greenock, Angaston, Tanunda, and Moorooroo. The area of this
county is 848 square miles, or 542,720 acres, the purchased land being 501,557 acres;
the land held by freeholders, 309,459 acres; land enclosed, 392,802 acres; land under
cultivation, 209,110 acres; and land enclosed, but not under cultivation, 183,692 acres.
The live stock numbers 11,716 horses, 14,421 homed cattle, 79,436 pheep, 516 goats,
10,155 pigs, and 71,714 head of poultry. Of the land under cultivation 141,036 acres 9
are under wheat, 2785 acres under barley, 180 acres under oats, 23,974 acres under hay,
1190 acres under green forage, 26 acres under peas, and 593 acres under other crops,
37,748 acres are fallow, and 99 acres under potatoes. There are 296 acres of orchard,
446 acres of garden, and 737 acres of vineyard. On the latter are 681,683 vines in
bearing, and 240,989 vines not in bearing. The crops for the year ending 31st March,
1866, were 1,072,454 bushels wheat, 41,124 bushels barley, 2637 bushels oats, 17,981
tons hay, 69 tons potatoes, 101,914 gallons wine, and 1510 cwt. grapes. The population
numbers 19,643 persons, being an increase of 4663 since 1861. The number of dwelling-
houses is 3682, against 3036 in that year. Light electoral district comprises the whole
of the county of Light, with the exception of the hundreds of Moorooroo, Saddleworth,
and Waterloo. It contains the municipality of Kapunda, part of the district council of
Stockport, and the hundreds of Bel videre, Gilbert (part of,) Light (part of,) Kapunda,
Julia creek, and Nuriootpa, and has a population of 12,742 persons, and an area of
565 square miles, or 362,174 acres, of which 144,071 acres are under cultivation. The
voting places for this district are at N. Kapunda, Greenock, and Riverton. Light is
represented in the Legislative Assembly by P. B. Coglin and J, Rounsevell, Esqs. The
number of registered electors in this district for 1865 was, for the Legislative Council,
1189, and for the Legislative Assembly, 1932.
&IOHT((7<o. Light) is a W. hundred of the county, consisting for the most part of
purchased agricultural land, on which is grown large quantities of wheat and other
produce, the land being taken up by an industrious body of farmers.
1 LIGHT RIVER {Cos. Light and Gawler) is-a fine stream rising 26 miles N. of the
township of Hamilton, where it strikes oflf in a S.E. direction, gradually sweeping
round in the form of a horseshoe to Kapunda, and watering good agricultural country
in the hundreds of Mudla Wirra, Grace, and Port Gawler, and empties itself into the
gulf of St. Vincent in the form of a large swamp. It receives the waters of the
Gilbert river and numerous small creeks, and flows ab3ut 5 months in the year, the
water becoming bad when the river stops running.
UGHT'S LOOK-OUT (Co. Eyre) is a peak in a low range lying in the N.W.
part of the hundred of Button, and about half-a-mile N. of mount Rufus.
LZGHTSBZP {Co. Adelaide) is a floating light, lying off the outer bar at the
Digitized by V^OOQIC
136 The South Austra lian Gazetteer. fLiG — Lnr
. s _^_^^____
entrance of Port Adelaide, in the golf of St Vincent. Tliere are 2 fixed lights on a
mast on this yessel, yisible 1 1 miles.
UOUAWSA ISLAND {Co, Flinders) is a rocky island on a coral bottom, Ijing
3 miles S.lrom the sloping point of cape Wills. Its sunmiit is at the N.E.end,
whence it slopes away to tbe S.W. about H miles, and in that direction is surrounded
by many rocks and breakers. This island is low and barren, and was first seen by
flinders, February 17, 1802.
ULT MOUNT (Co, Adelaide) is a small peak of the main range. Near this hill
if a mine of cobalt, which lies 10 miles £. by N. of Adelaide. *
K UflSESTONS RANGE {Flinders district) is a range of .limestone hills, crossed
by Stuart, on his first exploration journey, and extending N. and S. firom about 29° 40^
to 29** 35' S. lat., and in 135° 20' E. long. To the N. of the range, and lying between
it and Stuart's range, is a large open plain, apparently of good country, with plenty of
grass and saltbush. There are a few mnlga creeks to the N.E. To the S. of mount
Paisley, the most easterly point, are stony plains, with sand-hills, and at interralff
patches of grass and saltbush.
UMDBSTONS WELLS (Co. Cardwell) is the name of a camping-place on the
main road from Wellington to Border town. There is a native well at this place, which
lies 56 miles S.E. of WelUngton.
UNOOUf RANGE {Co, Flinders) is a hundred lying in the E. Me of the
coomty, on the bay of the same name, and in a pastoral district, of which a tolera^y
large block is purchased land. This block lies round and near the township of p(»t
Lincoln, which is situated on the shore of the bay.
XJNGOLir PORT, 34'' 48' 25" S. lat., 135° 44' 51" E. long. {Co. Flinders,) is a
postal seaport town in the electoral district of Flinders, and hundred of Lincoln. It is
^ituated on the S.W. part of the coast of port Lincoln, and in the S.E. part of Eyre'a
^or port Lincoln peninsula, 15 miles S. of the river Todel, 25 miles E. of lakeWangary,
15 miles S. of mount Gawler,30 miles S. of mount Liverpool, and 30 miles E. of the
Marble ranges. The district is a pastoral one, sheep and cattle, principally the former,
being gt&z^ The principal care of the squatters is the production of wool, there
being no market for the increase of the flocks. A small quantity of land in the
neighbourhood is taken up for agricultural purposes, and produces some of the finest
samples of wheat in the colony. There are several mines in the neighbourhood, the
principal ones being the mount Liverpool and port Lincoln copper mines, 30 miles N.,
and the Muminnie copper and bismuth mines 130 miles N., and bismuth, tin, lead
and gold are said to have been found in various other parts of the district, but only in
small quantities. Iron ore of excellent quality is found in great abundance to the W.
and N.W. The nearest towns are Parkin, 150 miles N.W., a new settlement at Yenm
bay; Flinders, at Streaky bay, 200 miles N.W.; Wallaroo, 100 miles B.N.E.; and
port Augusta, 150 miles N.E. The communication with the two first-named places is*
by mail cart, which carries letters and occasional passengers to the various post offices
in the W. district (the post offices being Wangary, Warrow, lake Hamilton, Bramfleid,
Talia, and tbe townships named^ With the two latter towns the communication is by
steamer and coasting vessels. With Adelaide, 210 miles E., the communication is by
steamer. The township of port Lincoln is situated on a gentle rise on the S.W. side ot
Boston bay, an arm of port Lincoln. It has a court oi petty sessions, a book club, an
Oddfellows' hall (M.U.,) branches of the South Australia and Adelaide insurance
companies, a post and money order office, an aboriginal station, a life-boat and rocket
apparatus, a police office and gaol, and 3 hotels— the Pier, Port? Lincoln, and Northern;
there is also another hotel lying about' 5 or 6 miles distant on the W. road, known as
the Sportsman's arms, and a favourite resort for shooting parties. Port Lincoln was
surveyed in 1836, and «ras then selected and marked out as the capital of South
Australia, but Colonel Light, after seeing the place, abandoned it in favour of the site
of Adelaide for a metropolis. The surrounding country is undulating to the N., and
near the coast there are patches of good well-grassed land, admirably suited for
agricultural purposes, and having rich soil lying over a granite formation. To the W.
and N.W. the country is sandy, with limestone ridges, and covered with scrub, and is
only fit for pastoral purposes. The population of port Lincoln numbers about 100
persons. The resident magistrates i^e H. J. Smith, W. R« Mortlock, J. C. Marchant,
B. Holroyd, O. A. Hammond, and F. W. Frampton, Esqs. The country to the W. if
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Lin — LipJ ITie SatUh Australian Gazetteer. 127
dMiselj 8cniU)ed, wHh patches ot low, grassy, lightly timhered ridges of limestone, the
limestone being a recent shelly deposit, and generally containing springs and lagoons
of fresh water.
LZNCOXJf, PORT, (jOo.Flinders) is a fine large indentation in the land, lying on
the S. W. coast of Spencer's golf, and having an entrance 5^ miles wide between cape
Donnington, 34** 44' S. lat., 135° 57' 30" E. long., and Boston point 34° 40' S. lat., 135°
S^ 30" E. long. It affords shelter from all winds. Fort Lincoln consists of 3 bays or
branches— port Lincoln proper, Spalding cove, and Boston bay, and has a large island
just within its entrance known as Boston island, and forming the entrance into 2 chan-
nels. There are also some small islands called the Bicker islands, lying between
Boston island and cape Donnitigton. Its name was given to it by Flinders, the dis-
coTerer, who called it after his native county, and who spent his time, from the latter
end of February until the 6th March, in surveying and naming the various places in
and near it He describes the land in the neighbourhood as exceedingly rich, and the
BOKiery beautiful, an opinion shared by Mr. Feron and Freycinet in "Bandings Expedi-
tion." They describe it as having "shores of gently rising slopes covered with
umlMrageous forests," and as bearing certain indications of rivulets and copious springs,
comparing it in appearance and capacity with port Jackson in New South Wales.
Notwithstanding this, however, and although, in the words of Eyre, "port Lincoln
possesses a beautiful, secure, and spacious harbour, with a convenient and pretty site
for a town, and immediately contiguous to which there exists some extent of fine and
fertile soil, with several good grassy patches of country beyond," yet from its compara-
tive isolation, and from the limited nature of its own resources, it is not likely, as yet,
at all events to become nM>re than a settlement available for sheep and cattle grazing,
and certainly never such a large or important harbour as both Flinders, and the French
explorers thought probable. Near the entrance to this port is a small hill, upon whose
summit stands a white obelisk, erected by Sir John Fitmklin, in memory of Captain
Flinders, tinder whom Sir John served in the Terra Australis voyages of discovery.
It is much weather-worn, and is about to be encased in colonial marble in order to
preserve it. The following inscription is engraved upon it: — *♦ This place, from which
the gulf and its shores were first surveyed, on the 26th Feb., 1802, by Matthew Flinders,
R.N., commander of H.M.S. Investigator, and the discoverer of the country now
called South Australia, was, on 12th January, 1841, with the sanction of Lieut-CoL
Crawler, K;H., the governor of the country, set apart for, and in the first year of the
government of Gapt. G. Grey, adorned with this monument to the perpetual memory
of the illustrious navigator, by John Franklin, Captbin R.N., Lieutenant-Goveriior of
Van Diemen's Land."
LZNCOLW f FORT Fastoral district. See Western Fastobal District.
LZNIMKAT GREEK {Flinders district) is a fine gum creek, with well-grassed
banks, flowing from the N.W. into the Stevenson river, through good country.
LUIVSAT GREEK [Flinders district) is the name of a stream flowing at a dis-
tance of 4 miles from Wallianippie, into Smoky bay. It is not navigable.
Also a stream in the N. part of the colony, (m Stuart's route to the N. territoiy.
It is surrounded by stunted scrub and saltbush.
XiZNBSAT HOUSE VINEYARD {Co. Light,) See Angaston. <
&ZiniSAT FOINT {Flinders district W,)i8 a small low promontory in Blanche-
port bay, lying to the W. of the entrance to Acraman creek.
blMWOOB (Co. Light) is a postal township in the electoral district of Light and
hundred of Light. It is situated on the S. bank of the Light river, and on the main'
road to Riverton, Glare, and Fenwortham, and is distant from Adelaide 48 miles nearly
due N. The river Light runs at Linwood the greater part of the year, but by the
latter end of summer becomes very brackish. The district is an agricultural one, the
principal product being wheat The nearest places are Kapunda, 9 miles E. by N. ;
Stockport, 3 miles N.W. With Kapunda there is ^ regular communication, and with
Stockport the mail car runs thrice a-week. With Adelaide, 48 miles S., the communis
cation is by mail car to Freeling, and thence by rail. Linwood has a post office and 1
hotel— the Light Bridge. The surrounding country is undulating, anct consists of hard
blue slaty rock, underiying limestone, with patches of rich alluvial soil. The popu-
liition numbers 35 persons.
UF80N LAKE {Flinders district) is a salt Uigoon l^ing in the S. part of the
Hope plains, and touched by Sturt in Ms return journey in 1845.
Digitized by V^OOQIC
128 The South Australian Gazetteer, [Lip — Lob
UPSOirS COVE {Flinders disti'ict) is a small indentation in the land lying to
the N. of Harvey 8 bay, in Spencer's gulf.
UPSON'S ISLAND {Go, Hindmarsh) Is a small island lying in port Elliott.
LlPSOirS REACH (Co. Adelaide) is a part of the channel of Fort Adelaide
— ^which see.
UPSOirS BEEF (Kangaroo island) is a dangerous reef of rocks lying opposite
Hanson's bay, off the S.W. coast of the island.
blTTIaSHAflSPTOlf {Co, Hindmarsh) is a postal township in the electoral
district of mount Barker, hundred of Macclesfield, and under the control of the district
council of mount Barker. It is situated on the head of the mount Barker creek, in an
agricultural district famed for the growth of wheat. The uearest place is mount Barker
township, 1 mile S.W. The communication with this place, as with Adelaide, 21 miles
W. is by Rounsevell's daily mail coach, and by carriers' dray once a week. There is
a post office, a brewery, and 1 hotel — the great Eastern, in the township. The resident
magistrate is B. Gray, Esq., J.F. The surrounding country is mountainous, and the
formation chiefly of micaceous slate. The population numbers about 240 persons in and
about the town.
UTTLE ISLET ( Co. Flinders,) See Thorny Passage.
UTTLS LAGOON (Go. Burra) is a small waterhole lying about 2 miles S,B.
of the township of Black springs.
ZXTS&POOL, MOUNT {Go, Flinders^) is the name of a lofty peak in the range
of the same name, lying about 6 miles W. of Tumby bay, and 50 miles north of port
Lincoln. It is volcanic. There is a copper mine, not at present working, lying at the
foot of the hill, and about 5 miles W. of Tumby bay. It was originally purchased and
worked by a company, but has since been sold to James Anderson, Esq. This mine is
also known as the Port Lincoln mine.
LIVERPOOL RANGE {Go, Flinders) is the name given to a range of broken low-
hills lying on the W. side of the S. part of Spencer's gulf, and to the N.W. of port
Lincoln. The country on the E. side is tolerably good for pastoral purposes, whilst
that on the W. is barren or densely scrubbed, with scarcely any water. The highest
point of this range lies to the S.W. of Tumby bay, and is known as mount LiverpooL
Z.ZYEBPOOL, MOUNT, RUN N. {W, district;) leases,.Nos. 759 and 916; occu-
pier, J. McCallum ; areas of leases respectively, 13 and 30 square miles. This run lies
to the W. of lipson's cove, on the W. side of Spencer's gulf. The next post town is
port Lincoln, to the S.
LOBSTBAL (Go, Adelaide^ is a postal township in the electoral district and
hundred of Onkaparinga, and under the control ot the district council of Woodside, the
main E. road, however, which passes through it, being under the supervision of the
central road board. It is situated on the Western Branch creek, the Onkaparinga river
flowing 2 miles to the E. The district is an agricultural one. and Vheat, rye, oats,
barley, potatoes, and other products are extensively cultivated. The cultivation of the
•vine also attracts considerable attention. There is a steam flour mill (Lange Bros.)
in the centre of the township in full work, and another one to the N. not working,
a brewery (Eleinschmidt's) to the S., a tannery to the N., and a distillery (Eummick's.)
There is a post and money order office, a telegraph station, 3 Lutheran churches,
a lodge of the M. U. order of Oddfellows, and 2 hotels — the Rising Sun (Waldt's) and the
Alma CBoram's.) There is a silver mine situated in the township, but not at present
worked. It has a large lode running N. and S., composed of iron gossan, quartz and
mundic. There is a mine of cobalt and silver existing in the same lode; but being
principally ore of cobalt. This mine is beautifully situated, and the lode embedded in
soft clay-slate promises to yield a quantity of rich ore. It lies within half-a-mile of the
township. The nearest places to Lobethal are Charleston, 2^ miles S.E.; Woodside,
4^ miles S. ; and mount Torrens, 5 dalles N.E. With these places, as with Adelaide,
27i miles W., the communication is by Rounseveirs daily mail car, part of this route
is along a district road, but if the main E.' road were opened to Lobethal, the distance
would be reduce<f to 20 miles between Lobethal and Adelaide. The small villages of
Neudorf and Schonthal lie within half-a-mile of the township. The surrounding
country is elevated and undmlating, the soil is good, and the formation chiefly clay-
slate, distinctly stratified, and aboundmg with detached fragments of quartz upon the
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Loo— Lov] The South AmtraUan QageUeer. 1^
mxSAce. Lobethal haa about 360 inhabUanta, mostly Germaq, and 90 dvelUngt
gabstantdally built on the 2 sections forming the towntbip.
&a€KZAY'8 (Oo. Adelaide) it the estate and residence of Mr. C. B. Fisher, a
name identified with the sporting history of the country. It lies 4 miles from Adelaids^
on the road to the Reedbeds, and the welUbred racing stock depasturing on the
extensive paddocks, and the large range of substantial and roomy stabling, where
repose some of the best blood of (he Knowsley and other &mous studs, recall memories
el old English sporting horses.
LOOK, MOUNT (Co, Frome^) is a W. spur of the main range running in the
direction of the N. part of the E. coast of Spencer's gulf. Sheoak rises, with maliee
scrub and spinifex grass, and good open grassy plains to the £. The country to the E.
is watered by the Manannarie and Boniah creeks.
bOFTT, MOUNT (Co, Adelaide, ) is a small hamlet, lying on the mount Barker
roady 10 miles E. of Adelaide, and at the junction of the road leading to the summit of
mount Lofty. It lies 4 miles from Bridgewater, and has a mechanics' institute, a day
school, and a small population of gardeners and agriculturists. The resident magistrate
is A. Hardy, Esq., J.P.
IiOrrr, mount fCo, Adelaide) is the highest peak of that part of the main
or Adelaide ranges, known as the mount Lofty ranges. It is a survey station, and
attains an elevation of 2400 feet above the level of the sea. It lies about 12 miles
distant from Adelaide in an E.S.E. direction, there bdng a good carriage road (leaving
the main road near Crafers) to the very summit, where a roofed shed, with a table and
seats, has been erected for the convenience of pic-nic and pleasure parties, and whence
a most magnificent view over the fertile Adelaide flat and the intervening ranges, and
far out into the gulf of St. Vincent, may be had on a clear day. A cairn of stones
supporting a flagstaff has also been erected, and the table and seats in the arbour are
literally covered with the names of persons who have visited the place, and have
recorded their visits by carving their names. The drive is one of the prettiest m the
colonies, the road being good, although steep in one or two places, and the views from
the angles and windings of the route charming. The geological structure of the hilla
in this neighbourhood is chiefly of thick beds of hard and soft coarse-grained micaceous
sandstone, dipping S. 25°, E. SO''; also of metamorphic rock, continually changing in
its gullies to slates, porphyries^ schists, and black limestone, and these again are covered
wi£ tertiary limestone. Near mount Lofty, Mr. A. Hardy has a vineyard, planted at
an elevation of 2200 feet above the level of the sea, on the mountain side, and presenting
the appearance of a white patch from the Adelaide plains and the gulf of St. Vincent
below. The soil is a mixture of disintegrated rock, black sand, and stone reduced by
the action of fire. The principal varieties of grape are the Red Madeira, Carbonet,
Shiraz, and Riesling.
bOirCF HILL {Co. Eyre) is a peak in a low range of hills, lying in the W. part
of the county.
LOMGr MARSH (Go. Hindmartih) is a tract of swampy country, lying on the W.
bank of the estuary of the Finniss river, in the hundred of Nkangkita, and about 4
miles to the E. of Currency creek.
LOVKB'S ISLE (.Flinders district W.) is a small rocky island, lying E.S.E. \ E.
5 miles from the Purdie islands, and forming one of Nuyt's archipelago.
XU^UHIF S REEF (Flinders district W.) is the name given to a dangerous reef of
rocks in Nuyt's archipelago, lyiag 5^ miles S. 76° W. from point Peter. It only
shows in bad weather, when the sea breaks heavily upon it.
LOVTH QCq. Flinders) is a hundred, lying on the E. side of the county, and on
the shore of Louth bay. It contains 2 blocks of purchased land, which occupy about
a third of its ai;ea.
]iOirT9 BAY (Oo, Flinders is an indentation 5 miles deep and 10 miles wide,
formed by Boston point on the S.W. and Bolingbroke point on the N.E. It has 2 low
islands in its S.W. part, the largest of which is about a mile in length, and about the
same distance from the bottom of the bay, which has never been thoroughly explored.
The land to th§ N. of this bay is low and sandy, with a range of moderately high but
barren land, 5 or 6 miles behind it.
L0TE9AT BAY (Co. RusseUX) is an i^et of the S.part of lake Alextmdrina, into
Digitized by LjOOQIC
M^ Tfie Stmth AmtraHan &azeUeer. [Low — Lur
' '
a peninsula Ijing between that hike and lalres Albert and Coorong. Its S'. side is swampy^
and its N. side coasted by granite rocks. At the head of the bay lies some tolerabV
good agiicnltoral landv although, the peninsula is gen^nUy scarubby, eoY^red witb sandy
4rift, and unfit Im cuUifiiiion.
AOWAIi VALB STATION (iVfew S,R district;) occupier*, S. and C. Heriot-^
area, 40 square mfljes; grazing capacity, 5000 i^eep; rent and assessment, £35. liiia
station (lease. No. 9d) is situatedintheTattiaracountry,12miles from Border town, which
is the next post town, and 160 miles S.£. of Adelaide. The country is she<MBk and
maot, surroniSded by mallee sciub, and ia supplied with watev by sinking to. a d^th of
inm 70 to 85. feel^ titore being however s«r&GO water in good seasons.
&OWB& MITGflAM {Co, Adelaide.) See Mitoham.
XiOWiat MURBAT RIVER {Co, Hindfmrah) See Goolwa. Rinift^
'MfmhX POINT, 32° 55' S. Iat.»l37° 4jy E.. long, (^PUnders dvttrict,) iaa ^omlnent.
hM^lftnd siAuaited ij^ the N. pact of t^bie W. coa«i( o| Spencer's guU*. It has a large tract.
oC pastoral back couojigr.
LOWXiT, POmt, RUN (TT. distnct;) leases, Nos. §97, 896, 899, 908, and 1087;
occupieri A- D. Ta83i^; areas of leases, 49, 5$, 41,. 92^ and 28 square miles^ This run
liea neax poiot X40wJy, the next post offices being port lincoln to the S., and port August»^
to th^ N.E.
I^V&WW ISLANDS (Spencer's gulf.) See Stu J. Banks^b Gboup.
XiXAJfjBf MOUNT (A*, district,) is & peak and trigonometrical station in themaia
range, lying on the N. bank of the river Munday, and to the N. W. of Fortress hill. The
Hount Ly ndhurst, mine lies a few miles S. of this hill.
UmpavmAT, MiOUNT,^30° 20' S. lat., 138° S5? E. long. (Flindere distriatNi,}
ia a peak and trigonometrical station in the main range, lying on the S. bank of tha
Miunday river, and to the W. of Fortress hiU. There is a copper mine lying- about 10*
milfis distant from mount Lyndhurst, and known as the Mount Lyndhurst mine. It
lies on low hilly gt6and on the edge of the Western plain, and hjks a lode traceable on
the sur&ce lor about 130 yards^ and from 2 to 3 feet wide, which has been opened ia
several places ajid found to contain green carbonates and grey ore; and from a shait
sunk 4 fathoms* gvey and red oxides, and native copper have been raised, The geolo*^
gical formation of tiie ground is of day-slate, micaceous schist, limestone, and qnartz.^
This mine is not wprked at pnesent.
^TlTBOCHy or Ltndocb Yallet {Co, Ligkt^) is a postal townsh^) in the electoral
district and hundred of Barossa. It lies on the road from Gawler to Tanunda, and in
the agricultural district known as the Gawler plains. Lyndoch is situated on the side
of a small sandy hill, and has a post and money order office, a volunteer rifle corps, a
public pound, and 1 hotel The nearest places are Gawler to the W., and Tanunda to
the E., the communication being by car. With Adelaide, 35 miles S., the communication
is ^m Gawler by rail. The population is small. Near this place, and at a distance
of 6 miles from mount Crawford, is a copper mine, in the neighbourhood of which gold
has been found in quartz, and a company has lately been established for working^ it;
Gold, was found in the copper at this place years ago, when Captain Rod<U was directing
the workings for an English company^ but was never properly tested. A company has
lately been formed for the working of a claim, believed to be rich in gold and copper, in the.
immediate neighbourhoodofthetownshipof Lyndoch valley; and in July, 1866, a meeting^
of persons holding deposit receipts in that company was held at the Exchange hotel,
Adelaide. Mr. J. T. Bagot presided, and expressed his belief thatthe property was a valu^
able one, and rich, not only in gold, but also in copper. The captain ^ould be able to
produce ^ecimens of gold which it appeai:ed were to be found all over the mine, andshowed
without doubt that it was bona fide a good one; and the question for them to consider,
was how to work it to the most advantage. Of course they would form the company
under the Limited Liability Act, and their business would be to consider the articles or
association, and aj^point directors and officers, so that they might proceed as soon as
possible in a business-like manner. M)r. Whitington read a report from Captalti
Terrell, stating that gold and auriferous quartz had been fbund on the surface, and alsoi
on the walls of the mine visible to the naked eye, in such quantities -as led him to
believe that there would be a permanent payable mine, and offering suggestions as to
the prjocuf ing of an engine and the: neceratfy machiiieij for workinc^ it. He stated
Digitized by LjOOQIC
y
Mag]' the SoutU Australian Guzetieer. 1S4
that there were thousands of tons of quartz ready for stbping, all moi^ or Itos impreg-
nated with gold and copper. Mr. Whitington read a letter from Mh James James^
giving the result of his assay as follbw's:— ** to the toil of ore— Ctoldi 21' or. S dWts.
Id grains; silver^ 1 oz. 12 d^tcT. 16 gi^dii; coppet, l^ pef c6nt/.'^ Mir. Ai. Thomas gairr
the result of his assay as follows:—" No. 1 sample is 15 per cent, (tff copper) without
any dressing, and the amount of gold per ton of quartz is I' os. 2 dwts: 20 grains^ otf
6 028. 13 d«ns. 12 grains to the ton of fine'copperl" la No; 2 sample t^e gold was 3*
on. 11 dwts. 20 grs. of gold to tlie ton of oi^.
MJMi/UtTH'UM'S SCRUB BXTS iS.£.distri€t;)lesk8eH,'^od: ir4andl75; occupier/
Bl MiskCarthnr; area^ 21 squand miles; grazing capacity, 2120 sheep; Goyder's valuations
£¥01 per annum, deducting improvements. Thi9 run lies al>out 222 miles hy road S.E,
hf 9. of Adellilde, and* 56 mil^ E. of Ghiichen hay. On this and other rund held hy thut
same lessee are 13,000 sheep, 84 head of cattle and 24 horses. *
MDAi'GAW CREEK (Oo. (Sfawler) is a small creek flowing through agricultural'
GOtmt^ry 3 milea S.W. of Riverton. The resident magistrate is R. Ml Cole, £»q., JIP.
M'CAIXXM MOTTNT. 30^ 35^ S. lat., 139** 15' B. long. {Plinden dMfirkt,\ is a
p€M& in an E. spur of the maih of Flinders range, iying about 25^^ miles S. of the town*
ihi|^ of Yudanamutana. Shales, slates and calcareous rocks.
MJLCCZiEiBFZStlO, 35° 10" S. lat., 138^ 55" % long; (Co. mndmi^ih,)U ti postal
township in the electoral district of mount Barke^ hundred of Macclesfield, and und^r
the control of the Macclesfield district council, ic is situiat^d on the main road firom?
Adelaide ma Strathalbyn to Wellington, and lies in an agricultiiral district. The nearecff
places are Echunga, 6 miles N. W., and Strathalbyn, 8* miles S.E. The communication,
a» with Adelaide, 27 miles N.W., being by Rbunsevell's lind of daily mail coaches;
Macclesfield has a post and money order office, a telegraph station^ a public pound, and^
a branch of the Adelaide assurance and guarantee company. The principal hotel is tlie
Bavenport arms, and there are several others in the township. The surrounding"
district is undnlating,.and much of it taken up in agrlcaltuml farms; To the N. W., or*
ia the neighbourhood of Echunga there is an auriferouiS district— the holes sunk for
gicdd-worldngs in i^ich are through quartz sand, with thin layers of quarts gravel, muctt
water-worUj. resting on a very flat bottom of soft slate, with sandstone bands. The sdl>
i»a deep sand^. and the whole deposit is analagous to the old pliocene tertiary gold drifttf
which form the White hills of Bendigo and Forest creek. In the Melbourne ExhibMoti-
ol 1^66, Mr. J. Edlett exhibited some fine specimens of polished and rough marble front
this neighbourhood.
MACCLESFIBLB (Oo.Bincfmarsh) is a district council in the electoral district'
cf mount Barker. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr.
T&omas Graham of Blackwood, and 4 councillors. ThO receipts and expenditure in
tMs district council for 1863 were as follow: — Assessment; j£5998 5s.— rate Is. in tha
pound^; rates collected, £280 9s. 3d.; total receipts, J65d6 38; 5d; office expenditure and
salaries, £264 18s. 2d.; expended on public work^, £294 14s. 8d. The populatitm
numbera 1053 persons; the area is 40. square miles, or 25,600 acres; land under culti-
vation, 3017 acres; and numbei* of dwelling-houses, 222.
BKACCUBSFIELB {Co. ffindmarsh) is a hundred^ lying in the N. pAttot l(he
county, and consisting of nearly all purchased land, most of which is under culti-
vation, laroe crops of fine wheat being grown, on the N. part especially. The township
Of mount Backer lies in the N., and that of Macclesfield near the centre of the hundred.
BEcCaNTZLKE'S MINE (N. distrwt) lies 6 miles ^. of Eanyaka, and compristii
sections 1424 and 1455, amongst low bald' hills. There is a lode on both sections,
running about 300 yards N. and S., and 18 inches thick; but the ore, which is mixed
'^ith gossan and folspar, is not continuous. 9^ tons of ore; a sample of which yielded
271 per cent, of copper, have been raised fi*om a sifaafir sunk 3^ fiithoms and a drive of
5 ramoms. The mine has' not been lately worked.
KeBiAmMnrS' RUN (Co, Stanleys) lease. No. 139; occupier, G. 0. HaWkei^;
Area, 19 square miles; grazing capability, 3500 sheep, or 185 per square mile; old
itBOtai; £84 QSi lOdv ; Gtoyder's valuation, £285 per annum, excluding improvements
valued at £300. This run lies 13 miles N. W. of Clare, 30 miles KN.E. of port Wak^
Md^.and 90' mile» from Adelaide. It ia tolerably well grassed, and supplied^ with
water f roQp a horse-gear well. This run forms part of Anama and Bungar^e^ thoUgli
held under a different lease.
DigitizeftyLjOOgle
182 * Ths South Australian Gazetteer, [Mac
nA990JSP^fJ^ LAKE (Flinders district) is a small sheet of salt water lying 6
distant from T^umby bay. •
KACOOVlfSLL BAY, or Fort, is 38° 3' S. lat, 140'' 38' m long. (Co. Grey,)
is a postal township in the electoral district of Victoria and hundred of MacdonnelL
It Ues on the S.E. coast, and is an important harbour, as being the place of shipment for
the wool of a large section of the S.E. district. The nearesj; places are Penola, Tarpeena,
and Gambler town, which lie respectively 58, 36, and 18 miles to the N.N.E., the com*
mimication being by mail coach. With Adelaide, 344 miles, there is communication
l^Y mail coach, and by occasional steamer. Port Macdonnell has a local ' coart, an
Moriginai station, a public pound, a branch of the Australian insurance comp9>ny, a
Foresters' court, and a rocket and life-boat station. The resident m^-^strt^tes are
A. F. Barrett and E. French, Esq[s. There are the usual hotels and stores in the town-
■hip. The susrounding country is flat and sandy, with high drift sand dunes to th^ E.
along the coast.
KACPONNSL^ COUNTY is a county lying in the S.E. part of the colony, and
teunded on the N. by the pastoral country and scrub known as the Tattiara country
and the county Card well; on the S. by the coiinty of Robe; on the W. by the sea at
Lacepede bay, and on the B. by the colony of Victoria. Only a small portion of this
county is suryeyed for sale, namely, the hundred of Lacepede, which lies in the S.W.
Qomer at Lacepede bay, and contains the township of Kin^^ston. The hundred of
PufBeld Ues to the N. of this. The remainder of the county consists of large swamps,
and tracts of pastoral country. There is a singular basin of limestone in the N.E. part
known as Swede's flat. It is a flat plain, like a dried up lake, perfectly level andnat,
14 miles long by 2 broad^ and encircled by hills. The soil is sandy, and composed of
ooralline rock. The main stream of the county is the Moorambra creek to the E., and
the Reedy creek to the W. There are several swampy lakes, the principal of which are
Pipeclay and Cadni lakes, both to the E. This county is comprehended in the electoral
lUatrict of Victoria. This county has an area of 1994 square miles, or 1,224,160 acres;
ihere being 6494 acres of purchased land, 4921 acres of land hel^ by freeholders, 460,165
acres of land enclosed, and 783 acres under cultivation. The live stock numbers 1332
horses, 3021 horned cattle, 198,283 sheep, 56 goats, 47 pigs, and 982 head of poultry.
Of the land under cultivation, 44 acres are under wheat, 4 acres under barley, 4 acres
imder oats, 263 acres under hay, 1 acre under lucerne, and 6 acres under other crops;
400 acres are fallow, and 44 acres are orchard, 16 acres garden, and 1 acre vine3rard, tttfe
Utter having 652 vines in bearing, and 38 vines not in hearing. The crops for the year
•nding March 3 1st, 1866, were— 464 hushels wheat, 20 bushels barley, 20 bushels oats,
S43 tons hay, 56 gallons wine, and 4 cwt. grapes. The population numbers 618 persons,
being a decrease of 34 since 1861, and the number of dwellings 177.
BiACSOirXf SXA (Co. Grey) is a S. hundred of the county lying on the S. coast,
and being nearly all sold land. Cape Northumberland and the township of Macdonnell
are in the S. part of this hundred. In this hundred is a steam flour mill, working 2
pairs of stones by a steam engine of 12-horse power. For population, &c., see Benara
HUNDBED.
BtACSONNELL'S CREEK (Flinders district N.) rising in the N. of the Flinders
range, and is a creek flowing through good pastoral country, about 14 miles S. of
Blanchewater, into the Hamilton creek, near mount Hopeless.
MACSONNSX-iL LAKE AND FOWLER'S BAY RUN ( W. district;) occupiers.
Smith a^d Swan; leases Nos. 852, 855, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1074, 1075, 1065, 1076, 1044,
1023, 1022, 788, 790, and 791; areas of leases respectively, 51, 15, 12, 11, 13, 16, 20,
13, 22, 44, 21, 16, 46, 28, and 30 miles respectively. This run lies on Fowlers' bay.
KACDONVSU^ LIGHT, 38° 3'S. lat., 140° 38' E. long., (Co. Gfrey,) is the name
of a lighthouse erected on cape Northumberland. The tower, which is 28 feet high,
itands on a rocky headland 103 feet above high watermark. The light, which is catop-
tric and revolving, consists of 3 faces, and exhibits alternately every minute a white,
red, and green light, on an arc visible from seaward from N. 74° E. to N. 66° W. round
by S. (by compass.) The white light may be seen from the deck of a moderately sized
vessel for a distance of 18 miles. The red light will not be seen under the most
favourable circumstances at a greater distance than 15 miles. The green light will not
generally be distinguished at a greater distance than 8 miles. During hot weather and
the prevalence of N.E. winds, when there is much refraction, the white light may be
frequently observed at a greater distance.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Ma«] The South Australian Gazetteer. 188
KAOSOmfSLA BIYEB {Flinders district) is a fine stream, found by Ooyderim
1857, flowing past the f6ot of Weathered hill, in a N. direction, in lake Blanche, thea
BBpposed to be part of lake Torrens, in 29° 13' S. lat. The lower part of this river it
also known as Freeling water. ^ ^
iiACl>OimSX.L PEAK, 29'' 35' S. lat., 134° 30' E. long. (Plinders district,) ii
the S. point of a S. spur of Stuart's range, l3ring in a densely scrubbed .country, witk
oocasionad op6n patches of red soil with good grass and splendid saltbush.
BgAorAWXAlOB HILL {Co, HindmarsK) is an eleyation in the pastoral countiy
to the N.W. of Gk>olwa township, and about 4 miles distant from that place.
BK^XAZtmnit SFBINGS (Flinders district) is the name of a cluster of fresh
water springs lying on the N. bank of the Neales river, and. about 20 miles above iti
junction with the "Frew river. There is some good country available for pastoral pur-
pcdes lying to the S. and W. of these springs.
♦ la'FA&LAHfi -LAKE (^Flinders district.) See Island "Lake.
M^r/MtfiAlfg MOUNT {Flinders district) is a lofty peak of the main range
lyln^f a few miles S. of Angipena, anA near Blinman.
iiK'GftAT^S FLAT {Co. Cardwell) is a post ofiSce in the pastoral oountiy
known as M'Grath> flat, on the main road from Wellington to port Macdonnell, lying
49 miles S. of the former place, and 114 miles S.E. of Adelaide; the communication
being by Bounsevell's mail coaches, twice a-week. There is an aboriginal station a*
this place.
McHABO'S CBEEE (Co. Adelaide) is the name of a small creek falling inte
Bull's creek, 6 miles from its head. It is also the name of a small village situated oa
the creek, and containing a population of 50 persons in 10 families, engaged in farming
pxtrsmts. The nearest post town is Bull's creek.
KACZifTTBJB, MOUNT, (Co. Grey) is a well timbered and grassed hill, lying
3 miles N.E. of mount Burr, and near the township of Tarpeena. The surrounding
district is a pastoral one.
atACZNTTRE, MOUNT, BUN (fi.E, district;) lease. No. 183. See MoLOir«
Bun. See also Gl£ncx)B.
MelLZNLAT, LAKE, {Flinders district,) 2^ 25' S. lat. 139'' 30' E long., is the
name of a large lake lying in a grassy plain. It is called after the explorer McEinlay,
-who discovert it. The Tooraringana creek flows to the S. of this lake.
McKHTLAT, mount (Flinders district,) 30° 85' S. lat., 139° 10' E. long., is a
lofty peak and point of survey, lying on an E. spur of the tnain range, about 15 miles
K.E. of Angipena, and near the source of the N. head of Big John creek. Shalest
slates, and calcareous rock. Near this hill is one of the copper mines of the Grea,
Northern mining company, not lately worked however. It lies 295 miles N. ^ W. of
Adelaide.
KcLABJisirS YALE, or Bellevue (Co. Adelaide,) is a postal village in the
electoral district of Noarlunga, hundred of Willunga, and under the control partly of
the district council of Willunga and partly of that of Noarlunga. It is situated about
4 miles from the sea-beach, on the main road between Noarlunga and Willunga, and
near a high range of hills. The district is an agricultural one, chiefly wheat, a few
sheep and cattle being also depastured on the hills. McLaren's vale has a post office,
a steam flour mill, and a tannery. There is 1 hotel— the Devonshire. The nearest
places are Noarlunga and Aldinga, each 5 miles distant; the communication, as with
Adelaide, 25 miles N., being by Bounseveirs daily mail coach; and for goods, by the
drays continually passing along the road. The surrounding country is elevated. The
resident magistrate is T. Calton, Esq. Sinking for copper is going on at present, and
small quantities of gold have been found in some of the creeks in the neighbourhood.
The population numbers about 300 persons in and round the township.
. ikc^Alisn CBEEK {Minders district N.) is a small creek, lying to the N.W. of
Strzelecki creek, on Sturt's track of 1845.
BiACLSAT POINT, 35° 35' S. lat., 139° 15' R long. {Co. FusseU,) is a small postal
Village in the electoral district of Victoria and hundred of Baker, situated on a pemnsula
' formed by lakes Alezandrina, Albert and Coorong. This peninsula contains about lOt
Digitized by VjOOQIC
]l$4 5^ ,8ou^ 4wtralian Gazetteer. [M'v — MaIi
■gnare mile^. A river or opening, 6 tpUes long, leacls along the N. side of the penlmiiiUi
m>m lake Alexandrina into lake Albert, which latter lies to the S^S., the former lake
oeiog on the ;W. and N.W. The Ck>oroag lies to the S. and S.W. of the peniii8illa,.«[|d
about 10 miles distantS. from Point Macleaj, which is situated on a remi»kable looking
■andy diff frojecting out into lake Alexandrina on its S.E. side. On the W. aide.oC
the peninsula, and to the S. of the poipt, is. a deep indentation of the lake, skiiown as
LoTedi^ bay. The district is chiefly pastoral, both cattle and she^ being d^astur^
although there is much land suited for agriculture, some patches of which lire taken up
for the cultiTation of wheat. The nearest places are Milang, 15 miles N.W., Goolwa,
25 miles W., and Meningie 30 miles S.E., all across the lake, and Wellington -80 miles
K.£. on the river Murray. The communication with these places is by water oiily,«id
with Adelaide 100 miles N.W. by boat to Milang or Wellington, and thence by &unse-
▼ell's coaches thrice a-week. Point Macleay has a post office, and a mission staticm fpr
tbe aborigines, where some hundreds of them areled, clothed, instructed, employed, and
eared for. This institution is established under the Aborigiues' friends association of
Adelaide. The surrounding country is partly flat, with numerous salt lagoons, but
consists chiefly of rolling hills with much outcropping limestone. The soil is a red*
aandy loam. The rocks are generally of magnesian limestone, and large boulders of
granite crop up in and abdut lake Albert, some of^hem in the middle of the lake. The
peninsula on which point Macleay is situated is celebrated for its salubrity, the hot
winds which prevail in the neighbourhood in summer having to pass over 20 miles of
water before reaching it. It is also celebrated for the excellent Ashing to be had upon
itf shores, and the shooting in its scrubs. The Murray cod, called by the natives poride,
is very abundant, and is caught in large quantities. The population (white) numbera
42 persons, there being 9 dwelling-houses.
M'VXTTZS'S HILL {Co. Adelaide) is a detached peak of the main range of
mountains lying in the hundred of Talunga, about 5 miles N.E. of mount Torrens.
M'vri'VlS'S (or Gilbert's) RUN {Co, JBurra;) lease, No. 53; occflpjier,
J. Gilbert; area, 4 square miles; grazing capacity, 1000 sheep, or 250 per square mUe;
Goyder's valuation, £82 per anuum, deducting improvements. This run Hes at the
N. end of the Bluff range, 30 miles N. by W. of Kooringa, and 132 miles N. of Adelaide.
It is worked from t^e head station S.E. of mount Bryant.
IKAGILL {Co. Adelaide) is a small postal suburb of Adelaide, 4yittg 4f miles
distant, and a favourite place of residence for gentlemen having business in the <^ty.
Hie communication is by cars ^nd 'busses, whidi run throughout the day. Magill is
embosomed in orchards, vineyards and gardens, which surround it on jeveij side. It has
1 hotel, an Oddfellow's lodge (A.I.O.F.,) and a public pound. The resident magistrates
we W. Scott and L. B. Murray, Esqs.
MAOmnCEirT MOUNT (Cos. Adelaide and Hindmarsh) is a lofly peak in the
main range, lying about 8 miles E.N.E. of Willuuga, and forming one of tbe boundary
points between the counties Adelaide and Hindmarsh.
MAGRATSTS FLAT (Co. CardweU.) See M'Gbath's Flat.
IVAOMTOIIS! is an agricultjoral township, lying a quarter of a m|le distant
^.N.E. of Kersbrook, and 10 miles S.W. of Williamstowp. It has a daily mail, and
one hotel — the Wheatsheaf, also a public pound. The population numbers about 300
persons, scattered over the neighbourhood, and chiefly engaged in the cultivation of
wheat.
XMiATJL LAKE STATION {W. district) is a portion of the Warrow T^^,
— which see.
MALCOLli (Co. RmseU) is a ceiftral hundred of tbe county, lying on the lower
p»rt of the Murray river, on the N.E. shore of lake Alexandrina, aiid on the N. shore
of lake Albert. About a third of this hundred is purchased land, and the remainder
taken up for pastoral purposes. The village of point Malcolm lies in tte S.W. part of
tto hundred.
MALCOLM POINT (Co. JRusseU) is a poipt lying on the 8.S. side of lake
jia, and forming the N. head of the channel leading firom that lake into
lake Albert. The land in the neighbourhood is tolerably food, and snfted to agricultural
Alexandrina,
lake Albert, xuts uiuu lu toe ueignoouraootr is \An^T^viy guuu, imu su^veu lo agricultural
purposes. There is a small village on this point, having a few inhabitants, mostly farmers,
m^JJOOaww station (W-f^^Utrlctj) Im^ 8^5 and 957, is part of th^
Ortimi^rpn,ivbichifij^
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Ma]>-Mak] The S^uth AustraUan Gazetteer. 1^6
MAliKlO GAP (Flinders district N.) is a passage through the ranges near
Blinman, and leading to the Peruana station. It consists of a rough road along the
))ed of the If alkio creek, and is bordered bjr flat-laced rocky liilla, which at a distance
Tesemble a chimney stack.
bA (Ob. ChMer) is a postal station (the head station of Henry Lowe, Esq. )
in the electoral district of Stanley and hundred of Grace. It is situated on the Grace
plains, about S miles N. of the rirer light, upon a rast extent ot very lerel country, in
which there are no hills of any size nearer than tiie Barossa range, about 24 miles
distant. The rirer light runs from N.E. to S. W. through the district. The neigh-
boarhood of Mallala is a rapidly increasing agricultural one, wheat beidg the chief
urticle of produce, and the Goyemnient haTing sold large areas of land there of late,
-tiie population has doubled within the last 12 months. The surrounding government
lfuic[s, portions of the hundreds of Grace aild Dublin, are principally used as sheep
pasture. The nearest places to Mallala are Redbanks, 4 miles, and Two- wells 12 miles
distant, there being no means of conveyance, and the mail being carried on horsebaok
twice a week. With Adelaide, 37 miles S. the communication is by coach from
Two-irells to Salisbury, and thence by rail. Mallala has a post office tor the convenience
of the surrounding district, a day and night school, at which about 50 children attend
tegularly, and a Primitive Methodist chapel (also the school^room.) The nearest hoteb
«re at Bedbanks and Two*wells. The surrounding country is veiy flat and rather
lowly situated, consisting principally of level, open, grassy plains, with belts of dense
UMdlee scrub and patches of pine, the fbrmer being nsed as firewood, and the latter fot
building purposes. The soil is admirably adapted for i^iculture, and consists of li^t
tandy loam, with occasional outcropping beds of good umestone available fbr building
ffttrposes. One of the most important subjects occupying the minds of the wheat
growers and others, at present, is that the inhabitants of the district of port Gawlef ,
which lies adjacent to the W., intend trying to open a port of shipment on theif
coast, the most likely place being about 16 iniles firom Mallala. This would consequently
be a great benefit to tiie neighbourhood, as the distance is^oonsiderably less than that
4o the nearest railway statk>n. The population of MalUla head station is generally
about 20 persons, and that of the district within a radius of about 4 miles, (excluding
the township of Bedbanks) about 250 persons.
KALLEE SCRUB {Murray district,) This portion of the S.E. district of South
Australia, about 9000 square miles in extent, is one uninterrupted waving prairie of
Mueahf^tus dumosa, (by the natives termed mallee) something like a bushy willow in
iippearance. It commences about 100 miles from the southern extremity of the coasts
and goes on, as f&rta we know, without any interruption of a different description of
country, right on to the N. and N. W. boundary formed by the River Murray to this district.
One road passes across it for about 100 miles from the Tattiara country to Wellington
fefiy, or the crossing-place of the Murray. There is also a small patch of grassy
<x>untry on some porphyry ranges, about 26 miles within its edge, but beyond this it
is considered impenetrable. Occasionally, however, an adventurous settler has taken
a few days' supply of water and provisions and has gone 50 or 60 miles beyond the
nearest settlement, but such journeys have only confirmed the idea that the scrub ii
totally unfit for any purpose. There are only few places, however, where it can be
even explored. The trees grow close together like reeds, and certainly not thicker^
without a branch until about 14 feet from the ground, ana so dense are they that 10
and 12 stems may be counted springing from 1 root, and occupy little more than a
jquare foot of ground. Where a road has been out through it, it i^pears bA though
there were a high wall on each side; indeed, the efiTeCt is not unlike that produced l^ a
load through a trench.
SKALOHSrS MINE (N. district) lies 8 miles ttom Watt's Sugar \o&t A lode
containing stains of copper lies on the surface, and the claim is considered a promising
one, but uttle work has been done upon it, and operations are now suspended. ^ *■
CREEK {N, district) is a small creek flowing in ,the pastOTAl
Mtt&try, about 85 milee distant from Yudanamutana.
XANANNABIfi CREEK (Co. Frome) is a watercourse flowing in the pastoral
^country to the £« of the mount Lock ranges, and watoriUg the run of the iame name.
rAMXAmiE BUN lOo. Fr<me/) lease, No. 61$ ooei^ier^ W. L Man^aAt^
Digitized by VjOOQIC
186 The South Australian Oazetteer, [Man — Mar
a, 98 square miles; grazing capability, 20,000 sfaeep, or 205 per square tnile; old
rent and assessment, £253 Ss 4d; Mr. Gojder's valuation, £1078, excluding improyements
yalued at £2625. This run is on the plain to the E. of the mount Lock range, and
takes in the Manandarie and Boniah creeks. It is 104 miles N. of Adelaide, 38 mile»
N.E. of port Peri, and 50 miles S.E. of Port Augusta. It consists of well grassed land,
undulating and plain, with sheoak studding the rises, and open mallee scrub, wltk
grass and spinifex. It has 5 wells and troughs, and a good road to Eooringa, 50 miles
N.N.W. This run also includes leases, Nos. 371 and 262, which hare respe^ye areas
of 24 and 4 miles.
BfAHAVNA&Ifi RUN, No. 2 {Oo.Frome;) lease, No. 64; occupiers, HUes and
Chewings; area, 62 square miles ; rent, £31 per annum.
BiAHGAl^OW AND POODNOW (or Fbankun Habboub) RUN {PoH Lincoln
dittrict;) leases, Nos. 463,465, 477, 556, and 1124; occupier, P. Leyi; respectiye areas
of leases, 64, 26, 42, 32, and 12 square miles. This run Ues on Franklin harbour, to the
N. ofportlincoln.
BfAHNVK ((7o. Sturt) is a township lately laid out in the hundred of Finniss, 50
miles E. from Adelaide, is situated on the W. bank of the Murray, and at present
contains but few dwelling-houses. It has a large warehouse for storing produce and
general goods for shipment per Murray steamers; I hotel, and other buildings are in
course ol erection. It is the spot where the first Murray steamer (the Mary Ann) was
built for Mr. W. R. Randall, the earliest nayigator of the Murray. The steamers
Oeminif the ill-fated Bunyin, and the Pearl, were also built here, as well as the barges
Morning Star, Kulnine, and Menindie. Two suireys have been made for lines of railway
from Adelaide vta Gawler town, and terminating here, and via mount Barker, termi-
nating 7 miles fUrther down the river. There is a good main line of road from Adelaide,
macadamised two-thirds of the distance, passing through Gumeraoka, Blumberg, and
Tungkillo. Mail twice a week on horseback.
MAllirWA&aUUllA RUN {N, cHttrict;) lease, No. 1049; occufner, the Hem.
T. Elder; area, 56 square miles. This run lies to the N.W. of Blanchewater, and on
S^. side of lake Blanche.
MA&BLS RANGES {Flinders distritit W,) is a range of limestone hills, lying
80 miles N. of port Lincoln, and near the W. coast of Spencer's gulf.
BMJtOHJIIVT'S HILL, 32'' 15^ S. lat, 138'' 50' E. long. (FHndera dis^ict,) n a
peak of the Ragless range, lying in the N. part of that range. A small stream, Imown
as Rowe's creek, flows round Ub E. base.
MA&GABJBT CREEK {Flinders district) is a fine creek, flowing through the
pastoral country to the S. W. of lake Eyre into that lake.
M A&O ARET MOUNT {Flinders diskict N. W.) is a postal station in the electoral
district of Flinders, to tibe S.W. of lake Eyre. It is situated on the Dayenport creek^
at a place called the Mussel waterhole, and lies about 20 miles a little N. of £. ol
mount Margaret, and 40 miles W. of lake Eyre. The district is essentially a pastoral
one, stocked with cattle and horses, and watered by springs, which raise up knoUs
or smail eleyations in the otherwise flat or undulating country — ^the water being
found in small basins at the top. The nearest township is Nuccaleena, about 300
miles S., the nearest hotel being there. The c(»nmunication is by horse or dray
only, along a bush track, which passes the following stations, viz., the Strangwa^rs
springs (riieep,) 60 miles; mount Hamilton (cattle and sheep,) 33 miles; Chambers^Si
creek (cattle,) 18 miles; Finniss springs (cattle,) 27 miles; Calanna (sheep,) 37 miles ^
Leigh's creek (unstocked) 80 miles; and thence to Nuccaleena^ 43 miles. With Adelaide
the communication is from Nuccaleena by Rounseyell's mail coach, which runs weekly
when the state of the weather and the country will permit, the distance being
»bout 700 mUes between mount Margaret and Adelaide; and horse mail going once
a fortnight. The surrounding country is undulating and lightly grassed, with salt-
bush* and stunted timber in the creeks and watercourses. The soil k poor and
sandy, containing a large quantity of salt and soda. On the nM>unt Macgaret station
there are 7 men.
MARGASET MOUNT, 28** 25' S. lat., 137° 55' E. long. {Flinders district,) is a
lofty peak of the Denison range, spurring from that range in a N. direction, and forming
the source of seyeral fine fresh water cheeks. At its N. foot are seyeralflwsh water
springs. This peak attains an altitude of 1400 feet aboye the leyel of the sea. There
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Mab]
The South Australian Oazetteer. l37
is lome good unditlating sftltbush country in the neighbourhood. ]^ear this mountain
sereral new species of lizards, and 3 specimens ot a large green cidndela, belonging to
a genus of insects hitherto unknown in South Australia hare been found.
KAaeAmZT, mount, run {N. dUtrict;) leases, Nos. 978 and 979; occupier,
P. Levi; respectiye areas of leases, 125 and 200 miles; rentals, £62 lOs. and J6100 per
smiam. This mn Hes at mount Margaret, in tiie far N.
CREEK (Co. Macdonndl) is a small creek flowing into the swamp of
the same name from the E., near the township of Kingston. This creek receires the
OTerflow of Geary's swamp.
BCABIA CREEK RUN {8,E. district;) lease. No. 65; occupiers, J. and A. Cooke;
area, 5 square miles; grazing capacity, 750 sheep; Goyder's valuation, £IB 158. per
ttfraum. This run lies on the coast, 190 miles l^ road, S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 10
Btdles S.S.W. of Kingston (Lacepede bay.)
MARIA SWAMP (Co. MacdonneU) is a swampy lagoon, lying to the E. of the
township of Kingston, and running N. and S. in a line with the coast of Lacepede bay.
It appears to be a S. continuation of lake Coorong.
MARINO {Co. Adelaide) is a small agricultural settlement, lying in the hundred
of Noarlunga, adjacent to O'Halloran hill, and taken up by a few freehold settlers.
LAKE, 29** 33' 8. lat., 138° 15' E. long. {Flmders district,) is a she^
of water, lying to the W. of the Frome river, and forming one of the cluster of lakes of
which lake Harry is the largest.
BKARRVLUBT RUN (8.E. district;) leases. No. 15f and 980; occupier,
A. McArthur; respectire areas, SO and 25 square miles. This run lies in the Tattiara
county, near Border town.
MABBABlSTi {Co, Light) is a postal township in the electoral district of Light,
and hundred of Gilbert. It takes its name from Mr. Marrabel, formerly a landowner
in the neighbourhood, and is situated on the main line of road from Kapunda to
Kooringa (the Burnt Burra mines) being about 15 miles N. of Kapunda. The road in
course of formation, and nearly completed, is a fine macadamised one. Marrabel is
adjacent to the river Light, which lies to the E. of the township, and in the course of
which are several large and deep waterholes. The inhabitants of this towntihip have
a great advantage in being able to obtain, at a depth of 16 feet from the surface, fresh
wholesome water, well adapted for domestic purposes of all kinds — ^Uo inconsiderable
boim in the colony. About 1} miles to the W. of the township lies a range of hills,
portions of which are known as the Butcher's gap, Belvidere, and Finniss po&t. T^se
hills abound in fine stone and timber, both suitable for building purposes. Marrabel
has a steam flour mill, neatly and firmly constructed, and containing grinding and silk-
dressing machinery of the best kind. There are also 2 general stores, 2 blacksmiths*,
1 wheelwright's, 1 butcher's and 2 shoemaker's shops. There is a post oMce, and ffood
school recently erected, a lodge of theM.U. order of Oddfellows (Marrabel lodge,) and
a commodious hotel — the Marrabel. The district is an agricultm^ one, wheat being
extensively grown in it. Gold is reported to have been found near the Belvidere range
amongst some quartz-reefs, but it has never tempted the public to test its value,
although many persons have visited the locality. The nearest places are Hamilton, 5,
miles S. on the main road, aAd Steelton, 6 miles N. The communication is by Rounse-
veil's daily coach, and with Adelaide 63 miles S., by Rounsevell's coach to Kapunda,
and thence by train. The surrounding country is flat, a plain extending for several
miles between the Belvidere range on the W. and a smaller range to the £. This plain
is well-watered, fertile, and much of it under cultivation. The township is only about
24 years old, but it is in a flourishing and promising state. The population numbers
about 90 persons.
MARTATlnOLLS (Co, Adelaide) is a small suburban township Ijring adjacent
to Norwood and forming part of the municipality of Kensington and Norwood. See
NOBWOOD.
POINT, 35** 33' S. lat., and 137° 41' long., {Manaaroo iilwnO) ti)e N.
fistremity of Kangaroo island, is a cliffy projection, rather lower than the land to the
W. of i^ and has a spit extending from it in an E.S.E. direction about 9 miles. It
forms the N. head of Nepean bay, which is 6 leagues across its entrance to Kfmgaroo
Digitized by V^OOQlC
198 the South AustraUan Oaaettem: [Mar— Max
head, in the directioii of S.E. bv B.. and contams 3 large sandy coygb, which may^be
med for anchorage bv yesseU of not very ^eat draught of water. This point was so
called by Flinders, the disooTsrer, in compliment to the Secretary of the Admiralty.
MjULTIH (Jaffa of Flmders' charts) CAPE, SI"" S(/ 30"" S. lat., 140° 4^ E. long.
Ofi!o. Orey) U the N. point of the Riroli bay, In which there Is anehonige in 5 or 6
Citboms. The ooast betweea the two capes aro rery sandy and sterile, with hummocks
upon it, visible at the distance of 4 leagues. From cape Martin an extensive ledge of
tockM with heavy breakers stretches off to the S., leaving a passage of 1^ miles wide
between it and a short reef from cape Buffon (of Flinders) Into the andiorage of
Rivoli bay. The tide is uncertain on this part of the coast; small coasters should be
very cautious, and get an offing in time, as the seals here heavy, and rises quickly.
MAMTOM ISLAND {Spencer's Out/.) See Sm J. Bakks's Gboup.
iKAJtTIil'3 WASHFOOL {Oo. Owrdwtll) is the name of a waterbole in theN.
part of Tilley's swamp, and on the side of the main road from Wellington to MaodonnelL
It lies a few miles beyond the salt creek accommodation house.
aUATf MOUNT {Kangaroo island) is a peak in the low ranges on the S. side of
Kangaroo island, lying to the N. of Yivonne bay, and separating the heads of the
Harriet and Eleanor rivers, which rise to the W. and E. of the hUl respectively.
KABTTALE BUN (W, district;) leases, Nos. 568, 642, and 828; occupier
W. A. Horn ; areas, respectively 103, 68, and 11 square miles. This run lies to the
8.W. of Farlour hill, between Venus and Streaky bays, the next post offices.
MASlLLOlt ISLE {Flinders district W.) is a small rocky island, lying to the S.
of the St. Francis's group, in Nuyt's archipelago. It attains an elevation of 209 fiaet
4ibove sea level ^
BCASairS HILL (Oo. RuMsell) is a hill lying to the S. <^ thetownship of Welling-
ton E., and on the road from that place to the S.E. district.
BtASSAORS, LAKE {Flinders district. ) See Eadli Bibki.
BOCATTA MATTA MINE {Co. Daly) is a copper mine lying 85 miles N.W.
by N. of Adelaide, and one of the richest of the Wallaroo mines. It has 2 shafts,
and a fine lode of ore, cut at the 10-feet level, consisting of rich green carbonate and
grey sulphuret, with red oxide and malleable copper ore. Tbis mine is a very wet one,
and operations have occasionally to be stopped in consequence. It is at present being
worked by a company, who are progressing &vourably. The following is an abstract
of the directors' last report:— ''In submitting the usual half-yearly statement of account
and the captain's report on the mine, your directors have much pleasure in congratu-
latkig the shareholders on the improved position of their property since last meeting;
the six months' operations having resulted in sufficient profit to pay off the old debt to
Messrs. Hughes and Horn. The main drain has entirely fulfilled the purpose for which
it was constructed; and the strong influx of water, wnich at one time prevented sink-
ing below the 30-fathom level, has now been reduced to very moderate proportions,
and is readily kept under control by the engine at a speed of only four and a-hali strokes
per minute. Sinking the main shaft has, therefore, been resumed, and it has now
reached 15 feet below the 30-fathom levdL The quantity of ore raised during the six
months amounts to 909 tons, of which 407 tons have been sold to the English and
Australian copper company; but considering the low price of ore, and that a change
for the better may reasonably be expected to take place in a few months, your directorsL
have latterly considered it more advisable to avail themselves of the low rates of
fireight to England to ship their ores in preference to selling them on the spot, and 408
tons have accordingly gone forward per Otmtgh and Meander, leaving 94 tons on hand
at the uunes."
WATTAWAajtlTMOAXXA RUN {N. district;) leases, Nos. 238, 334, 420,
and 496; occupier, C. W. Davies; total area, 190 square miles. Stock on run, 8500
sheep and 100 head of cattle. The grazing capability is uncertain, and depends oa
the seasons. There is a government post office, and an aboriginid depdt on this run.
It lies on the Siccus river, about 12 mues from its source, and 45 miles E. of Eanyaka
the next post town. See also Hollowblena.
BUir (8.B. ditiriats) lease>No. 194; occupier, Q* Oleni ana, 94
sfuare miles; grazing capacity, 13,000 rtieep, (Xt 155 per square mile) Ctoydier's vifikia.
Hon, £AW per annum, deducting improvements iFalued at £16Q. There are \4^{M
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Mka — Mjss] The South Australian Gazetteer. 139
sheep, ISOO liead of cattle, and 300 horses on this run, and on purchased land and
annual lease in the hundred of Hiadmarsh. Mayura lies 260 miles S.S.E. o( Adelaide,
and 55 miles bj road S.E. of Guiehen bay. This run lUso indades lease No. 47f,
hsring |in area of 10 square miles.
MSABOWS CCo. Adelaide) is a postal township in the electoral district of
mount Barker, hundred of Euitpo, and under the control of the district council of
K»Bdof»ringa. It is jitnated on the Meadows' creek, Bali's, and sewersX o^use tmall
creeks running in the neighbourhood. Mount Observation lies 11 miles S.E., ne«r
^niss bridge. The district is an agricultural and pastoral one, botfi eattie and sheep
)iang grazed, and wheat, potatoes, and grapes cultiyated. Meadows has a ateaoi silk-
dmedag flour mill and a tannery, a post office, a store, a literary institute and Uoensed
school, and a public pound. There is 1 hotel — the Meadows inn. The neatest places
are Eangarilla^ 7 miles N.W.; Echunga, 7 miles N.E.; and Macclesfield. 6 miles E.
There is communication with Kangarilla by weekly coach, and with the other places
by horse and dray only. With Adelaide the communication is by Ooble's weekly
conreyance, via Kangarilla, Clarendon, Goromandel raUey, and Uoley, the total dis-
tance being 28} miles. There is a carrying ofi^e in the township for the conveyance
of goods per horse waggon to Adelaide. The surrounding district is elevated, and
consists of mountainous country, with small and large flats, intersected bj numerous
creeks and watercourses. Timber is abundant, and the country is well grassed. There
is plenty of stone to be had, suitable either for building purposes or for road metal.
GkHd has been found in small quantities in the neighbourhood. The population is
small and scattered.
aSEL&OSS, 82** 50' S. lat, 138"* 10" E. long. {Co, Frome,) is a postal township in
the electoral district of Flinders, and hundred of Wongyarra. It lies at the E. foot of
mount Remarkable, which is half-a-mlle due W., and on the mount Remarkable creek.
The surrounding district is a pastoral one (sheep and cattle,; and the Spring creek
copper mine lies on Spring creek, about 10 miles distant N. The nearest place is
Stirling North, about 35 miles N.W., and near port Augusta, the port of the district.
There is a mail twice a-week to the port, and a telegraph line nearly completed. With
Adelaide there is a mail conveyance twice a-week, wa^Kooringa and Clare, the distance
being about 195 miles. By the telegraph line, which is nearly completed, the distance
167 miles. There is also communication from port Augusta, distant about 40 miles
N.W. to Adelaide, by the steamer Lubra. Melrose has a local court, post office, a
money order office, several stores, and 3 hotels — the Mount Remarkable, the Royal
Exchange, and the North Star, a public pound, an Oddfellows' lodge, a Foresters*
court, and a branch of the South Australian insurance company. The country to £. and
Iff.E. consists of lightly grassed plains, and to the N.W. and S. of undulating hills. The
geological formation consists of soft aluminous stone, similar to that at Eapunda. The
be4a in which it is found dip 85° W., and are overlaid by soft, red, gritty, quartzose
sandstone. The population numbers about 250 persons.
' BEEMO&T COYE (Co. FUndert) is a small sandy bay about three-quarters of a
mile across, lying at E. foot of a rocky range, and 1} miles round the N. side of the E.
extremity of cape Catastrophe, at*the W. entrance to Spencer's gulf. It affords shelter
in 10 fathoms, sandy bottom, in all winds except those between N. and E. ; and even
then is somewhat sheltered by islands from 2 to 5 miles distant. It was so called by
Flinders in memory of a sad catastrophe which occurred there on the 18th Feb., 1802,
he having lost 2 of his officers, Messrs. Thistle and Taylor, and a boat's crew of 6 men,
by the upsetting of a boat in which they had gone to find an anchorage. Flinders left an
engraved copper-plate at this cove, informing future visitors of the disaster.
HEIflVOSJt (Cb. FusseU) is the name of a township recently laid out, but not
yet sold, situated 28 mUes S.E .of Wellington, the next post town, and 30 miles S.E.
of point Macleay.
MSRSBST BUN (^. district',) leases, Nos. 438, 472, and 543; occupier,
A. Stewart; respective areas of leases, 84, 12, and 76 square miles. This run lies near
Blaok Rock, to the N. of mount Bryant, the next post town being Kooringa.
MZSSBMVBJIAT BUN {8.E, district;) leases, Nos. 159a and 164; occupier,
J. Stewart; area, 35 square miles; grazing capability, 5000 sheep; Goyder's valuation,
X20S 168. per annum, deducting improvements valued at £2111. This run lies 82
miles S.S.E. of AdeUide, 55 miles E.N.E. of Guicbea bay, and 90 miles N. by W. of
llaodonnell bay.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
140 The South Australian Gazetteer, [Mer — Mil
RUN {S.E. district;) lease, No. 87; occupier, E. M. Bagot; area, 6
square miles; grazing capacity, 350 sheep, or 58 per square mile; Goyder*s yaluation^
£12 per annum. This run lies 2 miles S. of the S. bank of the Murray river, on the
E. boundary of the colony, and 200 miles N.E. of Adelaide. This run also includes
leases, I^os., 353 and 909, which have respective areas of 25 and 16 square mll68.
BUN (W: district;) leases, Nos. 103, 752, and 758. See Mikkjuu
Btm^
BUUDJLSBAOK, mount (Flinders district,) is a range of low scrubby faUls,
lying on the W. side of Spencer's gulf to the S.W. of point Lowly. The surroundtog
country is po(or and densely scrubbed. The E. point of this range is known as moont
Middle, and has some available pastoral country near its E. foot. It forms a landmoHt
to vessels in the gtdf .
mabXHLl^ LAKE (Oo. Grey) is a lake in one of the craters of mount GamMer,
and is merelv a good-sized pond of moderate depth. The banks are not precipitous,
but slope all round to the water at an equal inclination, with little or no outcropping
of rock. They are well grassed and studded with sheoak {Oasvarina acqucBfolia) and
honeysuckle (banksia integrifolia,) the water at the bottom has only made its appear-
ance within the last few years.
MIDSLB RANGE (Co, Victoria) is a range of low scrubby hills, lying near
the centre of the Bundaleer run, and giving rise to the Middle Range and Never Never
creeks^
MIDSLKTOlf (Oo, Mindmarth) is a small postal township in the electoral district
of Encounter bay, hundred of Goolwa, and under the control of the Goolwa an^d
port Elliott district council. It lies 4^ miles W. of Goolwa, on the line of tramway ^to
SiTt Victor, and in a district partly agricultural and partly pastoral, the farmers
viding their attention between wheat growing and sheep-farming. The nearest places
are Goolwa, 4^ miles E.; and port Elliott, 2l miles W. The communication being l^
tramway thrice per day; and with Adelaide, 60 miles N.N.W. by coach from port
Elliott, via Willunga, or from Goolwa, via Strathalbyn. Middleton has. a steani
flour mill (Bowman's,) a store, a chapel, a public pound, and one hotel — the Middleton
(Hargreaves's.) The surrounding country is flat, with a range of hills to the N.,
the soil is black and sandy, overlying a stratum of limestone. The population
numbers about 200 persons. The resident magistrate is W, Bowman, Esq., J. P.
MIISTZPT RUN (W. di8trict,)—See Chadina Run.
ittK&ntARUN (W. district;) lease, No. 103; occupiers. Brown and Margarey;
area, 26 square miles; grazing capacity, 2800 sheep, or 108 per square mile; Goyder's
valuation, £45 16s. per annum deducting improvements valued at £346. This run lies
at Sleaford bay, 12 miles S.W. of port Lincoln, and 420 miles by overland route from
Adelaide. This run also comprises leases Nos. 752 and 758, an area of 128 square
miles. On the entire block are 6200 sheep, and 26 head of cattle.
35° 30' S. lat, 139° 3' E. long. {Co. Hindmarsh) is a postal township
and telegraph station in the electoral district of mount Barker, hundred of Bremer, and
under the control of the Bremer district council^ It is situated on the border of lake
Alexandrina, and is the nearest port on the Murray waters to Adelaide, possessing
every accommodation for the shipping which trades on these waters. The Angas
creek flows into the lake about 2 miles N. of Milang, and Langhome creek, in the same
direction, about 5 miles distant. The district is both a pastoral and an agricultural one»
the former interest being largely represented by both sheep and cattle, although
the latter interest is rapidly superseding it. The nearest mines are those of Strathalbyn
and Callington, distant about 17 miles in a W. and N.W. direction respectively. Th&
nearest townships are Clayton, 7 miles S.W.; Langhome creek, 10 miles N.; Hamburg,
10 miles W.; and St^thalbyn, 12 miles W. The communication is by Rounsevell'a
conveyance, and with Adelaide, 48 miles, by Rounsevell's mail coach, twice a week, or
by the Milang and river Murray carrying company's drays once a week or to order.
Milang has a post office, a telegraph office, a public pound, an aboriginal station, a
volunteer rifle corps, a branch of the South Australian insurance company, and .1
hotel—the Lake. The surrounding country is to the S. gently undulating, and to the
K. flat, rising to the foot of the ranges. The surface of the country is lightly grassed,
with occasional belts of scrub. It is mostly sandy, coral limestone, cropping out plentifully
on the rises. From the nature of the subsoil of the low lands and the number of shdlii
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Mil — Min] The South Amtralian OazettOr. 141
acattered upon them, it appears eyident that those portions of the country have, at no
Teiy distant period, emerged from the lake. The population numbers about 130
persons.
1KZU>&ES SPRING (Flinders district) is a spring of fresh water situated at the
fix)t of mount Harvej, the S.E. extremity of Hanson's range.
BnXiLB&OOK {Co. Adelaide) is a postal Tillage in the electoral district of
Gumeracka, hundred of Para Wirra, and under the control of the central road board
and the district council of Para Wirra. It is situated on the creek of the same name^
and on the main N.E. road from Adelaide to mount Pleasant. The district is both agricul-
tural and pastoral, wheat is grown in small quantities, and- much of the land laid out
in yineyards and fruit gardens, raspberries, gooseberries, and apples beins cuftiyated.
Ck)nsiderable numbers of cattle are depastured in the hilly parts, and small quantities
of gold, generally in quartz, haye been found in the beds of some of the creeks.
Hiereis a large quantity of iron ore of a high per centage in the neighbourhood, and
in some of the hills lodes of copper haye been discoyered, but not worked. The nearest
place is Philipstown, \\ miles distant N.E., the communication being by Rounseyell's
daily mail conyeyance. The Chain of Ponds creek is crossed by the main road, at a
distance of about a mile from Millbrook, by a pretty bridge. With Adelaide, 18 duIm
8. W., the communication is by Rounsey ell's daily mail coach. Millbrook has a post
office, a store, a fiye-storey steam flour mill (Cornish and Barclay's) and 1 hotel— the
Millbrook. The surrounding country is eleyated and mountainous, and in some places
exceedingly rugged, there being abundance of dense scrub. The formation is ferru-
ginous sandstone, with slate and quartz. The population numbers about 150 persons,
there being 21 dwelling-houses in the yillage.
1KXLLBB.OOK CREEK (Oo. Adelaide) is the name of a tributary of the Torren's
riyer, rising in the main range, aboye Millbrook, and running N. and S. in a yery
tortuous course. It flows about 6 months in the year.
IPL^DII: CREEK (Flinders district N.) is a stream flowing into lake Eyre on its
S.W.side.
BIPLHIS (Co. Stanley) is a central hundred of the county, containing about two-
thirds of its area of purchased land, the remainder being taken up for pastoral purposes.
MTTiHSR (Co. Gawler) is a proclaimed township on the N. bank of the Gawler
riyer, lying in the hundred of Port Gawler, about 2 miles N.E. of the township of
Port Gawler.
B|SX.l(tS SPRINGS, 28° 20' S. lat., 136° 2' E. long. (Flinders distric^in the name
giy^i to a cluster of fresh water springs lying to the N.E. of the N.W. end of the
Denison range. They were found by Stuart in 1859.
mLUIWA (Co. Adelaide) is a small yillage lying on Lefeyre's peninsula, oppo-
site port Adelaide, and being a residential suburb of that place. The flagstaff fuid
semaphore lie near this place, and there is a public pound in the yillage.
amrCHZM'S WELLS. See Stibling N.
BKXNE CREEK (Flinders district TT.) is a small creek flowing into the W. side of
Spencer's gulf, at Tumby bay. It runs for the greater part of the year, and its waters
are generally brackish.
mZirGBOOL RUN (S.E. district;) lease, No. 208 ; occupier, J. Meredith; area,
35 square miles (actual area, 36 square miles;) grazing capability, 7500 sheep, or 194
per square mile; Goyder's yaluation, £239 per annum, deducting improyements. This
run lies 270 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 30 miles N.N.E. of Macdonnell bay. On
this and the MuUel run, and on purchased land in the hundred of Gambler are 12,000
sheep, 450 head of cattle, and a few horses.
1CZNTAB.0 (Co. Stanley) is a postal township in the electoral district of Sti^nley,
a^d hundred of upper Wakefield, and under the control of the upper Wakefield district
council. It lies 1 mile N. of the Wakefield riyer, in an agricultural district growing
considerable quantities of wheat, and haying one flour mill. The nearest places are
Wateryale, 6 mUes; Leasingham, 6 miles; and Auburn, 9 miles distant, the communi-
cation being by horse or dray, and the mail being conyeyed on horseback to Leasingham.
With Adelaide, 89^ miles, the communication is by horse or priyate conyeyance to
L^isingham or Wateryale, thence by Rounsey ell's mail coach to Kapunda, and thence
by rail. Mintaro has a post and money order office, a public pound, a Foresters' court
Digitized by LjOOQIC
142 tL SoiUh Auatraitan Gazetteer. [MlR — MoB
1^ branch of the South Australfan insorance compaDy, and 2 hotels—the Mintaro and
the Devonshire. The surrounding country is elerated. I'he population numbers about
350 persons, including the neighbouring farmers.
KZ&AOE CREEK {Plindera distri^) is the name given, in 1857, by Goyder, the
discoverer, to a small stream flowing in an N. directign into lake Blanche, then sup-
posed to be a part of Lake Torrens.
KZ&AMB LAGOON (Flinders district) is the name of a small waterhole lying
i» Swindell's country to the W. of lake Torrens^ and fed by a good creek. The countsy
t» the S.B. oonusts of a stony plain.
HttMBXT, lifOUNT (Co,Eyrt,) is a volcanic hill lying near the towiishi]! eif
KQrneton.
i(Z8Sl£S8Tf CAPE (Flinders district^ Wl) is the name of acapeformihg thetf,
point of the peninsula, which is the S. head of Smoky bay. It lies K of point Brown »
and has never been minutely examined, but is believed to be dang^us.
mrCSlAi (^0. Adelaide) is a postal townriiip in the hundred of Adelaide
electoral district of the Sturt, and under the control of the Miteham district ooundL
It is situated on the Brownhill Creek, in' the bed of which small quantities of water-
worn gold have been found, no diggings, however, being carried on there. Thid
district is partly pastoral, but chiefly agricultural, the principid produce being wheat,
flmit, and vegetables. The nearest places are Glenosmond, on tSie main' S;E. ready 2
miler E. from Miteham^ W. Miteham, on an adjoining^ section, in a S.W. direction ;
lower Miteham, 1 mile distant W., adjoining which are Clapham and Springfoank; and
Unley, 3 miles distant, on the Adelaide road. There is communication by omnibus
at nearly every hour in the day, through lower Miteham and Unley, with Adelaide,
which lies 4^ miles distant. Miteham lies within the suburban postal district, and is a
fftvourite place of residence with merchants and others having business in the metro-
polis: It is considered to be one of the most h^lthy and pleasant townships in the
neighbourhood of Adelaide, overlooking the plains, and a great extent of country td
ttie Nl and N.W., and'the sea to the W.,and being highly recommended by medical men
t» a place of reridence for invalids, or a» a retreat from the summer heat of the tovm.
The surrounding country is exceedingly picturesque, the township lying immediately
nnder the N. and W. slopes of the mount Lofty range, whilst the plains from the foot
of the range stretch away to thie sea. The resident magistrates are W. Townsend;
E. J. Spence, W. Morsan, J. W. Lewis, and G. Hall, Esqs., and the Hon. A. BIyth.
lliere are large quantities of granite in the neighbourhood used extensively for road
metalling. Magneslan limestone (dolomite) is also found in considerable quantities.
Copper, lead, and silver have also been found, but not in silflicient abundance to pay for
eontinued working. The geological formation is of hard, grey, micaceous flne^grained
flagstones, aliBO blue and brown slaty beds, and hard dark blue rock, with small nests' of
crystallized carbonate of lime, dipping S. 10° to 15°, E. about 10^ There is also a very
hiurd siliceous rock used for building purposes. In a quarry near Miteham this
fbrmation appears to underlie the slates, and has all the appearance of a massive dyke
of quartz rock.
MZTCHAM (Co. Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral district of the
Sturt. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being 1^. B. T. Burton,
df B^by, Sturt, and 4 councillors. Miteham was the flrst district council proclaimed
in the colony. The receipts and expenditure in this district council for 1865 were as
follow:— Assessment, £26,087— rate Is. in the pound; rates collected, £1246 48. 4d.;
totfid receipts, £3208 48. Id.; office expenses and salaries, £314 14s. 2d.; expended on
public works, £2313 2s. 5d. The population numbers 3814 persons; the area is 42
square miles, or 26,880 acres; land under cultivation, 6204 acres; and number of
dwelling-houses, 796.
BIZTCB£LIU BXJTS (N. district;) lease, 113; occupier, J. Williams; area, 68]
square miles ;. grazing capability, 11,200 sheep, or 165 per square mile; old rental and'
assessment, £113 6s. 8d.; Goyder's valuation, £680 per annum, deducting improve-
ments valued at £700. This station lies between Lock's hill and Black rock, 70 miles
from port Augusta, and 160 from Adelaide. It consists of rough spurs and hills, and
fidrly grassed plain, and is watered by the Yadna and Illapinipa cre^krand 9 wells.
IWWlBaaiAi GAIPE (Fiindere district) is a spot on the W. coast of Denial bay^
where good water can be obtained by digging in the sand-hills. It lies on the track of
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Mob — Mow] The South AvstrdUan Cfazetteer. 143
Syr^B terrible jmaney from port Linc(^ to Western Attstralia its 1940. the sur-
roundingr coantry n an arid and icrubbj desert, but much of the back country it taken
up for pastoral purposes.
BKOB&OMrO {€h. I^uri) is an E. hundred of the county, lying' on the Tf. bank
of the Murray river, below Mannum, and crossed by the road from mount Barker to
lliompson's crossing. It consists almost exclusively of pastoral country, and lies in the
belt of mallee brush known as the Iffurray scrub. The area of this hundred is 74^40
acres, of which only 30 acres are under cultiration. The population numbers 50
persons.
KOOHATOOIIA MINE {N, dittriet) lies about 2 miles K. fh>m Angipena, but
has not been worked fbr some years, aitbough the ground looks fkrouraMe for mining.
KO^RSJlL TOWER {If. district) is the name given to a peak of the main rangjer
lying at the head of Boolcoonda creek, and to the £. of port Augusta. It it a trigono-
metrical station, and a prominent hmdmaik lor the surrounding pastoral country.
KOVBVST (Co, Adelaide) is a postal village in the electoral district of Yatala,
hoodred of Yatala, and under the control of the district council of Tea-tree gully.
It is situated on the Dry creek, the river Tonrens fliowing about 2 miles to the S^., att#
is4n the midst of an agricultural country where wheat and hay are extensively grown.
The nearest places are Hope valley, 2 miles S.E. i Tea-tree gully, 3 miles £. ; and Gddeti^
grove, 4 miles N.E. With Adelaide, 9 miles S.W., the communication is by daily eoadL
Modbury has a post office and 1 hotel— -the Modbury. The resident magistrate is
Hl & Sirily,£sc[., J.F. The surrounding country is undulating, the mount Lofty rangea
]^4nf 3 milea to the S., and ^te Para plains extending to the W. to the shores of the
gulf of St. Vincent. The formation is principally limestone. The population, including
Tea-tree gully and Golden grove, numbers about 1000 persens.
MOLDOBXY STATION (N.S. dit^riet/) lease, No. 654; is part of the Outaalpa
run — ^which see.
MOLOIIG or Mount Maointthe, BUN (S.E, district;) lease, No; 183; occupiers
B. R. and E. J. Leake; area, 24 SG[uare miles (correct area» 23 square miles;) grazing,
capacity, 3500 sheep, or 152 per square mile; Goy dor's valuation, £217 per annun^
deducting improvements valued at £ 1 5. There are 50,000 sheep, indudiog; lambsy abouft
300 horses, and 6000 cattle on this run, and about 51,000 acres of purchased land and
land in the hundreds of Grey, Hindmarsh, and Toung. This run lies 255 miles S.S.E.
of Adelaide, and 35 miles N. by W. from Macdonnell bay, where the wool is shipped.
The stock is watered from wella and waterholes. The head staUen of this run ir known
as G'lencoe, and lies near the mount Btirr post office.
BKONAJbTO (,Co» Addaide) is a vineyard lying on the hills' above MitCham, and
being the property of R. B. Andrews, Esq. It lies near the " Devil's elbow," and< within
the township of Belair overlooking Ck>romandel valley, and due E. of the Government
fiurm. The wine trade in ^is vineyard is considered excellent, and is made, the wlilte
from Gouais and Yerdeilho, and the red from Black Portugal, Garignan, and Mataro.
n01iAin9 (^^- Slurt^is a central hundred of the county consisting almost
eaKslusirely of pastorid cduntiy, and lying^ in the belt of mallee brush, known as the
Mnm^ scrub.
MCWBITbLA {Co, Orey) is one of the N. hundreds of the county. It lies in the
N Ji.^ and is but little taken up for agriculture. The old road from Adelaide to W&\*
bourne via the Glenelg river, passes through this hundred.
MOHAUtLLA BUN {CcGrey;) lease^ N^^ 706 ; occupier, A. McLeod ; area, 9
square miles; rental, £4 10&; assessmenty £11 per annum. The next post town is
(SunbiOT town.
MOnSTB&t MOUNT, 36^|ld^ S. lat., 140° 20'E. long. {Victoria district,) is a
lofty detached hill on the road htmi' Wellington to Border town, lying in tlie N. W. of
the Tattiara country, and about 80 miles S.E. of Welliogton. It is surrounded by
pastoral country, and is a landmark to the neighbourhood.
BCairSTat, mount, bun, (S.E, district;X lease, 843 ; occupiers, Walker,
Btaikineand) Co. (manag^er, W. Cbok ;) area, 32 square miles. This run lies at mount
Mbnster, in the ninety miles desert or Tattiara country, on the road from Wellington to-
Border town, and 80 miler S.E. of Wellington. There is no surface water, the run being
dependent en wells: •
Digitized by LjOOQIC
•
144 ^^ SoxUk Awtralian Cfazetteer, [Mon — Moo
MONSTnb MOUNT, S. BUN, (<S.J7. dUtrict;) leases, No. 864 and 865$ occupier,
J. Forrest; respectiye arpais, 10 fmd 10 miles; tot^ reatal, £10 pl|r aaa^m. Next
post office, Border town.
IBOaiSTSJt RUN (8,E. district;) leases, Not. 224 and 225; oociiDier, P. Kelly;
area, 37 square niiles ; grazing capability, 4200 sheep (on the whole block are 8000
theep, 30 horsey and 20 head of cattle?) Goyder*s yaluation, £182 per annum, deducting
improvements valued at £140. This run lies at mount Monster, on the road from
Wellington to Melbourne, via Border town, 145 miles S.E. by S. of Adelaide, and 85
miles from Guichen bay. The head station is at Swede's flat. The Monster run also
includes lease No. 574; area, 10 square miles.
MOV^TIQII BUN £. No. 1 (8,E. dUtriet}) leases, Nos. 844, 849, ^d 850;
occupier, E. Stark; respective areas, 18, 31, and 19 square miles. The next pojt office
is Border town.
MONBTlOt BUN £. No. 2 {8,E. distnc^;) leases, Nos. 797 and 829; occupier,
James Foot; respective areas, 18 and 10 square miles. Next post office Border town.
IBOaiSTEIt BUN N. {S.E, dittrict;) lease. No. 809; occupiers S. and C. Heriot;
aroa, 22 square miles. Next post office Border town.
BMNSTnt BUN N.B. (S.E. district;) lease, No. 887; occupier, the hon. J. Mor-
phett; area, 126 square miles; rental, £63 per annum. This run lies N. by E. of mount
Monster, the next post town being Border town.
M0N8TZ£R BUN S.E. (S.E, district;) leases, Nos. 827 and 962; oocnpier,
p. J. E. Hull; respective areas, 10 and 10 square miles. Next post office. Border
town.
MONSTSB. WELL (Victoria district) is a well on the road from Wellington to
Border town, lying a little to the N.W. of mount Monster, and about 77 miles S.E. of
Wellington, at the edge of the Tattiara country.
KOKTAOVTB MINE (Co. Adelaide) is a copper mine, lying on a steep spur of
the mount Lofty range, about 10 miles N.E. of Adelaide. Outcroppings of ore are
seen near the surface, but the mine has been for some time abandoned. The Sixth-
creek gold mining company have their claim near this place.
MONTAOV (Co. Adelaide.) See D&v Cr«bk.
MO<^LOOLOiO BUN (N. district.) See Oratunga Bun.
MOOXiOOirilXNA LAKES (Flinders district) is the name given to a cluBter
of saline lakes, lying to the S. of the Gawler ranges and stretching in a N.W. and S.E.
direction, between mounts Wallaby and Sturt They are situated in a tract of country
covered with dense mallee scrub.
MOOir HILL (Co, J^indmarsh) is a small hill, lying in the scrubby ranges to
the N. of the hundred of Encounter bay.
MOONTA, 34"" 3' S. lat., 137° 35' E. long. (Co. Daly) is a postal copper mining
toYosbip, in the electoral district of port Adelaide and hundred of wallaroo. • It is
situated near a small bight on the E. side of Spencer's gulf, known as Moonta bay, and
in an undulating country, the plains being crossed at intervals by hills of a sandy
formation varying in height, but none of them worthy a more dignified name than
hillocks. There are no running streams in the neighbourhood, but there is a remark-
able spring about 12 miles S. of the township (see Tipara.) Fresh water is obtained
by distilling salt water by means of stills, of which there are several of considerable
magnitude. Tt^e surrounding district is a mining one, although pastoral pursuits are
carried on to some extent, from Moonta in a S. direction about 120 miles, or to the end ot
Yorkers peninsula, in the N.W. part of which it is situated. The runs are, for the most
part, well grassed, the drawback throughout being the absence of creeks. Wells are
sunk in various places for the supply of the stations, and the watering of cattle uid
sheep. These wells vary in depth from a few feet near the coast, to 150 feet and 180
feet farther inland, where the water is frequently brackish, that nearest the sea being
best. The mining interest is largely represented, there being numerous copper mines*
The most important is the Moonta mine, which employs about 1000 hands — men and*
boys. Next in order are the Earkarilla and Yelta mines, each employing from 50 to
60 men; whilst there are several smidler claims of considerable promise^ 8U0ha«. th»
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Moo] Tke South Australian Gazetteer. 145
Euko, Poona, Wheal Haghes, Wilkawat, Wheal James, N. Yelta, Farramatta, and
Cballa, employing from 5 to 15 men each. Some of these mines have copper, others
are simply prospecting; hut all are more or less valuable. The nearest places are
Kadina, 11 miles N.W., and Wallaroo, 12 miles N. With the former place the direct
communication is by mail trap, which starts at night (about 10 o'clock.) A new line of
road has been surreyed, but is not yet cleared. With the latter place there is com-
munication thrice daily by the tramway from Moonta to Wallaroo and Kadina, by means
of which both passengers and goods are conveyed. With Adelai<le, 94 miles S.E., the
communication is by tramway or car to Kadina^ thence to port Wakefield by mail car,
and ^ence by steamer or saiUng vessel. The weekly steamers between Wallaroo and
Adelaide also call at Moonta bay for passengers and cargo; this latter route being
generally used for goods, and frequently by commercial and other travellers, who thus
reach the largest centre of population first. So soon as a township is laid out and sold,
on the beach, and a jetty extended to deep water, the advantage of Moonta bay as a
shipping port will be more adequately realised than (in the absence of these desiderata)
it is at present. Moonta possesses a flourishing mechanics' institute, with a serviceable
circulating library and reading-room, in which the colonial and intercolonial and English
papers may be read. Lectures are given monthly in this institute, and are well
attended. The institute has over 100 members. There is a mutual improvement
flJMociation affiliated, holding weekly meetings for debate, the reading of essays, elocu-
tion, &c.; the number of members being about 40. The township has 5 hotels — the
Prince of Wales, Royal, Globe, Moonta, and Miners' Arras; also a tramway station
where passengers and goods are booked for Wallaroo and Kadina, a post and money
order office, telegraph station, court house, police station, Oddfellows' lodge (M.U.,)
Foresters^ court, and branches of the South Australian and National banks, and the
South Australian insurance companies. There is also a volunteer rifle corps in the
township. The places of worship in the town are in connection with the Church of
England, Bible Christian and Baptist persuasions, and on the mines with the Wes-
ley an s, the Bible Christians and the Primitive Methodists, a Baptist chapel being
contemplated but not yet commenced. The resident magistrate is J. Meredith, Esq., J.P.
The soil is loose and sandy, and abundance of limestone is found in nodules and blocks
on the surface. The whole of this part of Yorke's peninsula is moderately grassed in
large patches of pasture land, surrounded by mallee scrub. The population of the
township and Moonta mines, with smaller mines, numbers about .5000 persons.
The Moonta mines are situated in the N, part of Yorke's peninsula, in the hundred
of Wallaroo, and to the S. of the Wallaroo and Kadina mines. They are the great
rivals of the Burra Burra mines, and are described as follows by Mr. Austin, in his work
on the mines of South Australia : — ^ There are 4 distinct lodes in these mines, all
nearly parallel, within a space of half-a-mile, and running about N. and S. The first
discovery of ore here ^as made about 2 years ago (1861), when a quantity of small
stones of green carbonate was found upon the surface. Some holes were sunk, and a
lode of fine ore cut at a small depth. This lode was named after one of the proprietors
Taylor's lode. Four shafts have since been sunk on it, and named after proprietors ;
Elder's, the deepest, is now 30 fathoms, and Smith's, Waterhouse's. and Taylor's, 20
fathoms each. A house for an engine of 60-inch cylinder is now in course of erection here
for the purpose of pumping the mine. In the drives from Smith's shaft, a fine lode of
yellow ore, from 18 inches to 2 feet wide, is being worked at the 20-fathom level. The
lode is 4i feet wide in Elder's shaft ; in which shaft, at the 10-fathom level, a splendid
Iqde of rich black ore, largely mixed with malleable copper, has yielded great quantities
of ore ; at one time it was being hauled up at the rate of 20 tons a day. From the
drives from Taylor's shaft a quantity of rich ore has been raised, consisting of black
and grey sulphurets, red oxide, and malleable copper. The drives on the lode extend
altogether for a length of about 350 fathoms at the lO-fathom levels, and for 250 fathoms
at a depth of 20. Two other lodes, Young's and Macdonnell's— the latter named after
our late Governor — have produced ore of a higher percentage than that from other parts
of these mines ; it is grey sulphuret, some of which has given, on assay, 66 per cent, of
fine copper, and the average of the lodes is estimated at nearly 60 per cent. Both lodes
have been driven on for a considerable distance at the lO-fathom levels. Young's being
6 feet wide, and Macdonnell's varying from 6 inches to 12 feet, but averaging a less
width than Young's. At Buchan's shaft, a large deposit of nnalleable copper and rich
black ore was met with, and some beautiful specimens of native dendritic and foliated
copper were found both here and on Taflor*s lode. Buchan's shaft has been lately
iimk to 20 fitthoms, and a fine lode of black and yellow ore cut. The buildings on this
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t
146 The South AuUralian GazeUeer. [Moo
iBioe are large and aab8tantial,4iod besides offices, stables, &c., comprise a complete and
well-fornished assay office, under the management of Captain R. H. Hancock, a scien-
tific gentleman who came to this colony a few years since to superintend the Wheal
EUen mine. The wonderful richness of these mines will be seen from the following
approximate return of ore raised during 20 months, since the commencement of the
workings, viz., 8,000 tons of ore, averaging nearly 25 per cent, of pure copper ; and
which have been raised at such a comparatively small cost as to enable 2 dividends of
£10 per share each (together £64,000) to be declared on 1st October last, and 25th
February this year. The miners say the Moonta will be a mine when the Burra is
forgotten — because she has lodes and the Burra has none ; but this remains to be pronred.
As long as one has plenty of gold it matters little whether it be in the shape of long
bars or heaps of sovereigns. About August or September last year, when a large
quantity of ore was required at port Wallaroo for shipment — a distance of about 10 miles
from the Moonta— -1700 tons of ore were delivered in 9 days I by means of drays. The
number of hands employed on these mines is nearly 300 ; but, until the last few months,
not nearly so many were engaged. Ample provision is made for a supply of water, by
means of large tanks holding many thousand gallons, collected from galvanized iron
roofs." Since the date of that report, 1863, the works at the Moonta mines have been
carried on with spirit, and the progress of the mines has been highly satisfiwjtory ; The
fifth annual report of the directors of this mine to the shareholders, dated 28th Sep-
tember, 1866, is appended, as showing the present state of operations upon it. ^^^
Report of (he Directors of the Moonta Mining Company to the Shareholders aJt the Fifffi
Annual General Meeting, held at the Company's office, Adelaide, on Friday, 28th
September, 1866.
The directors beg to place before the shareholders their usual report with subjoined
accounts of the mine for the past 6 months. The yield of ore during that period
amounts to 1 1,066 tons, of an average produce of 20| per cent. The cost of production
£66,900, or £6 Os. lOd. per ton; and the value estimated at £121,726, or £11 per
ton, leaves a profit of £54 826, or £4 19s. 2d. per ton. From the above it will be
seen that a reduction has been efiected in the cost of production of nearly 30s. per
ton, as compared with the previous half-year. Considering the low price of copper,
and the realisation of so much produce in a falling market, it will not surprise the
shareholders to learn that the depreciation in value has materially diminished the
profits during the past 6 months. The accompanying statements show that 3
dividends of £5 each have been paid during the half-year, and in plant upwards of
£8000 has been added to the value of the company's property at the mines. An
improved system of dressing the low percentage ores has been introduced upon the
mine, from which considerable benefit is expected to accrue. The railway between
Moonta and Wallaroo is now in full operation, and has pro vedf» very advantageous to
this company.
Captsun Hancock's report upon the progress of the works and general state of the
i^ine i» as follows:—
"Moonta Mine, September 18, 1866.
" I have the pleasure to forward to you the following report on the mines for the
bidf-yearly meeting:—
" Milne's Shaft. — The east lode at the 20-fathoms level has been laid open for a con-
siderable distance, and is now being worked by tributers. A new whim-shaft has been
sunk to the 20-fathoms level on the west lode, and the hoEse-whim which was at
Smith's shaft has been erected here, which will enable us to push the sinking of this
Shalt to the SO-fathoms leveL
** Smith's Shaft.— The lode in the 40-fathoms level south is 2\ feet wide, yieldinjf
alKHit 4 tons of ore per fathom. The lode in the shaft now being sunk below the
40-fathom8 level is about 1 foot wide, yielding about 3 tons of peacock ore per fathom.
Several tribute pitches are being worked in the back of the 40 and shallower levels.
the stuff" from this shaft being now drawn by steam power, the further use of the
horse-whim has been remlered unnecessary.
"Hughes's Shaft. - The large pumping engine continues to w*rk satisfectorily, the
pitwork is in good order, and we are erecting the balance bob. This machinery, with
the pitwork now on hand, will be sufficient for draining this part of the mine fi)r some
time to come. The ground in the shaft is extremely hard, but we are prosecuting the
tmking with all possible despatch. «
<* £u>bk's Shaft is now being sunk below the 55-&thoms level; the lode if all the
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Moo] The South AustraUan Gazetteer. 147-
width of the shaft, turniag oat good yellow and peacock ores. The west lode at the
55-fathoms level north is yielding 5 tons of ore per fathom; the lode in the south drive
it 34 feet wide, turning out some good yellow ore^ the east lode at the same level north
is 2 feet wide, yielding 4 tons of ore per fathom; at the south drive the lode is 2^ feet
wide, producing 6 tons of ore per fothom. There is a large quantity of good orey
ground now laid open between this and the upper levels. In each of the winzes which
are beiag sunk below the 40-fathoms level, the lode is very productive. In the various
tribute pitches and stopes in the backs of the 40 and shallower levels, the lode is yield- '
ing sa^^actory qwrntities of ore. The engine which we some time ago converted into
a steam whim continues to do its work in a very satisfactory manner.
"Watbrhousb Sbapt.— Now sinking below the 40-fathoms level. The lode is
about 1^ feet wide of good yellow ore; the 40-fathom8 level south is communicated with
Elder's workings; the lode in the north drive, although very hard, is yielding 5 tons of
ore per fathom; the lode in the various backs of the upper levels is turning out average
quantities of ore. We have here also dispensed with the horse whim, and are hauling
the stuff with Elder's engine.
«* Taylor's Shapt is now being sunk below the 40-fkthoms level We cannot state
the size of the lode, as we are not carr3ring all of it in the shaft, in consequence of its
having less underlay than heretofore. The 40-fathom8 level has been driven south
through a good course of hard purple ore. The lode averages 3 feet in width, and is
yielding 6 tons of rich ore per fathom. The various stopes and tribute pitches in the
backs of the different levels are turning out good purple and yellow ores. Between
this and Stirling's shaft preparations are being made for the erection of the new
winding engine and crusher.
" Stirling's Shaft.— We have just commenced to sink this shaft below the
40^&thoms level. The lode in the various tribute pitches and stopes here is turning
out ftom 3 to 6 tons of ore per fathom. Large quantities of ore are being raised from
between this shaft and Taylor's workings.
" Warmington's Shaft. — The lode at the 40-fiithoms level N. is 5 feet wide,
yielding 7 tons of yellow ore per fathom; but being of a very hard nature, can be but
slowly wrought. The lode in the 40-lathoms level south is yielding 3 tons of ore per
&thom. At the stopes in the back of the 30-fathoms level the lode varies from 1 te
3 feet wide, consisting chiefly of hard yellow ore.
<< Stugket's South Shaft has been sunk about '5 fathoms below the 30-&thom8
level. The lode is 3 feet wide, yielding 5 tons of ore per fathom. There is a large
extent of good orey ground standing between this and Warmington's shaft. The various
tribute pitches are very productive.
** M*Coull's Shaft. — We have recently resumed operations here by driving the
20-fathoms level N. ; the lode, which was unproductive, has improved, being IJ feet wide>
yielding a little rich grey and yellow ore.
*♦ Green's Shaft. — A large extent of rich orey ground is now being laid open at
this part of the mines. The lode at the bottom of the shaft is yielding 4 tons of rich
grey, black, and peacock ores per fisithom. The tribute pitches and stopes are turning
out their usual quantities of good ores. The steam-engine continues to do its work
efficiently.
« Bower's Shaft.— The lode at the 32-fathoms levd N, is U feet wide, of a very
haErd character, turning out 3 tons of ore per fathom. In the S. drive it is yielding
about 4 tons per fathom. In the shaft which is being sunk below the 32-£Bithoms levelj
the lode is 1^ feet wide, of good yellow ore.
<< Simpson's Shaft has jast been completed to the 32-fathoms level through a good
course of yellow ore, and drives have been commenced both N. and S. The stopes and
tribute pitches are being profitably worked.
'* Dominic's Shaft.— The lode at the 42-&thoms level south is 1 foot wide. In the
tiepee at the back of this level it varies from I to 2^ feet in width, and is yielding, ob
file average, 4 tons of ore per fathom .
** Magdonnbll's Shaft.— The lode has improved in the back of the 32-&thoms level;
it is tm'ning out good yellow ore coated black. We shall immediately commence te sink
the shaft to the 45-fathoms level. The various tribute pitches are producing some ri(A>
black and grey ores.
"Young Shaft.— We are here driving the lO-fathoms level south in the directioil
of Green's workings, with the prospect of making discoveries. The other works
aiee confined to tribute operations.
^'BuosMi's SKAS^.-^Ffeparatloiif an bebig siade to ifaik tills shaft bek)w Ite
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148 The South Amtralian Gazetteer. [Moo
ao-fathoms lerel. A small quantity of good ore is being raised from tke back of the
90-&thom8 lerel.
** Hancock's Shaet. — Tiie lode here varies from 1 foot to 2 feet in width, and is
turning out some good ore, which is being raised chiefly by tributers.
''Garolinb Shaft. — A small quantity of green chloride is being raised from this
shaft.
** Blanche Shaft. —By extending the workings in depth some rich black ore has
keen struck, and profitable ground is now being opened up.
<' At the surface the engineering and other mechanical departments are in efficient
working order. We have made additions to our dressing machines, which were con-
•tructed on a new principle. They are valuable appliances for making the low class
ores merchantable.
** In conclusion, I beg to say the prospects of the mine throughout were never in
a more satisfactory state than at present.
"The directors, with the view of eflecting fresh discoveries and stimulating increased
production of ore, lately authorised Captain Hancock to resume operations at some of
the suspended workings, and the result will be seen from his report in reference to
Young's, Buchan's, Blanche, and Caroline shafts to be encouraging. Notwithstanding
the satisfactory state of the balance-sheet, the directors pannot recommend the
declaration of a dividend in the present state of the copper and money markets. Should
the next accounts from England indicate an improvement in the value of copper, no
time will be lost in dividing the available assets amongst the shareholders. The
company's establishment now consists of 14 officers, 546 miners, 61 mechanics, 8
stablemen, 165 labourers, 158 boys at the mine, and 2 officers in Adelaide, making in all
954. The weekly wages paid are as follows :— miners, 38s. to 40s.; mech-anics, 40s. to
75s.; labourers, 33s. to 35s.; and boys, 6s. to 27s. Four vacancies in the direction,
caused by the retirement of Messrs. Stuckey, Hughes, Green, and Elder, will have to
be filled up. These gentlemen are eligible and offer themselves for re-election. Two
auditors require to be elected for the ensuing year, and the remuneration to the
directors, and to Messrs. Giles and Wicksteed, for their past services, has also to be
fixed by the meeting. — Thomas Eldee, Chairman. Adelaide, 20th September, 1866."
Return showing the quantity of ore raised from the Moonta mines and shipped and smelted
during the half year ending 2Qth September, 1866.
•* Total quantity of ore on hand 20th March, 1866, (21 cwt. to the ton,) 3012 tons
11 cwt.; do. raised during the half-year, 11,066 tons 13 cwts. 3 qrs.; total, 14,079 tons
3 cwt 3 qrs. Total quantity of ore delivered to Wallaroo smelting works, (21 cwt
to the ton,) 4514 tons 5 cwt.; do. do. shipped to England, 6670 tons 19 cwt. 3 qrs.; do.
do. on hand, 2894 tons; total, 14,079 tons 3 cwt. 3 qrs. Thomas Elder, chairman;
T. F. M*Coull, secretary. Adelaide, 20th September, 1866."
Return showing the quantity of copper received and disposed of during the half-year ending
20th September, 1866.
" Total copper received from the Wallaroo smelting works, 364 tons 2 cwt. qrs.
2 lbs. Copper sold in the province, 75 tons; do. shipped to England, 114 tons 2 cwt.
qrs. 2 lbs.; do. shipped to India, 175 tons; total, 364 tons 2 cwt. qrs. 2 lbs.
Thomas Elder, chairman; T. F. M'CouU, secretary. Adelaide, 20th September, 1866."
The proprietors of this mine exhibited, at the Melbourne exhibition of 1866, the
following 5 specimens of copper ore: — ^Yellow ore coated black, 85 per cent; purple ore,
60 per cent; purple ore, 60 per cent; yellow ore, 30 per cent; yellow and purple ore,
and malleable oxychloride, 47 per cent; malleable and ruby copper.
MOO&E FARM {Co. Adelaide) is a vineyard lying on the road from Adelaide to
the Heedbeds, and is the property of A. H. Davis, Esq. It is one of the oldest vineyards
in the colony, having been planted about 24 years. It lies on the banks of the Torrens
river, and has an extent of 25 acres. The grapes are chiefly Muscat, Crystal, Shiraz,
Verdeilho, Frontignac, and Gouais. The wines are the Moore farm red, and the Moore
fturm white. Samples of the Shu*az vintages of 1858, 1859, aujd 1860, and of the
Verdeilho of 1858, were selected by the wine committee for transmission to the
•xhibition of all nations.
MOO&OO MINE {Flinders district ^.) is a copper mine lying to the W. of Prism
hill, and to the N. of mount Chambers. It is not worked at present.
M00B.00B.00 (Co. Light) in a S.E. hundred of the county, lying to the S. of
the N. Para river, and consisting for the most part of purchas^ land, chiefly agri-
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Moo— Mob] The South Australian Gazetteer. 149
cultural, and taken up by an indostrious race of farmers who grow wheat and other
produce in large quantities. The townships of Angaston and Tanunda lie in this
hundred. The resident magistrate is W. Jacob, Esq., J. P.
MOO&OWSE RUN (Yorkers peninsula;) lease, No, 79; occupier, W. Fowler;
area, 42 sqnare miles; grazing capability, 8000 sheep, or 190 per square mile; Goyder's
yaluation, £184 16s. per annum, deducting improvements valued at ^£2076. The stock
is watered from shallow wells, and the run extends from Sturt bay on the S., to
Hardwicke bay on the N.W. The wool is shipped at the former place, 60 miles W.S.W,
of Port Adelaide as the crow flies. The head station is 10 miles N, by W. of Sturt
bay, and 170 miles overland from Adelaide, via Eadina. On this and other runs held
by the same lessee, at cape Spencer and Green's plains, are 15,000 sheep, 4000 lambs,
100 horses, and 1000 cattle. There is an aboriginal depot at this station.
MOO&UNDEE (Co. Albert) is an agricultural settlement and aboriginal station
on the E. bank of the Murray river, near Blanchetown — which see. There is a public
pound at this place.
MOPPA HILL (Cb. Light) is a small agricultural settlement, lying 3 miles N.S,
of Greenock.
KORA&B DE GALLES, CAFE (Co. Oardwett,) is a cape on the S.E. coasty
lying opposite the Coorong crossing. The Flinders Black rocks lie off this cape.
IKO&AMB&O RUN {S.E. district;) lease. No. 159 ; occupier, Mary Oliver; area»
103 square miles ; grazing capacity, 24,000 sheep, or 233 per square mile ; Goyder's
valuation, £1428 16s. per annum, deducting improvements, valued at £2356. This run
lies 200 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 62 miles N.E. by E. of Guichen bay, where the
wool is shipped. This run also includes leases, Nos. 539 and 719, having areas of 20
and 8 miles respectively.
MOBAMBBA RUN, S. W. {S.E, district;) lease, No. 990; occupier, Neil Orr; area,
6 square miles. Next post town, Kingston.
MO&AMB&A W. STATION {S.E. district;) lease, No. 1096; occupier uncertain;
area, 28 square miles. This station joins Morambra on the W.
KO&ENZA CREEK (N. district) is a small creek flowing in the pastoral country
about 35 miles from Tudanamutana.
IKORIALTA (Go. Adelaide) is a vineyard, the property and residence of the
hon. Jno. Baker. It lies at the head of the Morialta creek, in the midst of the hills
overlooking the Adelaide plains. The wines made from this vineyard have attained
considerable celebrity. There is a splendid orchard on the property, an olive plantation,
and an orchard and vineyard intermixed.
IKORZALTA CREEK {Co. Adelaide,) is a fine creek, rising in the mount Lofty
ranges, and flowing through the estate of Morialta and fine agricultural country into
the Torrents river in the Adelaide plains. There is a picturesque waterfall at the
end of this creek.
MO&VBETT {Co. Albert) is the S.W. hundred of the county, lying on the E.
bank of the Murray river, above Chucka bend. It is mostly taken up for pastoral
purposes.
HKOBPfiOiTT'S HILL {Co. Hindmarsh) is a peak nearly detached, and lying in
thehuudred of Kondoparinga, in a rugged scrubby district, about 5 miles E. of mount
Magnificent, and 8 miles S.W. of Strathalbyn.
MO&PBETT VALE (Co, Adelaide) is a postal township in the hunted and
electoral district of Noarlunga, and under the control of the district council of fforplietl
vale. It is eituated in a fertile valley on the Great South road, on a creek generally known
as Anderson's creek, from a gentleman of that name through whose ground it flows;.
To the E. lies a range of hills which separate the Morphett vale and Clarendon districts.
In the township is a small flour mill, but operations have ceased there for some years
past. The district is an agricultural one, wheat being extensively grown, and there
being also many well cultivated vineyards. The Worthing copper mines lie about S
miles N.W., but nothing is at present being done there. The country generally, how-
ever, bears strong mineral indications, and will most probably at some period be found
worth the working. The nearest places are Reynella, 2 miles N.; and Hackhnm, 2 miles
S;E. With these places, as with Adelaide, 15^ miles distant N., the communication it
by Rounsevell's mail coaches and omnibuses. Morphett Vale has I hotel— the £mu;
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150 The South Australian GazeUeer. [Mob — MoY
it is has also a mechanics' institute, 2 government schools (duly licensed by the
tsentral board of education and well attended,) a Foresters' court, a Presbyterian (John
Knox's,) Baptist (union chapel,) and Roman Catholic (St. Mary's) churches, all under
the charge of resident ministers. The ruins of an edifice, formerly a church <^ Scot-
. land, are still standing, and give an older appearance to the township than is seen in
most places in the colony. There is a local court (with the usual number of magistrates
. in attendance, possessing all the magisterial powers invested in such institutions,) a
police court, a public pound, a post and money order office, several stores, workshops,
&c. There are also a large number of neat residences, many of which have fine vine-
yards attached, from which wine of excellent quality is produced, some being favour-
ably known as being really sound and valuable wine There are also several orangeries,
to which considerable attention has been paid of late years, with a most gratifying
result The surrounding country is elevated, the formation being generally limestone
and sandstone. The population of the township and surrounding ^strict numbers 930
persons.
MOBPBSTT VALE {Co, Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral district of
Noarlunga. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr. Bobt. Bain,
and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district council for 1865 were
as follow: — Assessment, £4970 10s. — rate Is. in the pound; rates collected, £249 14s ;
total receipts, £627 98. 2d.; office expenses and salaries, £56 38 6d; expended on public
works, £552 18s. 2d. The population numbers 930 persons; the area is 23 square
miles, or 14,720 acres; land under cultivation, 7124 acres; and number of dwelling-
houses, 175.
MOBJtISj MOUNT (i\r. district^) is a peak of the main range, and a trigonome-
trical station, lying on the W. side the North road, opposite Angipena. The mount Coffin
copper mine lies to the N.W. of this hill.
IKO&BISOV POINT (Kangaroo island) is a bold rocky headland in Nepean
bay, in the N.E. end of the island, forming the E. horn of Western cove. There are a
few straggling rocks in deep water off the point.
MORTTANVA CREEK (N. district) is a small creek flowing from the N.W.
end of Elder's range into lake Torrens, and crossing the road from port Augusta to the
north.
MOSQUITO CREEK (C6,Robe) is a drainage creek, flowing 10 miles N.of Narra-
coorte, in a W. direction, into Geary's swamp.
MOSQUITO CREEK RUN, (S,E. district;) lease. No. 169; occupiers, W. and J.
Bobertson; area, 59 square miles, (actual area 61 square miles;) grazing capacity,
10,000 sheep, or 164 per square mile. Goyder's valuation, £675 Ss., deducting im-
provements valued at £373. This run lies 240 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 120 miles
from Portland (Victoria,) where the wool is shipped.
MOSQUITO HILL {Co. Hindmarsh) is a peak and survey point lying in the
scrubby country in the hundred of Nkangkita, about 3^ miles N.W. of CJurrency creek.
MOSQUITO PLAINS (Co. Robe) is a tract of flat sWampy pastoral country lying
to the W. of Narracoorte, and extending N. and S. about 60 miles, and E. and W.
from 8 to 15 miles. These plains are bounded on the E. and W. by sandy ranges,
^nd are watered by the Mosquito creek. Limestone abounds upon them, and much of
the soil is suitable for agricultural purposes. The resident magistrates are H. Seymour,
A. T. Gunning, and W. Wallace, Esqs.
BUSS GILL ((7o. Adelaide) is an agricultural settlement, situated near the
township of Morphett vale, and inhabited by a few farmers.
MOUNT GAMBIER {Go. Grey), See Gambieb Mount and Gahbieb Toww.
MOUNT BARKER (Co, Hindmarsh), See Babkbb Mount.
MOUNT CRAWFORD {Cos. Adelaide and Light.) See Cbawfobd Mount.
MOUNT PLEASANT [Co. Adelaide.) See Pleasant Mount.
MOT HALL (or Woolgabuboh) RUN {S,E, district;) lease, Na 168; occupier,
W, Robertson; area, 65 square miles (^actual area, 63 square miles;) grazing capa-
bility, 12,000 sheep, or 190 per square mile; Gojder's valuation, £483 I6s. per annum,
deducting improvements valued at £2081. This run lies 230 miles S.S.B. of Adelaide,
,«0 miles N. of Macdonnell bay, and 70 miles E. hy N. ot Ouicben bay.
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Mtrc — Mun] The South AustraUan Gazetteer. 161
HEVCBA station {N. district;) occupier, Price Maurice. See Pekina Run.
KUDDT FLAT (Flwden district) is a vast tract of flat country, lying to the
S.W., of 26° S. lat., 139° E. long. It has no visible limit to the S.W., is bare of vege-
tation, and traversed by numerous water-channels.
MUD HUT STATION {N, district;) leases, 69 a^d 308. See Balcabbib Run.
ICUBLA WIRRA (Co. Gawkr) is a district council in the electoral district of
Stanley. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr. C.T. Scown
of Willaston, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district council
for 1865 were as follow: — Assessment, <£12,238 14s. 6d~rates, 6d. in the pound;
rates collected, £158 138. lid.; total receipts, £421 3s.; office expenses and salaries,
4116 128. lid.; expended on public works, ^335 6s. lid. The population numbers
1598 persons; the area is 110 square miles, or 70,400 acres; land under cultivation,
18,811 acres; and number of dwelling-houies, 322.
BHTDLA WIRRA {Co. Gawler) is an E. hundred oi the county, consisting
principally of purchased land, much of which is under cultivation, and inhabited by a
body of industrious small farmers.
MUDLIPSlfA CREEK {Flinders district) is the name of a fine mountain stream
rising to the N. of Angipena, and flowing in a S.E. direction through the gap of t^
same name.
IKlJDUPXSirA GAP {Flinders district) is a piece of flne rocky scenery, with
walls about 100 feet in height, and extending for a considerate distance between the
hills to the E. of Angipena. A pretty little gravelly flat, of 4 or 5 acres, lies in the gap,
and has some fine pools of water near it. The Angipena racecourse lies near this
place.
MtnCRKSAD, MOUNT {Co. Grey,) is a peak lying in the cluster of volcanic hills
near Mount Burr.
KVIiE YARDS MINE {Co. Burro) is a copper mine lying near Stony gap. It
is not now worked.
MUIB.KEAD, MOUNT, RUN, No. 1 {S.E. district;) lease. No. 211; occupier,
A. Johnson ; area, 75 square miles; grazing capacity, 9200 sheep, or 130 per square
mile; Goyder's valuation, £388 8s. This run lies 245 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, and
63 miles E.S.E. of Guichen bay, where the wool is shipped.
MtTLLEL RUN {S.E, district;) lease, No. 209; occupier, J. Meredith; area,
3 square miles (actual area, 2 square miles;) grazing capability, 400 sheep; Goyder's
valuation, £22 per annum. See Minobool Run.
IKULLXGON RUN {N. district;) lease. No. 966; occupier, P. Ferguson; area, 300
square miles ; rental, X'173 per annum. This run lies near lake Eyre.
MUlfDAT RIVER {Flinders district) is a stream rising near mount Clive, and
flowing N.N.W. past mount Lyndhurst, into the S. end of lake Eyre. It is fed by
several springs and small creeks during its course.
ICUNIHIO ISLAND {Co. Hindmarsh) is a low sandy and swampy island lying to
the S.E. of Hindmarsh island, and inside and opposite the sea mouth of the Murray
river.
IKUNDOWADAN RUN {N. district;) lease. No. 939 ; occupiers, T.^T. H. and
A. Matthews; area, 200 square miles; rental, £103 per annum.* This run lies near
Decoy hill, the next post town being Yudanamutana.
MUNJIBBZE CREEK {N. district) is a stream flowing on the E. side the main
range, over the run of the same name, and through good saltbush land, fairly grassed.
IKUNJIBBZE RUN {N.E. district) is the head station of the Munjibbie run,
occupied by Mr. Geo. Hiles (lease. No. 64, ) and having an area of 3 1 square miles, and
a grazing ci^ability for 6200 sheep, or 200 per square mile. Munjibbie is the N. half
of the run originally held by Messrs. Hiles and Chewings, and since divided into two
distinct runs for the convenience of the lessees. The Munjibbie portion consists of
fidrly grassed country, with saltbush and clumps of mallee, wattle, and other bushes.
It is watered from wells and from the Munjibbie creek, where the head station and
woolshed are situated, and whence there is a tolerable road to Kooringa, 35 miles S.W.
Bent and assessment, Jib^ 8s. 4d.; Mr. Goyder's valuation, £147 5s per annum, deduct-
ing improvements, which are valued at £1 600. This run also comprises lease, No. 345,
wbi(^ lias an area of 41 square miles.
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152 The South Austrafian Gazetteer. [Mun — MuR
PARA (Co. Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral district ot
Yatala. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr. J. Smith, of
Smithfleld, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district for 1865
were as follow:— Assessment, £7691 14s. 8d. — rate, 6d. in the pound; rates collected,
£\5S 198. Id.; total receipts, £434 9s. 7d. ; office expenses and salaries, £65 178.; ■
expended on public works, «2S8 12s. 9d. The population numbers 986 persons. The
area is 43 square miles, or 27,520 acres; land under cultivation, 12,067 acres; ind
number of dwelling-houses, 175.
MmTNO PARA (Co. Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral district of
Tatala. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr. S. Smitham,
of Peachy belt, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district council
for 1865 were as follow: — Assessme^nt, £l4,664~rate, 6d. in the pound; rates collectdl(
£359 188. 3d.; total receipts, £1009 12s. lid.; office expenses and salaries, £102 2s. Id;
expended on public works, £639 6s. 8d. The population numbers 2323 persons; the
area is 60 square miles, or 38,400 acres; land under cultivation, 28,965 acres; and
number of dwelling-houses, 4 1 8.
MVNNO PARA ((7o. Adelaide) is a hundred lying in the N. part of the county,
on the S. bank of the Gawler river, and consisting for the most part of purchased
agricultural land, taken up by small farmers. There is a volunteer rifle corps in this
hundred.
IKUNTA WURTA (Yorhe's peninsula) is the native name for a small tract of
good laud on the E. side of Yorke's peninsula. See Clat and Ropbr's Gullibs.
MU&AT BAY {Flinders district W.) is a deep indentation into the land in the
B. part of Denial bay, and to the N.E. of the Bird rock. It is a fine bay, having
soundings in from 5 to 3 fathoms, and secure anchorage for vessels of any tonnage. In
common with the other parts of this coast, the country inland is scrubby, with swamps
and sand-hills, and the scarcity of water, which may however generally be found by
digging in the sand dunes near the coast.
MV&CULLET (or Marcullbt) RUN (S.E. district;) lease, No. 155; occupier,
A. Mc Arthur; area, 30 square miles (actual area, 32 square miles;) grazing capacity,
3700 sheep or 115 per square mile; Goyder's valuation, £164 5s., deducting inprove-
ments valued at £104. This run lies 180 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 70 miles N.E.
by N. of Guichen bay. It is in the Tattiara country, the next post office being at Border
town. On this run and adj6ining leases of different date are 4100 sheep.
MURDOCK HILL (Co. Adelaide) is a high peak in the main or Adelaide range,
in the hundred of Onkaparinga, and about 8 miles to the N.E. of the township of
Balhannah.
MURMSSBKA RUN, {N. district;) lease. No. 432 ; occupier, J. and J. H.
Browne; area, 93 square miles. Rent and assessment, £79 Is. 8d. per annum. This
run lies near mount Samuel, the next post town being Blinman.
MURKBO RUN {S. E. district^) leases 520, 557, 1143 and 1144; occupier,
D. Power; respective areas of leases, 2, 24, 24 and 42 square miles. This run lies at
the N.W.bend of the Murray river.
MVANINNZE MINE (Flinders district W.) is a copper and bismuth mine,
lying ^144 miles N.W. by N. of Adelaide, and on the N.W. side of Spencer's gulf,
about 130 miles N. of port Lincoln. By the last report from this mine (July 31st,
1866) it appears that the directors have turned their attention to other methods of
reducing the metals than those which were at first adopted (Cossin's patent,) and have
found that that by acids is attended with satisfactory results, but the large cost of the
necessary chemicals, and the difficulty of procuring them, may possibly interfere to
prevent that process from being made use of to any great extent in the colony. In the
meantime they have placed themselves in communication with a firm in England on
the subject of the smelting of the ores by the methods in use there, with a view of
having them treated either in Great Britain or in this colony, as may prove most
advantageous to the company. They have also sent to London a sample of plumbago,
which is found in large quantities at the mine, and a report upon it is expected at an
early date. They have also shipped about 10 tons for sale, and* should it prove to
be worth only the very moderate price of £10 ^er ton, hundreds of tons can be pro-
cured and shipped without delay, and at a good profit. In No. 1 Winze, south adit,
the 17-fathom level has passed under the shoot of bismuth ore, and as yet no change
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ilxnil The i%uth Australian Gazetteer. 158
bftck to it has taken place. The lode .there is still from 6 to 8 feet wide, and well
defined, and consists principally of plumbago. The directors sent a stone of plum-
bago and some dust to England several months ago, and they shipped 10 tons, which
was now on the way. They had put down plumbago as being moderately worth £10
per ton. Plumbago from Ceylon is fetching £20 to £25 in London, and if this plum-
bago proved of value, there are hundjreds of tons of it at the mine, and considerable
facilities for shipping it.
HKV&NINNllfi BUN (fT. district;) lease, No. 1030; occupier, U. Holroyd; area>
38 square miles ; rental, £19 per annum. This run lies W, of mount Young, and 130
miles N. of port Lincoln. '
UKURRABINVA RUN {S.E, district;) lease, No. 198; occupier, D. Gollan;
area, 16 sqnare miles (31 square miles of the Blackford run have been transferred to this
lease, the correct area therefore is now 47 square miles;) grazing capacity, 5650 sheep,
or 120 per square mile. (On the entire run and land held under annual lease in the
hundred of Lacepede are 1200 sheep, 900 head of cattle, and 200 horses.) Goyder's
valuation, deducting improvements, £130 12s. per anaum. This run lies 180 miles
S.S.E. of Adelaide, 12 miles S.K of Kingston, and 30 miles N.N.B. of Quichen bay.
KUBJIANVVGA STATION ( W. district) lies 55 miles N.W. of the township
of Flinders; occupiers, Heath aad Wooldridge. See Wallianippib.
XU&BJLY FLATS RUN {Co, Burra;) occupier, W. H. Neale, area, 42 square
miles; grazing capability, 85^0 sheep, or 200 per square mile; rental and assessment,
£64 15s; Mr. GFoyder's valuation, £630 per annum, deducting improvements, which are
valued at £300. (No. of lease, 14.) This run lies about 8 miles S.E. of Eooringa, and
95 miles N.E. of Fort Adelaide. It consists of well-grassed plain and undulating land,
with well-grassed valleys ; there are also bare and scrubby rises, and patches of salt-bush
and mallee. There are no springs or surface waters on the run, but water is obtained
by means of wells, and there is access to the Stone Chimney creek on the N.
IKU&RATy HUNDRED OF (Flinders and Victoria districts.) is the name given
to the pastoral country lying on both sides the Murray river from the E. sides of the
hundreds of Stuart and Cadell (in counties Young and Albert respectively,) in an B.
direction to the border of the colony. This hundred comprises a tract of fine pastoral
land, interspersed with belts of mallee scrub and sandy plains, with ridges ot fossil shell
limestone, which form lofty and precipitous bluffs on the banks of the river, alternating
from side to side as it bends in its tortuous course.
IKU&BAT RIVER (Pastorql* district) is a sub-district of the N.E. district
lying in the S. part of that district, and along the banks of the Murray river. It also
takes in theN. part of the S.E. pastoral district, and comprises the Murray scrub, and
extends in an E. direction to the border of the colony.
MURBAT RIVER is the most important river, not only of the colony, but
also of the continent, and is the only river navigable for vessels of any size in the colony,
excepting the entrance to Port Adelaide, which can scarcely be considered a river. It
rises in the Snowy mountains of New South Wales, and flows in a general W, direction,
(dividing the colonies of New South Wales and Victoria) until it arrives at North-west
bend in S. Australia, when it takes a S. direction, and empties itself into lake Alexan-
drina, at Pomonda point, near Wellington, whence it flows into the sea by a narrow
opening from that lake called the Murray mouth. It is navigable duMng 8 months in
the year for large steamers for a distance of over 1790 miles, and, with its tributary, the
Darling, which is navigable 2000 miles in New South Wales, enables the settlers of
Queensland, New South Wales, North-west Victoria, and the E. part of South Australia
to draw supplies from, and forward their wool to Goolwa (on the W. side of lake Alexan-
drina, or the Lower Murray, as it is called,) which is looked upon as the natural port.
The Murrumbidgee, another New South Wales river, is also navigable as far as Gundagai.
About 30 steamers and barges are engaged in navigating the Murray and its tributaries
from Goolwa, and convey a large amount of merchandise for the supply of settlers
and of the various townships, bringing down annually several thousand bales of wool,
for despatch to London direct, Melbourne, or Port Adelaide. The South Australian part
of the Murray river was discovered by Start, in January, 1830, the upper part of that
portion of it being found to be a noble stream, flowing through dense forests of sandy
scrub, and bounded, sometimes on one side and sometimes on the other, by high cliffs,
forming precipices from 150 to 500 feet high. The rock was white, like chalk, and
qtute as soft. Parts of these cliff's were very beautiful, A great many of the fossils,
' sometimes a whole precipice, was changed to selenite, which, while retaining all the
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154 The South Australian Gazetteer, [Mttb
■ ■ ■ -^
varied forms and fanciful tracery of marine ornaments, was as clear as crystal, and
looked like fancy work in ice. When the setting sun shone full on the face of th€»e
cliffs, the red rays were reflected hack off the crystalline facets into the dazzled gaze of
the explorers, and made them imagine that they were in fairy land, and that palaces of
diamonds were not quite things of fable. Sturt voyaged down the river to lake Alex-
andrina, which he partially examined, and then retraced his weary way backward.
Captain Barker, after whom mount Barker is called, being the next to explore the
newly-found region. This gentleman, however, having swum across a channel of the
lake to a sand-hill on,the other side, for the purpose of obtaining a better view, was
treacherously murdered by the natives, and his body thrown into the water. On the
South Australian banks of the Murray are large tracts of dense mallee scrub, the mallee
being a small tree whose roots spread horizontally, and retain water, often found useful
for travellers; and the quandong, or native peach, is also plentiful. There are but few
streams flowing into the Murray in this part of its course, the principal ones being the
Burra creek and the Rhine river, both of which fall into it on its W. bank. The lower
part of the river, known as the Goolwa or lower Murray, is, in point of fact, a narrow
arm of lake Alexandrina, separating the main land in the W. corner from the low
sandy island known as Hindmarsh island. It is, however, navigable, and the channel
which the Murray steamers use. Most of the land lying along the river banks is
reserved in hundreds for agricultural purposes, although taken up in fact under
pastoral leases at short dates. The river is crossed at Blanchetown, Swanport,
and Wellington, by roads leading from Adelaide into Victoria. The towns and
post offices on its banks are Overland corner. North-west bend, Blanchetown,
Moorundee, Maunum, Wall, Swanpdrt, Chucka bend, and Wellington E. and W.
The sea mouth of this river bears from the Sturt light on cape Willoughby, N.E. by E.
i E., 41 miles; and from Kosetta head, E. by N., about 13 miles. The bearings are
magnetic; magnetic variation 6° 35^ E. The sea mouth of the Murray may be
recognised by Barker's knoll, the first bare sand-hill of any elevation or extent to the
eastward of the high land of Encounter bay. This extraordinary sand-hill, which is
ever-changing in its form and appearance, according to the prevailing winds, and is
fast receding to the eastward, in which direction the entrance has shifted 500 yards in
4 years, is about 90 feet high, and forms the eastern side of the entrance of the Murray;
the western side being the termination of the low sand-hills of Sir Richard's peninsula.
From the base of Barker's knoll an extensive sand-bank trends in a south-wfisterly
direction, forming the eastern limit of the channel. On the highest part of point
Pullen, the termination of Sir Richard's peninsula, is a flagstafi, from which the tidal
and other signals are made. The flagstaff lies in lat. 35° 34' S., long. 138° 67' 15" E.,
and bears from port Elliott obelisk E., distance 10^ miles; and from Victor harbour
N. 81° E., 13 miles; whilst a course of N. 69° E., for 19 miles, leads directly from
Porpoise head. On the opposite or western shore, point FuUen and its adjoining bank
forms the western boundary of the channel. The bar, on which the least depths of
water have been found recently to be from 6 to 8 feet, is constantly shifting in extent,
depth, and relative position to the western extremity of Barker's knoll. The channel
will generally be found deeper and more direct in the winter months, trending more in
a westerly direction, as the descending currents become lessened in volume during the
summer. The bar itself is composed of sand, covered with masses of seaweed. Inside
the bar the soundings vary considerably, but, in all places between the Goolwa and the
mouth, afford plenty of water for 111 vessels that can pass the bar in safety. In order
to point out the deepest portion of the channel over the bar, two large triangular
beacons have been placed inside the entrance; these beacons are shifted as occasion
requires; at the present they bear N. 19° E., and S. 19° W. respectively.
MVBJLAT SCRUB {Cos. Sturt, Eyre and Burra) is a belt of sandy country,
thickly covered with mallee scrub, lying on the Murray river, along its lower end,
below the great or N.W. bend, and extending to the N. into the plains to the E. of
Kooringa and mount Bryan. There are numerous patches of good pastoral land, which
are taken up by squatters.
MV&&AT SCRUB RUN, BUTTON'S {Co. Burra;) lease. No. 721; occupier,
F. H. Dutton; area, 20 square miles; grazing capability, 2500 sheep, or 125 per cjiiiare
mile; old rental and assessment, £78 ;.Goyder's valuation, £140 per annum, with<mt
improvements valued at i>'100. It lies 28 miles N.E. of Kapunda, and 75 miles N.E.
of Adelaide, and is well-grassed, b^ has no surface water. This station is worked in
connection with the Emu flats run, the head station being Anlaby.
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MuB — Nai] The South AmtrcUian Gazetteer. 165
SCRUB BUNS {Murray River dUtrict) consist of the fi^owing
leases, their respective areas and occupiers' names being attached: — 294, T. and W.
Seott, 6 square miles; 339, M'Bean, 3 square miles; 793, S. Hedger, 20 square miles;
867, J. Keynes, 21 square miles; 869, J. Keynes, 25 square miles; 870, J. Keynes, 32
square miles; 1055, T. Worsnop, 20 square miles ; 1057, T. Worsnop, 35 square miles;
1058, J. Keynes, 13 square miles; 1059, J. Keynes, 11 square miles; 1060, J. Keynes,
15 square miles; 1089, B. Hicks, 10 square miles. These runs lie in the scrubby
country on both sides the Murray river, the nearest post town being Blanchetown.,
BKinUtTWTANVA LAGOON (Ob. Flinders district N.) is a fine sheet of water
formed by an expansion of the Frome river, 40 yards wide, 150 yards long, and 20 feet
deep. It lies in a rocky bed, the rocks rising perpendicularly from the water.
MUSSEL WATER HOLE {Flinders district N,) See Davenport Crbbk.
BSTPONOA {Co, HindmarsK) is an agricultural settlement, lying in a valley to
the S. of Sellick's hill, and 14 miles S. of Aldinga on the main road firom Adelaide to
Yankalilla. It lies 44 miles S. of Adelaide, and has daily communication with all the
places mentioned, by Bounsevell's mail coach. Myponga has a post office for the
convenience of the neighbourhood, a store, and 1 hotel— the Myponga. The population
is small and scattered, consisting chiefly of farmers. There is a public pound in this
settlement.
BSTPOVGA {Co. ffindmarsh) is a district council in the electoral district of
Encounter bay. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr. W.
Pavey, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district council for
1865 were as follow: — Assessment, £2761 — rate. Is. in the pound; rates collected,
£128 Is. 3d.; total receipts, £201 Os. lid.; office expenses and salaries, £68 6s.; expended
on public works, £103 12s. 6d. The population numbers 585 persons; the area is 79
square miles, or 50,560 acres; land under cultivaticm, 2778 acres; and number of
dwelling-houses, 80.
MTPONOA {Co. HindmarsK) is a W. hundred of the county lying on the coast
of the gulf of St. Vincent, at Rapid bay. The district is rich in minerals, and there
are several silver lead mines in operation in the neighbourhood. About half of its area
is purchased land, mostly agricultural.
IKTPONGA HILL ( Co, Hindmarsh) is a peak and point of survey lying in the
scrubby country to the S. of Myponga township.
MTPONGA RIVER (Co, HindmarsK) is a stream rising in the coast ranges
in the hundred of Myponga, and flowing N.W. into- the sea by a wide channel.
ITACKABA HILL, 32° 45' S. lat., 139° 10' E. long. {Flinders district N.) is a
detached hill lying in the pastoral district of Eastern plains.
NACKAJIA MINE {N. district.) Under this name there are some small copper
workings upon mineral claims. No. 2354, dated June 12, and Nos. 2387 and 2388, dated
June 26, situated between 50 and 60 miles N. of the Burra. The proprietors, three
Comishmen, named James Pott, Thos. Williams, and Thomas Hodge, called at our
office recently with samples, producing at the same time for our satisfaction the
Government documents relative to their claims, and a certificate from Mr. Elphick, of
which the following is a copy:—" Kooringa, August 24, 1866.— Assay of two samples
of copper ore from Nackara mine for Mr. Thomas Hodge.— No. 1, produce 52^; No. 2,
produce 51.- (Signed) Wm. K, Elphick, assayer.*' No. 1 appears to be red oxide, and No. 2
grey and green ore and oxide. The men state that they have been working the mine
without assistance, pecuniary or manual, for the last 3 months, and have sunk 2 shafts,
viz., Pott*s shaft, which is now 12 fathoms deep, and in which they passed through a
bunch of ore about 7 fathoms down; and Williams's shaft about 60 fathoms N. of the
other. This is 7 fathoms deep, and carries a good copper-bearing lode. The samples
are from Pott's shaft. They state that they have about 5 tons of ore at grass, and
that the lode is 2 feet wide. Another sample was shown us— silver oxide—
which we were informed had been assayed by Mr. Thomas and found to contain 61
per cent, of copper, but of this no certificate had been given.
NAnS WORTH {Co, Adelaide) is a postal township in the electoral district of
Yatala, hundred of Yatala, and under the control of the Yatala district council. It is
situated about 14 miles from the Torrens river, and about 8 miles W. of the mouet
Lofty range, in an agricultural, hay producing district. There is a manufactory of
winnowing machines (Sloman's) in the township, a post office, and 1 hotel — ^the
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166 The South Amtredian Gazetteer, [Nai — Nab
Windmill (Matthews' s.) The nearest places are Enfield, 2 miles N.; Prospect, I mile
N.W.; and Walkeryille, 1 mile B.; there is communication hy omnibus with Enfield
only, that with the other places being by horse or prirate vehicle. The communication
with Adelaide, 2^ miles distant, is by omnibuses which run thrice a-day. The .
surrounding country is elevated, and the formation of the limestone is abundant round
Adelaide. The population numbers about 100 persons.
VAntNE \Co. Start) is an agricultural village in the hundred of Eanmantoo,
council district of Nairne, and electoral district of Onkaparinga, situated on Nairne
creek, 24^ miles from Adelaide, on the main line of road between Adelaide and the
Murray, via Callington, mount Barker lying 1^ miles S. In the township are '2
flour mills (steam) and a tannery. The Nairne district is an agricultural, pastoral,
copper and gold quartz-mining district, there being 1 copper mine near the village,
promising well, but not having yet been thoroughly tested. The nearest places are
Dawesly, a copper-smelting village, 2^ miles E., and consisting of about 12 cottages,
prettily situated on Scott's creek; Kan man too, 8 miles E., and Callington 12 miles £.,
both mining townships; and Harrogate, 11 miles N.E, an agricultural village of 9
cottages. There is communication by RounsevelPs daily coaches^ and with Adelaide,
24^ miles W., by the same means. Nairne has a post and money order office, a
telegraph station, a public pound, branches of the Adelaide and South Australian
insurance companies, an Oddfellows' lodge (M.U.) and a Foresters' court. The hotels
in Nairne are the District, Millers' Arms, and Beehive. The surrounding country is
elevated, and generally hilly. The population of Nairne numbers about 500 persons,
the number of houses being about 100. A fair for agricultural produce and live stock
is held at Nairne annually, in March and September. The resident magistrate is
O. Wild, Esq., J. P.
VAI&irE ((7o. Sturt) is a district council in the electoral district of Onkaparinga.
It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr. D. Chapman, and 4
councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district council, for 1865, were as
follow :— Assessment, £17,057 5s. — rate, 6d. in the pound; rates collected, ^446 9s 4d.;
total receipts, £1,561 Us. 4|d. ; office expenses and salaries, £214 19s. 9d.; expenditure
on public works, £1224 89. 2d. The population number 3120 persons; the area is
199 square miles, or 127,360 acres; land under cultivation, 9729 acres; and number of
dwelling-houses, 631.
NAKA&A RUN (N.E. district;) lease, 229; occupier, A. McCuUoch; area, 12
square miles; grazing capability, 1620 sheep, or 135 per square mile. Old rent and
assessment, £13 I5s.; Goyder's valuation. £66 per annum, excluding improvements
valued at £95. . It lies 70 miles N. of Kooringa, and 170 miles from Adelaide, and
consists of fairly grassed valleys with salt and blue bush, and rough hills and gullies,
with mallee scrub. It is watered by the Nakara spring, a well, troughs, and iron tanks.
VAKA&A SPRING (Ecatern springs) is a fine spring under the hill and on the
run of the same name. It has been opened out in the form of a tank, and troughs been
placed for the watering of stock.
NALANO RUN (8.E, district;) leases, Nos. 151 and 152 ; occupier, L. H.
McLeod; total area, 126 square miles; grazing capacity, 2800 sheep. Goyder's valua-
tion, £1998 per annum, deducting improvements valued at £508. This run lies 180
miles S.E. by S. of Adelaide, and 100 miles N.K by N. Guichen bay.
NANGWARRT RUN {S.E. district;) lease. No. 182; occupier, A.Watson;
area. 62 square miles; grazing capacity, 10,000 sheep, or 161 per square mile. (On thi*
run, and an adjoining one in the colony of Victoria, are 10,500 sheep, 100 head of cattle*
and 250 horses.) The stock is -watered from swamps. (Joyder's valuation, £253 per
annum, deducting improvements valued at £1235. This run lies 250 miles S.S.E. of
Adelaide, 75 miles by road E. by S. of Guichen bay, and 40 miles N. by. E. of Macdon-
nell bay.
NAPERLT STATION (Co. Victoria) is a sub-head station on the Crystal brook
run — which see.
NAPOLSOV MINE {N. district) is a copper mine Ijdng 200 miles N. of Adelaide,
and about 7 miles N. of the Eirwan mine. About 15 tons of ore have been extracted
from this mine, but operations have been suspended upon it for some time past. The
country consists of carbonate of lime and felspar, containing a few specks of ore,
but is of unpromising appearance.
If A&&ACOORTE {Co. Robe) is a small township or village in the electoral
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Nab — Nea] The South Australian Gazetteer. 157
district of Victoria, 254 miles S. W. from Adelaide, on the main line of road between
Adelaide and Melbourne. A mail coach runs to Kingston, 57 miles; Fenola 32 miles,
twice a week, and to Border town, 56 miles, twice a week. It has a local court, a
mechanics' institute, a telegraph office, an aboriginal station, and a post and money
order office. It is situated on the Narracoorte creek. Mosquito creek flows partdlel to
Karracoorte creek, 10 miles N. from Narracoorte. There is a large lake on Mr.
Seymour's run, 15 miles S.W.from Narracoorte; lake Ormerod, about 2 miles long by
1 wide, 4 miles W. from Narracoorte and Geary's swamp, 5 miles N.W. from
Narracoorte. The district is a pastoral (sheep-farming) one. The surrounding country
contains excellent soil, with sandy ranges running through it N. and S. (from Fenola to
Border town, Narracoorte being situated in a gap in the range.) It is all either the
property of the sheep-farmer or the Crown. The country to the W. of this range is flat,
and is called Mosquito plains ; this flat country runs N. and S. about 60 miles ; E, and
W. 8 ^> 15 miles; beyond this to the W. is another sandy range. There are no mines
in the neighbourhood; no minerals have been diecovered more useful than stone.
limestone abounds in every direction. To the E. of this range there is also good
country, more undulating than Mosquito plains, and well timbered. The country is all,
with ihe exception of a few patches of sandy soil, fit for agriculture, and limestone
quarries may be found in all directions. The nearest places are Kingston, 59 miles W. ;
Penola, 32 miles S. ; Apsley, 20 miles E. (in the colony of Victoria;) Border town,
56 miles N.; Robe town, 76 miles S.W. Fenola and Apsley are upon two different
roads to Melbourne; there are two mails a week from Apsley to Melbourne, but no
mail communication between Narracoorte and Apsley. With the other places there
is communication. by Rounseyeirs mail coaches, which sometimes take passengers,
and with Adelaide by Rounsevell's mail coaches. Distance, 250 miles N.W. The
hotels are the Globe and the Commercial. Narracoorte is under the control of the
south-eastern board of main roads in a hundred not named. The surrounding country
to the N. and S. is mountainous, to the W. flat, and to the B. undulating. The formation
is of limestone. The population of Narracoorte is about 500. Number of dwellings, 150.
ITA&BACOO&TE RUN (SE. district;) lease. No. 165; occupier, T. Magarey;
area, 83 square miles; grazing capability, 14,000 sheep, or 169 per square mile;
Goyder's valuation, X'966 per annum, deducting improvements valued at £420. This
run lies 230 miles S.S.E of Adelaide, and 60 E.N.E. of Robe (Guichen bay,) where the
wool is shipped. Tliere are 22,000 sheep, 280 head of cattle, and 30 horses on this run,
and on 2300 acres of purchased land round the township of Narracoorte, the next post
town.
If AT AN {Co. Light) is a postal township in the electoral district of Light and
hundred of Gilbert. It is situated on the river Gilbert, 70 miles N. of Adelaide, and
15 miles N.W. of Kapunda. Finniss point, a high hill, lies to the E., and on the W.
are some low hills, dividing the valley of the Gilbert apd Alma plains. The district is
an agricultural one, large quantities of wheat being grown in the valley, and sheep are
depastured on the hilly ranges to the E. and W. The nearest places are Gilberton,
3 miles S., and Riverton, 3 miles N. (the next telegraph-station.) The communication
with these places is by horse or private vehicle, and with Adelaide, 64 miles S., by
Rounsevell's coach from Gilberton to Kapunda, and thence by rail. Navan has a
, post office, and a Roman Catholic church and school. The nearest hotels are at
Gilberton and Riverton. The surrounding country consists of low hiUs lying E. and
W., with rolling plain and valley land between. The formation is slate with fossils,
and occasional basalt and freestone, also suriieuie limestone. The population of Kavan
and its agricultural neighbourhood numbers about 300 persons.
NEALES {Go. Eyre) is a newly-formed hundred, lyii^ in the N.W. part of the
county, and containing only a small quantity of purchased land.
VEALES FALL {Flinders district) is a picturesque waterfall on section 1410, S.
of the Yudanamutana workings. It is about 20 feet in height; but the surrounding
scenery is very beautiful. The water flows along a narrow gully, between steep, rocky
hills about 300 feet high, covered with porcupine grass and pine and gum trees. The
water is unfailing. Near the end of the gully there is a peculiar formation of rock,
which rises perpendicularly to a height of about 70 feet, forming two-thirds of an
elliptical basin, about 100 feet long and 60 feet wide. The water flows out of this basin
Ihrough a deft, and under a natural rocky bridge.
VEAXES RIVER (Flinders district N,) is a fine stream, the recipient of the
drainage of Stuart's and Hanson's ranges, and of the table land to the W. of the N.
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158 The 8onth Australian Gazetteer, [Nbp— New
part of lake Eyre. It spreads out over a sandy and grassy plain in numerons channels
in its lower part, where it occnpies a space of about 4 miles in width, although it is
but seldom that any but the main channel contains water, and has abundance of green
feed and fine gum trees along its banks. This river flows in an E.S.E direction, and
empties itself into lake Eyre by a broad salt channel, A little above its mouth it is
fed by a smaU creek flowing flrom springs, so salt as to crystallise every object it flows
over. At its upper end it is fed by the Frew, Blyth, and Davenport rivers, taid the
Hume, Fincke, and other creeks, in some of which the water is salt, but where fresh
water can be easily obtained by digging near the banks. The channel of the Neales
may be described as a series of gorges cut in the sandstone level through which it
flows, and which is generally of a light-brown colour, with stones on the surface and
plenty of vegetation in the wet season. Sometimes the soil shows gypsum underneath,
and thus opens out into fine grassy undulating country of a dark-red colour, slightly
covered with scrub. Stuart found a bulbous plant somewhat resembling the Egyptian
arum in and near the bed of the river. At the upper end of this stream fine smooth-
barked gum trees, and splendid hakeas, 20 feet in height, with bark, like cork, are found.
irSTEAN BAT {Kangaroo island) is a wide opening in the E. part of the N. coast
of the island, lying between Marsden point on the N.W. and Kangaroo island on the
S.E. It contains Eingscote harbour, and at its S. end is a shallow channel leading
into the Pelican lagoon. Flinders discovered this flne bay on the 20th May, 1802^ and
named it i^ter Sir E. Nepean of the admiralty.
NEPOWZE GREEK [Flinders district N.) is a small stream rising in the Nepowle
peak, and flowing in a S.E. direction into lake Blanche, on its W. sMe, through the
pastoral district known as the Eastern plains. Its flows about 30 miles from Tudan»-
mutana. Shales, slates and silicoH»Ucareou8 rocks.
HZFI^WZE PEAK {Flinders district) is a lofty peak on an E. spur of the main
range, lying about 30 miles S.*of Yudanamutana, and at the head of Nepowie creek, in
good pastoral country.
NEPOWXB BUN {N, district;) leases, Nos. 615, 560a, and 652; occupier,
M* M'Callum; total area, 200 square miles; grazing capability, 2000 head of cattle*
This station lies 40 miles distant from Yudanamutana, the nearest post town; and is
watered by the Nepowie creek, the John, Itelowie, and Bulknona creeks, flowing in
the locality.
NEPOWZS N. BUN (iV. district;) leases, Nos. 560 and 689; occupiers, McTaggart
and McCallum; area, 89 square miles. This run lies near mount McKinlay, and
adjoining the Nepowie run .
MEPnnfS ISLES, between 35** 12' and 25** 22' S. lat., and 136** 1' and 136° 9' B.
long, {Co, Flinders,) is 'the name given to a cluster of small low islands lying to the S. of
Thistle island. They are rocky and surrounded with breakers, with some low detached
reefs amongst the North isles. Captain J. L. L. Stokes, of H.M. surveying ship Beagle,
passed close to these isles in 1840, and places the southernmost in 35° 22' 15" S. lat., and
136° 17' 45" E. long.
NET&ET {Co, Adelaide.) See Twiokbkhail
HEVBORF {Co, Adelaide) is a small agricultural and vinegrowlng setticment, .
inhabited chiefly by Germans, and lying half-a-mile distant from the postal township of
Lob ethal.
filS¥ ES^METSU CBBEK {Co, Victoria) is a small stream watering the central
part of the Bundaleer run, and rising in the middle range of Scrubby hills.
VinmiiE (Co. Cardmell) is a hundred lying in the S.W. part of the county, and
taking in portion of lake Coorong, upon whose E. bank are a few small patches of pur-
chased land.
WSW CORHWAIA MINE {Co, Daly) is one of the Wallaroo copper mines^
lying 85 miles N.W. by N. of Adelaide and 1 mile E.S.E. from Eladina. Austin,
writing in 1863, deseribes the mine as follows: — ** It is now about two years since thig
mine was opened by the present company, and during the former part of the time
operations were pureued with great vigour. Several shafts were sunk, drives cut, and
stoping done. There mre two main lodes— Lucas's and Sismey's. The former is the
principal. They are almost parallel lodes, running neariv N.W. and S.E., but con-
TCtging both as to their dirsiDtioB and their underlie. AH the veins and strings of ore
met with also oonverge toward* thenudn kkle. It is therein ei^ected that whete iSb^
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New] The SoxUh Australian Gazetteer. 169
lodes meet there will be a very large deposit of ore. Lucas's lode has varied in width
from 1 to 14 feet. Squarey*s (engine^ shaft is now sank to a depth of 29 fathoms
on Sismey's lode, and No. 2 shaft, on tne same side, is down 20 fathoms. A cross-cut
is being driven from this level to intersect Lucas's lode. This is considered one of the
leading points of the mine, as, 8 fathoms below the surface, the lode was opened on for
a length of 15 fkthoms, presenting a strong and promising appearance, and containing
quartz, green carbonate, and muriate of copper. The cross-cut now being made will
cut the lode at 12 fathoms lower. The lodes at present are not first-rate courses of ore,
but disturbed and dredgey. There was a considerable influx of water in this cross-cut,
but arrangements are being made to put the machinery in order to keep it in fork.
Unfortunately, an accident, similar to what occurred some time since, has recently
happened to the engine; and to prevent a recurrence of it the engine will have
to be reset, which will cause the works to be suspended for about a month. The
country in Squarey's engine shaft is as favourable in appearance as could be
desired, and contains some good stones of ore and pieces of native copper.
The ground throughout the mine is generally favourable. I must not omit
to mention that a large block of ore, said to weigh nearly 5 tons, was sent
to the International Exhibition of 1862, having been raised from Lucas's lode, out
£4 White's shaft. Between 3000 and 4000 tons of stuff are now at grass, and will be
dressed up so as to yield, probably, from 800 to 1000 tons of ore, worth 15 per cent, of
copper. The buildings on the mine are substantial — being chiefly of stone and brick —
and comprise captain's house, store, office, smiths' and carpenters' workshops, besides
engine-house and chimney-stack (72 feet high,) also a crushing-house, with a separate
engine to work up to 12-horse power, driving 2 feet rollers. There is also a still for
distiUing water, and a tank to hold 15,000 gallons, stone stables, and several miners'
cottages. Close at hand is Mr. Kodda's smelting establishment, which will be described
in another place. Though the prospects, or rather I should say the present position, of
the mine is anything but satisfactory. Captain East, who is evidently a very intelligent,
practical man, entertains the best hopes for the future, and I think not witliout good
reason. I trust, for the sake of the shareholders, these anticipations may be realised.
I should recommend them not to sell out; but to hold tl^ir shares for another six
months at least." Since the above was written the mine has been actively worked;
and, in July la^, the third ordinary half-yearly meeting of the New Cornwall mining
company was held in White's room, Adelaide; Mr. W. G. Luxmoore in the'chair. The
directors' and captain's reports were received and adopted. The balance-sheet showed
an estimated balance in fiekvour of the company of £11.886 9s. 6d. Captain East was
present, and reported a fresh discovery in the new north lode, of a promising nature,
consisting of a soft clayey ore, containing a good quantity of green carlxmate. This is
to the westward of the other portion of the property, and sev^al sections have been
taken out by the directors adjoining the property in the direction in which the new
lode is expected to mn. It was resolved in accordance with the recommendation of
the directors that a further call of 10a. per share be made— 5s. payable in July 25, and
the remaining 5s. at such time as the directors may see fit.
KSWBAVSN or North Arm {Co, Adelaide) is a small rural village, lying on
the N. arm of the entrance to port Adelaide.
ESy (or Mo0NT BsTANT,) CREEK (Co, Burro) is a small stream flowing
in ^e mount Bryant run to the S.£. of the hill of that name.
LAKE, 33° 30' S. lat., 134'' 50' E. long. (Ptmdtrs district,) is a salt
water lagoon lying along the E. coast of Anxious bay, about 12 miles S.E. of Venus
bay. The surrounding country is taken up for pastoral purposes. This lake lies 2
miles S. of the Talia post office, and 12 miles N.W. of Bramfleld. Salt may be
obtained in large quantities on its shores, although there are several fresh water springs
round it.
HEWXJLND LAKE E. BUN {W. district;) lease. No. 430; occupier, J. Tennant;
area,^ 38 square miles; rent and assessment, £68 Is. 8d. The next post office is Talia.
NZW&AKD LAKE RUN (W. district;) lease No. 507; occupier, J. Kelsh; area,
10 square miles; rent and assessment, £11 5s. per annum. The next post office is TaUa.
VBWULVB'S^ HILL (Co. Hindmarsik) ia an elevation and surrey pouit lying
about 11 miles from the coast at Enooooter bay, Jdiid 2 milea W.N.W. <rf Bosetta
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160 The South Australian Gazetteer. [New — Noa
HEW MECKLENBU&O (Co. Adelaide) is a email agricultural and vine-
growing village lying 4 miles N.E. of the postal township of Rosenthal. It is inhabited
by a small German population.
NEW TIERS (Co. Adelaide) is a vineyard lying in the mount Lofty ranges at
the head of Cox's creek, and the property of his Honor the Chief Justice. Messrs.
Campbell, Cobbledick, and Brooks have also vineyards in the New Tiers valley.
NEWTON {Co. Adelaide) is a small agricultural village, chiefly hay growing and
market gardening, lying 6 miles N.B. of Adelaide, and 1 mile E, of Campbelltown.
The main reservoir supplying the Adelaide waterworks lies near this village. It has
a population of about 30 persons, mostly gardeners and labourers, and 12 dwellings.
NZBLET*S GAP (Co.Burra) is an opening in the ranges lying near to the S.E.
of the township of Apoinga.
NZLPENA RUN (^W. plains;) leases, Nos. 635, 636, 422, and 634; occupiers,
W. J. and J. H. Browne; areas of leases respectively, 40, 56, 93, and 72 square miles.
This run lies near mount Samuel, the next post town being Nuccaleena.
NILPENA RUN W. {W. plains;) lease, No. 1005; occupiers, Thompson, Stobie
and Fowler; area, 177 square miles; rental, £88 lOs. per annum. This run lies to the
W. of the Nilpena run, and S. by W. of mount Deception, Nuccaleena being the next*
post town.
NZZON CREEK (Co. Hindmarsh) is the name of a small stream flowing E. and
W. through the agricultural settlement of Inman valley, and falling into the Inman
creek at 3 miles distance from that place.
NKANGKZTA (Co, Hindmarsh) is a central hundred of the county, having
about half its area of purchased land, and the remainder scrubby and mountainous
pastoral country.
NOABXVNGA, 35'' 15' S. lat., 138"" 30" E. long. (Co. Adelaide,) is a postal
township in the electoral district of Noarlunga, hundred partly of Noarlunga and partly
of Willunga, and under the control of the district council of Noarlunga. It is situated
on the banks of the river Onkaparinga, about 3 miles from its mouth, and is almost
surrounded by the river which at this portion of its course flows in a curve of the form
of a horseshoe, from which fact the town is known as ** The Horseshoe.*' There is a
creek called the Fedler's creek, flowing about 2^ miles distant S., but no other creeks
or rivers in the neighbourhood. The district is a purely agricultural one, growing
wheat principally; small flocks of sheep are, however, kept by many of the farmers.
Both copper and gold have been found on the banks of the Onkaparinga river, but not
in paying quantities. The nearest places are Hackham, 2^ miles N.; and Bellevue, or
McLaren's vale, 5 miles S.E. The communication as with Adelaide, 20 miles N., is by
Rounsevell's daily mail coach, and by drays and passenger conveyances. Noarlunga
has a post and money order o£Sce, a telegraph station, a council chamber, 1 Episcopal
church, 2 Wesleyan, 2 Bible Christian, and 1 Primitive Methodist chapel, a public
pound, a volunteer rifle corps, and branches of the Adelaide and South Australian
insurance companies, and 2 hotels — the Horseshoe, and the Jolly Miller. There is a
steam flour mill in full work in the township, a brewery (unoccupied,) and a brickyard.
At the port of Noarlunga (Castleton) which is 3 miles distant, N.W. by W., is a
harbour formed by a natural barrier of reef, about half-a-mile from the shore, behind
which vessels can ride in safety in any weather. There is a jetty about 400 feet long,
un^er the care of the district council, who receive jetty dues. Most of the wheat grown
in the district is shipped thence to the other colonies. The resident magistrates are
J. Clark, R. Budgen, and R. Bosworth, Esqs. The township lies low, not being many
feet above the level of the sea; the surrounding country is hilly, but none of the
elevations are of great altitude. The formation is principally of limestone. The
population of Noarlunga numbers about 200, and that of the district about 1340
persons.
NOA&LUNGA (Co. Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral district of
Noarlunga. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr. W. Oliver,
of the White hills, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district
council for the year 1865 were as follow :— Assessment, £5736— rate, Is. in the pound;
rates collected, £336 7s. lOd.; total receipts, £714 13s. Id. ; office expenses and salaries,
£121 5s. 2d; expended on public works, £473 Os, 2d. The population numbers 1341
persons; the area is 46 square miles, or 29,440 acres; land under cultivation, 10,162 acres;
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NoA— Nor] The South Australian Gazetteer. 161
And number of dwelling-houses, 254. Noarlanga district council is bounded on the N. by
the S. boundary of the district of the Sturt, and by the main South-eastern road, from
the £. angle of the last-named district to the'Onkaparinga river; and on the W. by the
tea coast; on the E. by the centre of the Onkaparlnga river, from section 3816 to the
<!rossing of a road which forms the S. boundary of section No. 820, and the N. boundary
of section No. 834; thence along the centre of this road to the S.W. comer of section
No. 821; thence by a direct line, following a direction nearly S.E., to a trigonometrical
station known as Wickham's hill; thence following the summit of the range about
S.W., passing by another trigonometrical station, McLeod's hill, and crossing the
Encounter bay road at the summit level above Willunga; thence continuing along the
same range, passing mount Terrible; and thence fbllowing that feature of the range
which terminates at the S.W. corner of section No. 674. It comprises the district
councils of Aldinga, Clarendon (N. part), Echunga (W.part), Morphett vale, Noarlunga,
and Willunga (W. part,) and has a population of 6287 persons, and an area of 193 square
miles, or 123,520 acres, of which 34,168 ^res are under cultivation. The voting-plac^es
for this district are Noarlunga, Willunga, and Happy valley. NOarlunga is represented
. in the legislative assembly by J. Carr and J . Ck>lton, Esqs. The number of registered
electors for 1865 in this district was, for the Legislative Council 600, and for the
Xegislative Assembly 1058.
NOA&LUNGA {Co. Adelaide) is a W. hundred of the county, lying to the S. of
Adelaide city, between the rivers Sturt on the N. and Onkaparlnga on the S. It con-
sists for the most part of purchased land, much of which is under cultivation. The
townships of Clarendon, Glenelg, and Noarlunga are in this hundred.
NONIf ONO {Flinders district) is a postal township in the W. part of the electoral
district of Flinders. It is situated about 6 miles N.E. of lake Macdonald, in the centre
of a pastoral district taken up as sheep runs. Streaky bay lies to the S.E., the township
of Watts being about 124 miles distant. The comn^unication is by horse and dray only,
the mail being carried on horseback once a fortnight. With Adelaide, 524 miles distant,
the communication is by horse to port Lincoln, 324 miles distant, and thence by fortnightly
steamer 200 miles, or by horse to Streaky bay, aUd thence by occasional coasting vesseL
The surrounding country is low, sandy^ and scrubby, alternating with limestone ridges
and large open well-grassed plains, the ridges running generally £. and W. The
population is scattered and small, consisting principally of the residents on the neigh-
bouring stations.
irOmrOKG (or point Bell,) station ( it. (fw^nc^;) leases, Nos. 877, 1033, and
1153; occupiers, Marrabel and Miller; total area, 191 square miles; grazing capacity,
20,000 sheep. This station lies at point Bell, to the W. of Denial bay, and has a post-
office (the furthest W. in the colony) for the convenience of the district. It lies 324 miles
N.W. of port Lincoln, 124 miles N.W. of Streaky bay, and 180 miles N.W. of Venus
bay. It is watered by wells dug in the sand-hills bordering the coast.
NOXtKEANVZLXiE {Co . Hindmarsh) is a postal township and small harbour in
the electoral district of Encounter bay, hundred of YankaliUa, and under the control
of the district council of Yankalilla, It is situate on the Bungala river, and is sur-
rounded by hills and fresh water creeks, fresh water being to be had by sinking in any
part of the distj-ict, which is both an agricultural and a pastoral one. There are several
copper and silver lead miles in the neighbourhood, the principal one being the Big
Gror^e silver lead and copper mine. There is abundance of silver lead in Mr. Barritt*s
sections, and gold has been found in small quantities. The Big Gorge mine lies 2mile8
S. of the township, on the face of a steep hUl rising almost abruptly from a flat half-a-
mile from the sea. The copper lode runs about N.N.E., and is traceable for above 250
yards on the surface. It is composed of a quartzose rock, strongly impregnated with
blue and green carbonate oif co{^er, and containing three veins of ore. Barritt's stations
Ue li miles N. of Normanville. A mine (Barritt's) was opened on a hill in sight of
the sea, in this place, in 1862, and ore, rich iji gold and silver was raised. A discovery
has been made at the Great Gorge mine which warrants the anticipation that that pro-
perly will become one of the most valuable in the South. An adit level has been lately
driven on the foot of the hiU, and at 32 fathoms a lode has been cut fully 12 feet wide,
carrying sulphate of copper and peacock ore, interspersed with felspar and micaceous
slate. Several mining ** authorities'* who have seen Uie lode speak in the highest terms
of i^. It is intended to drive further on the level, as it is expected there are two other
lode^ even richer than this. Th^ d^covery was made only a short time ago. The
Qaif|re mine is admirably suitable for the dressing and shipment of ores— it being on the
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162 The South Australian Gazetteer^ [Nor
Yankalilla river, and not more than a mile and a-half from the Normanyille jetty, with
a good metalled road the whole distance. The following is an extract from Captain
Price's report of the ahove mine, dated 7th September, 1866 : ** I find that there is still
flye fathoms more to drive before we can commence the rise to hole the shaft. These
5 fathoms I have let at £4 per fathom, and when this is driven the rise will be im-
mediately commenced. I am happy to say that the mine looks well. We have driven
through orey ground on the course of the lode N.E. 2 fathoms, and S.W. I fathom
from which a quantity of stuff is laid aside for dressing. We have also sunk a
winze on the lode in the N.E. side of the adit to a depth of 4 fathoms, in which, I am
happy to say, the lode looks remarkably well, and yields some fine rocks of yellow
sulphurets of copper, in fact, the lode in the winze is all paying work." The nearest
places to Normanville are Rapid bay, 10 miles S.; and Yankalilla, the ne;Et telegraph
station, Smiles N.; the communication being by mail coach. With Adelaide, 53 miles N.
the communication is by Rounsevell's daily mail coaches from Yankalilla. Norman-
rille has a post office, a distriot court house, a custom house, 2 steam flour mills in full
work, a brewery, a brick yard, a Foresters' court, an Oddfellows' lodge, a local court,
a branch of the Adelaide Assurance and Guarantee company, and 1 hotel — the
Normanville (Bryant's.) There is a coach office (Rounsevell's) at Hewitt's auction
rooms. A new jetty is in course of construction, and will be, when completed, a great
boon to the district. The surrounding country is mountainous, with abundance of good
timber and fresh water, and the entire district is in a very flourishing state. There
are some quarries of good building stone, and an the township several good sub-
stantia stone buildings are erected. The population numbers about 1500 persons in
the town and neighbourhood of Normanville. The geological formation consists of
granite, euritic schist, mica, and chlorile schists, with magnetic iron ore, and occasional
deposits of hornblende and epidote. There are beds of gravel and occasionally good
beds of marble found in the locality.
NO&TB ARM CCo. Adelaide) is a branch of the entrance to port Adelaide
running off from the main stream in an N.E. direction into the swamps which lie at
the back of that part of the coast. The small village of Newhaven is situated in a bend
of this creek.
NOaTB AVENUE STATION (Oo. Grey;) lease, 335a; occupiers, Tilley and
Ormerod; area, 50 square miles. This station lies 30 miles W. of Penola, at the head
of Reedy creek. See Avenob Run, North.
irOaTHSair pastoral district is the name given to the vast area of
country in the electoral district of Flinders, lying to the N. of the settled districts, and
comprising the whole of the waste lands of the colony, to the N. of about lat. 34°,
excepting the W. and N.E. pastoral districts. It is an immense tract of country,
consisting for the most part of sandy and stony desert, arid, or covered with dense scrub
and spinifex grass, and badly watered. Lar^e portions of it are taken up by immense
salt lakes and marshes, the principal of which are lakes Torrens, Gairdner, and Eyre^
each of which is many thousands of square miles in extent, and lie in a depression,
supposed to be volcanic, which extends from N. to S. across the continent. It was
formerly supposed that these lakes were connected, but explorations have discovered
the fact that there are wide tracts of country separating them, and that much ot the
country which was supposed to be desert is available for sheep and cattle runs. Very
large blocks of land are now taken up under pastoral leases to the S. of lake Eyre, S.
and W. of lake Torrens, N., and on both sides the main range, and to the S. of lake
Gairdner. Most of these suffer, however, in dry seasons from the want of water, and
the losses in the N. district during the drought which has prevailed for the last 3 years
have been very great, many of the stations having been totally unstocked. In the
country to the S. of lake Gairdner, and that to the W. of lake Torrens, there are some
tolerably good streams and numerous native wells, whilst in the neighbourhood of the
main range and lake Blanche, to the N. of the main range, and to the S. and S.E. of
lake Torrens, the squatters have to rely in a great measure upon surface water, and have
suffered exceedingly. In the country to the S. of lake Eyre is a series of singular
springs, many of them hot, which afford a supply of water the year round. (See
Blanche Cup.) The portion of this district lying to the W. of the main range is usually
known as the Western plains. The towns and post offices in the district are Melrose,
Beautiful valley and port Augusta in the S.; Kanyaka, Hollowelena, Blinman, Nucca-
leenaand An^ripena on and near the main range ; mount Margaret and Oomberatana in
the N.W. (to the S.W. of lake Eyre;) and Yudanamutana, Blanchewater and lake Hope
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Nor] The South Australian Gazetteer, 163
in the N.B. In this district there are 1511 acres of purchased land, 8001 acres enclosed,
and 12 acres under cultivation. The live stock numbers 2092 horses, 14,643 horned
cattle, 133,199 sheep, 963 goats, 44 pigs, and 1712 head of poultry. The land under
cultivation comprises 7 acres fallow, 4 acres garden, and 1 acre vineyard, the latter
having 600 vines in bearing, and 230 not in bearing, and producing at the last crop
2 cwt. of grapes. The population numbers 855 persons, and the number of dwellings
is 315.
NORTB-EASTERN FASTOHAL DISTRICT. See Eastern Plains.
NOaTB RHINE {Co. Eyre.) See Rhine N.
MOaTBSBJr TERRITORY is a vast tract of land annexed to the colony of
South Australia by commission under the great seal, bearing date 8th July, 1863,
comprising all the country which lies to the N. of the 26th parallel of S. lat., and
between the 129'' and 138° of £. long., together with all bays, gulfs, and adjacent
islands, within those limits. The E. boundary line of this territory cuts the coast near
the mouth of the Wentworth river on the W. shore of the gulf of Carpentaria, and the
W. near cape Domett on Cambridge gulf. The following account of the proceedings in
reference to the settlement of this part of the country is extracted from Forster's work
on South Australia: —
** In consequence of the success of Mr. Stuart, in crg^ing the Australian continent,
from Adelaide to Van Diemen's gulf, and the favourable report given by him of the
character of the country upon the northern coast, the South Australian government,
having obtained the protectorate of the new territory, resolved to undertake the
experiment of colonising it. A town was to be laid out in the most convenient
siytuation, in allotments of half-an-acre each, and country sections were to be surveyed
<j a minimum area of 160 acres. It was proposed that, first of all, land orders should
be issued for 250,000 acres of country land, at 7s, 6d. per acre, half to be sold in
Adelaide, and half by the agent general in London, each section of 160 acres entitling
purchasers to a town allotment. A second survey of 250,000 acres was afterwards to
take place, bnt the price was to be raised to 12s. per acre.
"The first land orders were offered, simultaneously, in England and in South
Australia, in March, 1864, and were all disposed of, a company having been formed in
each place to buy up the residue, after the applications of the general public had been
satisfied. And on the 29th April, 1864, the official staff sent to prepare the way for
the settlement of the new colony took their departure from Fort Adelaide in the
Eenry Ellis. They consisted of :— -B. T. Finniss, government resident; J. T. Man ton,
engineer and surveyor; F. E. Goldsmith, surgeon, and protector of aborigines; E. Ward,
clerk and accountant; Clement Young, clerk and postmaster; Stephen King, store-
keeper ; John Davis, assistant storekeeper; W, Pearson, R. H. Edmunds, H. D. Pack-
ard, J. Wadham, and A. R. Hamilton, surveyors ; R. Watson and J. W. O. Bennett,
draughtsmen; and sixty-seven chainmen and survey labourers.
*' After arriving at his destination, the government resident fixed upon Escape
cliffs, at Adam bay, as the site of the first town. The rest is soon told, though volumes
have been written from the new settlement on the subject of the official proceedings
there. Several of Mr. Finniss's officers and men became disaffected, and sought,
through the medium of the newspapers in Adelaide, to give publicity to their grievances,
the principal of which was an objection to the locality chosen for the town. As many
as could leave the settlement did so, one party having proceeded to Champion bay, a
distance of 1600 miles, in an open boat. The Government called upon Mr. Fiimis for
explanations, and finally recalled him to Adelaide, until the complaints against hia
administration could be investigated, Mr. M'Kinlay, in the meanwhile, being sent to
Adam bay to report upon the general state of affairs there, and particularly upon the
site of the 'proposed town. Looking at the correspondence published on both sides, it
is difficult to come to the conclusion that Mr. Finniss has greatly erred in his proceed-
ings. Writing to a friend in England, he attributes the failure of the scheme—if
fi&Sure there should be— to the unnecessary condemnation of his site for the capital,
and to his being recalled at a time when it would have been much more reasonable
to have sent him additional men and means of transport The considerations which
guided him in the selection of the locality for the town he states as follows:—* There
is an abundance of fine grazing for all the cattle of South Australia in the belt of
country parallel to the coast, at the distance inland of about 25 miles, and extending
along the back country of the Adelaide down to the Victoria on one side, and I believe
towards the Roper on the other. I have been up the Victoria 110 miles, to Palm
H2
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164 The South Australicm Gazetteer. [Nor
itland, in a boat, and landed at several places. I could see enough of the Whirlwind
plains, of Stokes, and of the distant hills, to be able to form a certain conclusion in
my own mind that Litchfield's discoveries on the Daly river are connected with the
"Whirlwind plains by similar country throughout. The extension from the Adelaide,
at the back of the Alligator river, towards the gulf of Carpentaria, of this same fertite
tract, I consider established by the similarity of geological formation in that direction.
This belt of country comprises all the ranges, ridges, and spurs, with their intervening
Talleys, which stretch out from the line of Gregory's march between the Roper and
the Victoria. The problem with me was, having first ascertained tlmt there was good
land enough to supply the demands of purchasers to the extent of 500,000 acres, with
an unlimited back run, to connect this land with a port of call for shipping. Now,
this, I consider, exists at the mouth of the Adelaide, to the N. of the Narrows,
But shipping, if aided by steam, can pass up the river for at least 80 miles, and small
vessels and steamers much higher. Moreover, boats and barges can be worked in
almost all the creeks which branch out of the Adelaide, and carry produce either to
a vessel at the head of the navigation, or to the more convenient port of call near
the Narrows. I would have put the capital at the head of the navigation, but I
considered it impossible for the vessels used in trade at present— sailing craft, and
frequently clippers of great length— to go up the river without steam. The tides are
so strong, the bends so tortuousy and the winds so uncertain and light, that they must
be towed either by steam or by boats, or they would constantly get ashore on the soft
mud, and lose many tides in reaching a capital so placed. I found, also, that the
iwarops, and marshes, and prairies— or river flats, as they might be called— which
constitute the valley of the Adelaide, would be injurious to the health of a population
located within close proximity to the fogs and malaria of the rivers and creeks. I
therefore prepared a town for residence within the sight and influence of the sea, and I
found a level plateau, dry in the wettest season, at Escape cliffy.* Its situation, on a
narrow peninsula, exposes it to the influence of constant breezes either from the S.B.
or N.W., or I should rather say from the E.S.E. and N.N.W., which are the prevailing
winds— indeed the constant winds. It was the consideration of its evident healthftd-
ness, and my extreme doubt as to the healthfulness of other parts more exposed to
malarious influences, which made me shun all inland harbours for residence. Thus, I
never dreamt of making the Narrows a principal town, but only a place of business,
to be deserted at. sunset for the more genial climate of Escape cliffs. With regard to
the country, Mr. Finniss says:— * The belt of flne land which I have proved to exist
2.5 miles, on the average, back from the coast, is separated fVom the intervening
land by low ridges of, say 150 feet elevation, sinking gradually to 30 feet on the coast;
and these ridges run N. and S., striking the sea at right angles to the line of shore.
Between them are the various rivers, all tortuous and muddy, with flat plains on each
■ide, of a black clay soil, which in dry weather breaks up into deep crackp, and in the
wet weather retains the water, apparently from want of fall towards the river. These
plains are clothed with long grass, as indeed are the ridges, which are composed of a
sandy loamy soil, frequently of a reddish-brown hue. I consider this second-rate soil;
but I have tried its character, and flnd that it produces cotton, I believe equal in
quality to the Sea island cotton, of which I had seeds to plant, and sample to compare
it with. Vegetables of all the kinds grown in Adelaide, or nearly so, may be produced
in this land, not from Adelaide seeds, but from seeds of varieties acclimatised in Java
and Timor. I have onlpr now to add, that Adam bay itself affords excellent shelter for
shipping for 9 months m the year. During the months of December, January, and
February, there are sometimes strong gales from the N.N.W. and W., but I never saw-
any sea, even in the worst weather, that could cause a ship to drive from her anchors^
although it would at such times be undesirable to land goods over the reefs in open
boats. At first, until stores and wharfs are constructed at the Narrows inside point
Ayers, ships would remain outside, and discharge at the Cliff, at a place which I hare
named Beatrice bay. I have no lime to go into the question of port Darwin; but my
reasons for not preferring that superior harbour are to be found in the fact, that its
naval capabilities are perhaps its only qualification for settlement, and it has many
disadvantages.' Some interesting meteorological observations were made at Palmer-
iton— the name of the embryo capital at Escape cliffs— for the months of January,
Ifebruary, and March, 1865, by Mr. Jacob Bauer, fbrmerly connected with the
Melbourne Observatory. The longitude of the locality is given as 131** Id' 55" E., and
the latitude 12*^ 8' 42^' S. The highest mean temperature for January was 86*8; the
maximum day temperature for February was 97*5, and for March 98*2| and maximiUii
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Nob] *The SatUh Australian Gazetteer. 1&5
BigbA temperature 89*0 and 89*6 respectiyelj. The total rainfall for the 3 months was
38*608 iaohes; the fall in January being 19*673, in February 12*993, and in March,
5*842 inches. In January it rained 25 days, in February 17 days, and in March 1€
days. The fall in the last month occurred principally between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m.
iFrom the 15th to the 21st of January the large quantity of 10*068 inches of rain feU.
The plfUD for colonising North Australia, proposed by the Goyernment, was &ulty from
the beginaing. If, instead of first of all laying out a large town, they had accepted
some of the proposals sent in to them for depasturing stock in the new territory, the
usual and only safe course of settlement would have been initiated, t^e gradual
development of which would have led to the further arrangements necessary for
meeting the wants of an increasing population. Perhaps it would be well to recur to
this mode now, without any greater expenditure of time and money in pursuing what,
at the best, can only be looked upon as a doubtful, experiment. As there appears to
be little question as to the suitability of the country for the rearing of sheep and cattle,
it would be a pity if its extensire and splendid pastures were not occupied as speedily
at possible."
The following extracts from the report of Mr. Waterhouse, who was employed as
Jfaturalist to Stuart's expedition, describe the character of the country in the interior:
"Near here (mount Hay) are some broken ranges, some of which are running
nearly paralld with the Macdonnell range, forming broad and level valleys, in which
the soil is much enriched from the washings from the ranges on either side. An
abundanee of fine grass is found in these valleys, which, judging from a distant view
which I obtained, on our return, from a high part of the mount Hay range, I think
must be very extensive. A continuation of these well-grassed valleys seemed to extend
in a north-westerly direction as far as I could see. * # * From central
mount Stuart we crossed again the Hanson, which was dry, but found, at a few miles
ftirther on, some water in small lagoons under some sand-hills; these on our return were
dry. Near here I saw some bean-trees in bloom (Erithrina.) The blossom of these
trees is rich and handsome, of reddish colour, in clusters of papillionaceous flowers ;
the leaf is biloped; the foliage of the tree is scanty, and the wood exceedingly soft and
spongy. We next came to the Stirling, where we camped, with plenty of water.
* * * The Bonney, S. lat. 20° 24' 30", was the first running stream
I had seen since leaving Adelaide. There was a plentiful supply of water here, and in
parts a fine broad stream of deep water; on our return in September, there were but a
few long shallow waterholes left. A few smooth-barked gum trees are growing on the
l^nks. * # » This creek (Attack creek) had some very long, broad, and
deep waterholes, with much conglomerate rock in the bed of the creek. There were
some fine smooth-barked gum trees on its banks. On our return in September, the
water was much reduced, yet there was still a good supply. We next crossed the
Whitington range, apd camped on one of the sources of the Morphett, where we found
water. This range is of a very hard, compact, siliceous sandstone. From thence we
went to the Tomkinson, where we found plenty of water ; and then we proceeded to
the Burke, where we found some good waterholes. * * * Most of these
watercourses have the appearance of not having had water in them for many years. In
the beds of the most considerable are to be seen growing gum trees of all ages, as well
as acacias and shrubs. In some places, large gum trees, now black with age, that have
been deposited by great floods, are to be seen scattered over the valleys near the banks.
The only water I saw in these creeks, either going or returning, was in waterholes in
the deepest parts of the beds ; many of these were snaall, and contained but a scanty
supply, and often a great distance apart; they had not the appearance of being per-
manent. - Many of them we found dried up on our return. I found this portion of the
country very poor in zoology, having met with, while travelling, very tew species of
birds or animals. The common rock wallaby was found throughout |n rocky ranges,
and the uroo kangaroo was occasionally seen in the same localities. The dingo
or native dog was heard and seen throughout the continent. The birds which
were seen were chiefly those that are common in the far north, such as the
small rock pigeon, the blue-crested, the bronzed-winged, and brown flock
pigeons; kites, on Sturt's plains (where they feed on grasshoppers,) were very
Dunerous. * * * These ponds (Howell's ponds) consist of a chain of
small waterholes in a low part of the plain, which are supplied by surface drainage.
Most of them are deep, and I should think would hold water a long time, the soil being
of a tenacious clayey nature. Judging from the appearance of the surrounding
fiouDtry, in which there are many depressions, I think it probable that when it becomes
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166 The South Australian Oazetteer. [Nos
better known many similar chains of ponds may be discoyered. Small swamp gums
are generally growing around them, but so are they also in other low localities where
no water is, so that they afford no indication that can assist the explorer: the general
nature of the country is such, that the waterholes can only be seen upon a near approach,
and a^ thus difficult to find. These fine open plains are evidently yery extensiye, and
of a dark alluvial soil of a somewhat clayey nature, covered with luxuriant grass, are
very suitable for pastoral purposes. Belts of thick scrub are frequently met with, where
sand has been accumulated by the action of the wind. Whilst camping at Howell's
ponds, I m9t with a beautiful arborescent species of bignonia, with a long yellow trumpet-
shaped flower. This was the only tree of the sort I found in blossom, though after-
wards I met with many in fruit, which I was enabled to collect. The tree grows about
14 feet high, with a delicate foliage; the leaves are long and narrow; the seed-vessel is
a long pod, with a curiously winged seed inside. » » ♦ The Daly waters
consist of some waterholes in a conglomerate rock in the bed of a creek; the one near
which we camped was about 8 feet deep, although not large. In it were many small
fish of the perch tribe, some skins of which I procured; these fish are of the same
species as those I found throughout the country from Merchant's springs to the Boper.
I here met with a very pretty species of green and red parrot, which probably is new,
as I do not find it figured in Gould's work; also a singular black and white, with long
bill curiously notched {cracticus picatuSf) and several other birds, which I shet and
skinned. U'here are several new species of handsome gum trees near these waters,
the forage of which is bold, the leaves being the largest I have seen, some of the leaves
were broad and nearly a foot long; one species has a very smooth bark of a pale nankeen
colour; these trees give a very pretty and varied effect to the scenery. The nut trees^
a species of ^ermtna/ta, or, perhaps, achras, are Ttry plentiful near here, and a second
species was found with a long leaf. The gum of these trees is readily soluble in cold
water, and is good to eat when pounded very small and dissolved; three large table
spoonsful we found would make one quart of thick gum water. In appearance it is
very similar to gum tragacanth. Another new tree was found growing on the banks of
thecreek; it was about 50 feet high, with a fine thick foliage; the leaves were dark green
and shiny, the bark was rough, the barrel straight, and about 18 inches in diameter.
The wood of this tree is exceedingly hard, and much resembles lignum vitce, I ,
regret being unable to procure any fiowers or seeds from this handsome tree. In the '
neighbourhood of Daly waters many very interesting plants were common, as several
malvaceous plants, a species of caper, some acacias, among them acacia farinesiana, a
grewiuy a terminaiia. ♦ » » The banks of the river (Strangways) are deep
and steep, and there are many small creeks running into it; the bed is with a rapid tall,
and was dry, with the exception of a few waterholes in deep places, generally at a great
distance apart. From this camp, still following the river, we passed over a country
with good alluvial soil, well timbered and with good grass, till we arrived at the Hock
camp, where we camped by some immense detached blocks of sandstone rock. To
the W. and N.W. were seen many sandstone rises, one of which I ascended for the
purpose of obtaining a view of the surrounding country, which I found in the direction
of these stony rises appeared to have much porcupine grass, but moderately well
timbered with small gum and other trees. To the £. the country appeared much
better, being level, and having larger trees and good grass. * * ♦ The
general character of the Strangways is that of a narrow, deep river, with steep banks
in a clayey soil. The banks are well lined with a large species of casuarina and other
trees, which keep them from falling in. The descent is rapid, which may account for
the bed being dry, except in a few deep parts, where there were small waterholes. The
soil near the banks was generally of a rich alluvial character, and the grass both t^
and good, although dry. A few good dams, placed at intervals across the river, wouR
keep the water up and prevent so much running away. # * * » Leavibg
the camp on the West Koper, June 26tli, for the purpose of making the Adelaide river,
we returned by following up the river in search of a ford : after passing over some
excellent and well-watered country, having rich alluvial soil with most luxuriant grass
and well-timbered with gum trees, we succeeded in finding a ford on the second day't
journey. The river winds very much, and the banks are so thickly lined with trees,
palms, and canes, that it is quite concealed from view, and we of^eu found it difficult
to reach the water from the thickness of the growth of the vegetation on its banks. * •
These fine springs (Keckwick's spring?) furnished a good supply of water to several
rivulets, the number and extent of which were concealed by dense vegetation; several -
species of ferns were growing near these springs, and some of the largest and finest
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Nor] The South Australian Gazetteer. 167
callistemons that we had seen. We here met with, for the first time, a beautifal species
of parrot {tichogloastis rubritorquis) Tery similar to the one known near Adelaide as the
Blue mountains. Proceeding from the springs we soon arrived at a stony rise,
ascending which we came on some table-land extending, in the part over which we
crossed, about 13 miles. The whole of this table-land was well-timbered with tall,
straight gum trees, of from 1 foot to 18 inches in diameter, of a species much resembling
stringy bark (^tucalyptus fabrorum^) occasionally a few natiye pines {frenela,) were seen,
as well as some fan palms {LivisUma) in seed, tome of which I collected. After
travelling about 4 hours through this forest of trees, we suddenly came on a deep
precipice of rough porous volcanic rock, from the top of which we had a very extensive
and beautiful view. In the foreground was a fine broad deep valley, through which a
stream was running, but so overgrown with trees and palms, some of which were from
60 to 70 feet high, that the stream was completely concealed from view. « * •
To the N. and N.E., beyond the valley, the country was flat as far as
could be seen, and appeared to be well grassed. Far to the N.W. the country appeared
hilly and well timbered. ♦ • * After leaving Billiatt's springs, July 15th,
S. lat. 13° 17 22", we met with frequent stony rises, some composed o 3 very hard
sandstone with veins of quartz, others entirely of very white granular quartz — occa-
sionally a little coarse-grained grey granite was seen to crop out in the form of boulders,
and near which was generally some blue schistoze rock of a very finely laminated
nature. This part of the country is much intersected by narrow deep creeks of running
water concealed by palms, bamboos, gum, and other trees growing on the rich alluvial
soil on the banks; and in the valleys, which were well-grassed, and timbered with
«everal species of gums, with occasionally a few native pines {frenala) and other trees.
♦ * * On coming on the Adelaide river, which, at the part where we
struck it, appeared to be about 80 yards broad, with st^p banks and deep water, the
edge of which was well-lined with palms and large bamboos. The water was without
any apparent current, and there was no indication of a tidal mark on the bank. Soon
after leaving the river, we came on an extensive marsh, in parts thickly wooded with
large gum trees. * ♦ « From Anna's creek the country gradually falls,
and is intersected by deep creeks of water, thickly lined by beautiful palms, bamboos,
and trees. Occasionally volcanic rock was seen in small rises, and some thickly
timbered belts, with a dense undergrowth of scrub and woodbine, which were passed
through with difficulty. This sort of country continued till we arrived on a very
extensive and luxuriantly grassed fresh water marsh, on the margin of which we
camped, where there was some slightly elevated ground a short distance from the river.
The next morning I went down to the river for the purpose of examining it, and I
found a fine sheet of water extending in a northerly direction as far as I could see, and
probably about 80 yards in breadth. ♦ » ♦ « ♦
To the E. the marsh was skirted by a low rise of well- timbered ground. The bank
of the river being too boggy to proceed that way to its mouth, we were obliged to skirt
the marsh by following the rising ground to the £., which idfter passing over well
wooded and watered country, with occasionally some fine open grassy flats of rich black
alluvial soil, we came on a belt of marshy ground, crossing which we found on the other
side a narrow belt of scrub, composed of mangrove and several sorts of umbrageous
trees with a thick growth of underwood, in which was much woodbine, which we were
frequently obliged to cut to clear a passage for the horses. After forcing our way
through this, we came suddenly on the sea (July 24;) the tide was out at the time,
and the shore presented to our view nothing but a level sheet of blue mud extending
half-a-mlle to the water's edge. There was a narrow margin of sand above high-
water mark, on which were found a few dead shells, but no sea-weed was anywhere
to be seen." ^
The following extract from the South Australian JRegister of 26th December, 1862,
also bears on the same subject: — *'Our readers will doubtless be glad to have an oppor-
tunity of perusing such statements as are recorded by other explorers relative to the
•country which has now been opened up by Mr. Stuart, and which lies between the scrub
recently passed through and the sea coast which formed the terminus of his journey
northward. We are fortunately able to supply full particulars on this subject from
having obtained a copy of Leichhardt's journal, which contains a detailed description
of that part of Arnhem's Land, which lies between the Roper river and Van Diemen's
gulf. When Leichhardt described this country in 1846, public attention was struck
with his account of the magnificent scenery which he had passed through; but, though
ft strong impression was produced, the new country appeared to the people of these
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168 The South AvstraHan Gazetteer. [Nob
oolcmies so far distant, and so completely unconnected with existing settlements, tha&
DO more immediate results were anticipated from the explorer's discovery than it his
trayels had been in Borneo or Java. Bat now the case is different. The glowing
description given by Leichhardt of a country separated from Sydney and Adekide by
a dangerous journey of many thousand miles, will be applied in the diary of Stuart to a
country within easy access of our northern boundary, and likely, at a very early date,
to be occupied by stock from this colony. When Mr. Stuart states that, the public will
be astonished to learn the particulars of this part of his journey; and when Mr.
Keckwick remarks, as he does in a communication given elsewhere, that the beauty of
•ome part of the country, with its palm-trees and other tropical vegetation, was remark,
able, our readers will have no difficulty in understanding the extent of these statements
after the report which Iicichhardt has given of the same region. The Roper river, which
Stuart struck soon after getting through the belt of scrub, is thus described by Leich-
hardt: — * As far as the tide extends, this river is from 150 to 200 yards broad, deep,
with steep banks lined with dense hedges of the pandanus, of the drooping tea-tree, and
several other brush trees, amongst which jasmin in blossom rendered the air fragrant
with the perfume of its flowers. Vines hung from tree to tree, and a fine luguminoua
dimber, with green flowers, big pods, and big brown seeds, grew in abundance .''^
These seeds, crushed and boiled, formed, it is said, a very nutritious food. Speaking of
the Roper in another part of his journal, Leichhardt says: — " The country along the
river is openly timbered, particularly its upper part, which opens into fine plains, and
would be well-adapted for pastoral purposes. There are, however, many rocky ranges,
bluff isolated hills, and mountains which frequently approach the river, and render the-
travelling along its banks difficult." The South Alligator and the East Alligator are
afterwards fully described by the same explorer. He says: — "The valley of the upper
East Alligator, which I rather should call Goose river (for nowhere we observed so many
geese, and what is called an'alligator is no alligator, but a crocodile, ) is one of the most
romantic spots I have ever seen in my wanderings. A broad valley, level, with the-
most luxuriant verdure; abrupt hills and ranges rising everywhere along its E. and
W. sides, and closing it apparently at its southern extremity; lagoons, forming
fine sheets of water, scattered over it; and a creek, though with salt water, wind^
ing through it.'' Descending from the high land through which these rivers run»
and approaching the coast now reached by Mr. Stuart, but more to the eastward,
Leichhardt gives a full account of the low country around Van Diemen's gulf. One
of the first things which attracted his attention was the appearance of buffalo tracks,
which increased as the expedition neared the sea shore. Describing this part of the
country Leichhardt says — *' The stringy bark, the melaluca gum, and the leguminous
ironbark are the prevailing timber. The cypress pine is abundant on the neck of the
peninsula, the cabbage-palm with long pinnetified leaves grows along some of the
creeks, and even on the ridges, and forms a grove and almost a forest at Mortejolk.
Along the creeks and in the swamps the tea-tree grows to a stately size, and yields an
excellent timber. The small fan-leaved palm is very abundant; the little gooseberry-
tree becomes a low shrub." As the party proceeded, herds of buffalo were seen, until,
as Leichhardt says, the whole country became as closely covered with buffalo tracks as
a well- stocked run in New South Wales could be with bullock tracks. The natives
whom Leichhardt met in the neighbourhood of Van Diemen's gulf were friendly.
Many of them used Malay words, and some of them, from having been in contact with
sailors, were acquainted with a little English. Some attempts at theft were detected
amongst them, but there was exhibited none of that ferocity which had been met
with amongst the natives on the other side of the gulf of Carpentaria. The chief
result of his journey through this country was, he thought, that it demonstrated the
existence of a practical route between the eastern part of the continent and th«
Alligator rivers. It seems never to have entered into his imagination that the fine
country which he was passing through could be possibly approached from South
Australia, or that the magnificent rivers which he was descending would at any time
be regarded as possible outlets for a direct overland trade between these colonies and.
the Indian ocean. Gregory, who in 1856 made a journey from the Victoria river^
around the head of the gulf of Carpentaria, to New South Wales, passed at no great
distance beyond the belt of scrub which Mr. Stuart has now penetrated. It was an
object with Gregory to keep as fiir inland as possible. But the country towards the
centre of the continent looked so hopeless that he went round by the Roper river, and
availed himself of that usefhl stream as Leichhardt had before, and as Stuart has now-
done, though for a different purpose. Gregory describes the country in the neighboui^
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Nob] !rhe South AuOralian Gazetteer. 16^
Jiood of the Boper as the heat with which he met after leaving the Victoria. The ranges
he found were of basalt, and there were feed and water for stock in abundance. This
eoncurrent testimony in favour of the country around the Roper is valuable, for it
appears, :from Mr. Stuart's chfirt, that it is by the way of this river that the tableland
and the sea coast beyond must be j^eached. It is In that direction, after failing in all
others, that he has now succeeded in penetrating the bad country which repelled him
in his last expedition — the bad country which made Gregory shun the interior, and
which had previously caused Leichhardt to hug the coast as much as possible. It is
by way of the Roper that the whole river system of Amhem's land can be reached. By
bringing this valuable coast country into direct communication with South Australia
|ir. Stuart has done more than he would if he had explored new lands in the interior.
He might have shown us, as some explorer doubtless will before long, what kind of
region lies between the centre of the continent and Western Australia. An immense
country never yet trodden by the foot of white man there still remains to be examined.
But no discovery of new territory could be half so important as this extension of Mr.
Stuart's previous track to a part of the coast which is supplied with good harbours,
and backed by a fertile tableland, across which vast rivers take their course downward
to the sea. We look upon this extension as practically giving South Australia another
sea frontage. By a coincidence, which we have a right to accept as a good omen, the
great river which Mr. Stuart followed down already bears the name of Adelaide, and is
thus associated with South Australia in the minds of all persons."
13)0 following is an extract from the South Australian Advertiser of January 26, 1863:
— ** In a kind of postscript to his journal, addressed to the hon. the Commissioner of
Crown Lands, Mr. Stuart thus sums up his views of the newly discovered country:
— *In conclusion, I beg to say, that I believe this country (i.e. from the Roper to the
Adelaide, and thence to the shores of the gulf,) to be well-adapted for the settlement of
an European population. The climate being in every respect suitable, and the
surrounding country of excellent quality and of great extent. Timber — stringybark,
ironbark, gum, &c., with bamboo, 50 to 60 feet high on the banks of the river— is
abundant, and at convenient distances. The country is intersected by numerous
springs and watercourses in every direction. In my journey across I was not fortunate
in meeting with thunder showers and heavy rains, but, with the exception.of two nights,
I was never without a sufficient supply of water. This will show the permanency of the
different waters, and I see no difficulty in taking over a herd of horses at any time.' "
On Mr. Finniss's departure from the new settlement, Mr. Manton was left in charg0
as Government resident, and between him and Mr. M'Kinlay disagreements soon
l(prung up— the latter stating that he was totally unfitted for the post, and that instead
<rf forwarding researches into the country he remained at head quarters impeding all
investigation. M'Kinlay, however, penetrated to a considerable distance into the
interior and found some good country, but was obliged to return in consequence of the
floods he experienced during his journey, amd having expended nearly all his provisions,
and being unable to retrace his steps by land had to perform a considerable portion of
his backward route in a boat, constructed of saplings and skins. After reaching the
settlement, and still finding disaffection and misunderstandings amongst the officials
there, he left for Adelaide, which place he reached in October last, when he bitterly
complained of the conduct of Mr. Manton, his report stating, in effect, that under the
system of mismanagement which had been carried on, the undertaking had proved a
failure. On this, the Legislature, after some deliberation, came to the conclusion that
they could not, without breaKing fiaith with those person who had invested money in
the scheme, abandon it, and advertised for tenders for the completion of the survey of
that part of the country lying near the new settlement. Whether this will be
carried out, or whether the scheme will prove a successful one, remains yet to be seei),
NOaTBUMBEBliAND, CAPE, 38° 4' S. lat.. and 140° 42' 33" S. long. {Co,
Grey,) is a prominent head of the S.E. coast standing boldly out into the sea, and having
a reef of rocks running off it. The land about this cape may be easily known by 2 re-
markable mountains near each other. Mount Gambler, the N. one, is peaked and bears
from the cape N. by E., 12 miles; mount Schanck, the other, is flat-topped, and bears
N.N.E. 4 E., 9 or 10 miles from the cape. To the E. of the cape lies Macdonnell bay,
and off it to the S. W. is the Macdonnell light— which see. There is a rocket apparatus
and a Ufeboat at this place.
l^rp&TB-WEST BEND, or Von Riebbn's. 34° S. lat, 139° 40' E. long. (Co.
Myrp,) is the nanie of a post office at the North- West bend hotel, on the main road from
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170 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Nor
Adelaide to Wentworth, and on the river Murray, the hotel being situated on a lagoon
lying parallel with the riyer, and half-a-mile distant to the W. of it. This lagoon is
deep and contains permanent water; it abounds in fish, and is the breeding-place of
immense flocks of aquatic birds. It lies in the hundred of £ba, the district being a
pastoral one, stocked with sheep and cattle. The nearest townships are Blanchetown,
23 miles S. ; and Eapunda, 45 miles W. by direct road ; the communication with the
former place being by Rounsevell's weekly mail coach, and with the latter by horse or
priyate conyeyance. With Adelaide the communication is by Bounseyell's weekly
mail coach via Blanchetown to Freeling, and thence by rail, the distance by that route
being 117 miles; or by horse or dray to Eapunda, and thence by rail, 92 miles. There
is also communication by the river steamers to Goolwa, and thence by coasting steamer.
The North- West Bend hotel (Von Rieben's) is a calling place for RounseveU's line of
intercolonial coaches, the next hotel being Mallyon's, 16 miles N.E., and also on the
main road to Wentworth. The surrounding country consists of an extensive plain,
which lies about 100 feet above the level of the river; it extends about 40 miles E. and
W., and is sandy and intersected by dense belts of mallee scrub. The predominating
formation is tertiary, represented by limestone very rich in tertiary fossils. The popu-
lation within a radius of about 30 miles numbers about 100 persons. The resident
magistrate is B. N. Bell, Esq., J. P.
MORTB-WSST BEND RUN (Co. Young;) lease. No. 94; occupier, C. H.
Armytage; area, 55 square miles; grazing capability, 5500 sheep, or 100 per square
mile; old rental and assessment, £82 10s.; Goyder*8 valuation, £184 10s. per annum,
deducting improvements valued at i.'865. The sheep are shorn at the woolshed in the
hundred of Stuart. The stock is watered from a deep well and the river Murray. This
run lies on the great bend of the Murray river, 50 miles E.S.E. of Eooringa, and 110
miles' N.E. of Adelaide. The post ofllce is on the main road, at Von Reiben's North-
West Bend hotel, Jiear the run. The main overland road passes through the run, and
on it about 15,000 sheep pass every year. This run also includes leases, Nos. 253, 370,
441, 242, 893, 896, 900, 901, and 944. The entire block has an area of 820 square
miles, the grazing capability being variously estimated at from 50 to 150 sheep per
square mile. . The stock on the run at present is 8000 sheep, 200 head of cattle, and
195 horses. On the whole of this run are 137 miles of wire and brush fences, forming
sheep paddocks, and several wells, some of which are from 200 to 300 feet in depth. A
portion of this run is known as the Government Well station. The manager is Mr.
D. McLean.
NORTB-WSST BEND E. RUN {Murray river district;) lease. No. 330; occu-
pier, F. Taylor; area, 43 square miles; rent and assessment, £44 15s, lOd. per annum.
The next post office is at the North- West bend.
irOaWSST, mount, 29° 68' S. lat., 137° 45' E. long, (Flinders district,) is a
high rocky peak forming the S. point of a range of hills which run in a N. W. and S.E.
direction from the pastoral country to the S. of lake Eyre, for about 20 miles through
rugged desert country.
NORWOOD (Co. Adelaide) is a postal township suburban to the city of Adelaide,
and forming part of the municipality of Kensington and Norwood, in the hundred of
Adelaide. It lies on the E. side of Adelaide, at a distance of about 2^ miles from the
central part of the town. There are 2 creeks runnin|j|through Norwood, known as
the First and Second creeks. Both rise from the hills about 4 miles E. of Norwood,
and only flow during the wet season of the year, or about 3 or 4 months, and empty
themselves in the river Torrens. In Norwood there are 2 brick manufactories, and
several wine maniifactories, or distilleries of brandy ; also, in Kent town, a brewery;
and in Hackney, a flour mill. Both these places adjoin and form part *of Norwood
township. Glenosmond is the nearest mine to Norwood; it is a silver lead mine, and
lies about 6 miles S. Norwood is bounded on the h). by Kensington and Marryatville;
N., by Stepney and Hackney; and W., by Kent town. It has 4 sections, the other
places 1 section each. Conveyances run to and from Adelaide or Kensington, passing
through the above towns every 10 'minutes. In Norwood there is a benevolent asylum
known as the Female Refuge, which is supported by voluntary contributions by all
denominations. There are the following hotels in the township— Britannia, Old Colo-
nist inn, Alma inn. Vintage* Shades, Gold-diggers' Arms, Bath hotel, and Rol in Hood
inn; in Kensington are the Rising Sun and Globe inn; in Marryatville, the Marryatville
hotel; in Stepney, the Maid and Magpie, and Buck's Head; and in Kent town, the Keot
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N0O — ^Nut] The South AmtraUan Oazetteer. 171
Town hotel, and Kentish Arms. There is a cab ^tand at Kensington for conveyances
to Adelaide. There is a post and money order office, and a public pound in the town-
ship. The resident magistrates are G. W. Hawkes, and T. Ward, £sqs. Norwood,
Kensington, Marryatville, and Kent towns, are under the corporation of Kensington and
Norwood, consisting of a mayor and 8 councillors; and Stepney and Hackney under a
district council. The country is flat, surrounded E. and S. by hills. The College of
St. Peter is situated in Hackney, St. Bartholomew's church, Norwood; St. Matthew's
church, Kensington; and Dissenters haye 6 places of worship in the above townships.
(See Kbnsinoton and Norwood Municipality.) At the N.E. extremity of Norwood,
Mr. E. Cartwright has a vineyard, where he grows table grapes, and Grenache, black
Portugal, Malbec, and Shiraz, for red wine. Under the house is a capital cellar. Near
Mr. Cartwright's, Mr. A. H. W. Meyer has a vineyard of 2^ acres, chiefly planted with
the Grenache variety.
HVCCALESITA, SI"" 3' S. lat., ISS'' 30" E. long. (AT. district,) is a postal mining
Tillage in the electoral district of Flinders, and lying on the W. side of the main North
road, to the S, of mount Hemmons. The resident magistrate is P. Morrison, Esq., J. P.
The Nuccaleena mine is situated about 120 miles to the N. of port Augusta, and is the
property of an English mining company (the Great Northern mining company, limited,)
which was formed in the year 1859 to work the several mineral claims taken out by
Messrs. Chambers and Fincke. A large deposit of very valuable ore was found on .the
surface, which yielded in little more than 12 months about 800 tons. This deposit,
however, ran out in a few fathoms, and though the lode continued, the yield of ore so
far diminished, and the difficulties of mining operations were so much increased by the
drought which then prevailed in the north, that the works were suspended about 2 years
ago. Another of the company's properties is the Two Brothers mine, about 2 miles N.
of Nuccaleena, and exceedingly promising at first, a lode of rich red oxide, nearly 2 feet
in width, being traceable the entire length of the section, but being lost when sinking
was commenced. The Oratunga, Mooroo, and Mount Chambers mines all lie in the
district, and there are strong indications of copper in them all, malachite and green
carbonates being plentifully scattered on the surface, particularly of the last named
mine. Operations are, however, suspended at present on them all. The formation of
the country is hard pipeclay, with boulders of primitive limestone.
NUMBER TWO CREEK {Co, Adelaide) is a small creek flowing past the foot of
O'Halloran hill. There are some quarries of excellent road metal in the neighbourhood.
NUBlOOTPik {Co. Light) is a postal township in the electoral district of Light,
and hundred of Nuriootpa. It is situated on the Gawler river, and lies in an agricul-
tural district. The nearest places are Angaston, 4 miles E.; Tanunda, the same
distance S.; Stockwell, the same distance N.E.; and Greenock, the same distance W,;
the communication with them being by mail cart, and with Adelaide by mail cart to
Freeling, and thence by rail, the entire distance being 47 miles. For goods there is also
communication by means of 2 4-hor8e carriers drays to Freeling. Nuriootpa has a
post and telegraph office, branches of the National bank of Australasia, and of the
Adelaide assurance and guarantee company, a brewery, a lemonade and soda-water
manufactory, a steam flour mill, 2 brickyards, 3 stores, and the usual tradesmen's shops.
There are 2 hotels— the Nuriootpa, and the Angas Park. Tfte surrounding country is
flat and taken up by small farmers and vignerons. The population, within a radius of
about 4 miles, numbers about 350 persons, mostly German; the number of dwellings
being about 60.
NU&ZOOTPA (Co, Light) is a S. W. hundred of the county, lying to the N. of the
N. Para river, and consisting for the most part of purchased land, chiefly agricultural,
and taken up by an industrious race of farmers, who grow wheat and other produce in
large quanUties. The townships of Greenock, Freeling, and Nuriootpa are in this
hundred. Its area is 64,000 acres, of which 38,890 acres are under cultivation. The
population numbers 2968 persons, mostly agriculturists. There are 3 steam flour
mills in this hundred, working 7 pairs of stones by an aggregate of 46 horse-power.
MUTT'S ARCHIPELAGO (Flinders district W,) is the name given to a number
of islands-contained in a large bight of the main coast between point Bell and cape
Westall, or between 32*^ 18' 36" And 32° 53' 45" S. lat., and 133° 8' 30" and 134° E. long.
This archipelago is the E. extremity of New Holland as discovered by Peter Nuy t in
1627. The principal islands are those of St. Peter and those of St. Francis (10,)
although there are numerous others which are named as follow:— Purdie island.
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172 The South AMBtraiUan GazeUeer. \Y{fm — O'fi^
Lound's i«le, Land's reef, Bird rock. Goat island, Eyre's island, FraBldin islands (3,)
FUnders reef, Evans island, Lacy's group (2,) MftsiUon isle, F^nelon iski, Caiman's i«e^
Hart's island, Olive island, and Eba island. There are, besides l^iese, some rocks
scattered amongst them, but there is generally -deep water dose to them, and th^ are
flafe to approach, except between Purdie island and point Bell, where there is a siutt^D
rock rising ont of 9 fathoms water, npon which the sw^ does not always break.
There ia no tide upon them worthy of notice, either from its velooity or its rise and
fall. Land and sea breezes are experienced in this archipelago during the summer
months, the sea breeze setting in from the W. usually about noon, after a few hours'
calm or light winds, and veering at night to the N.E.
irmr'TS cape, 32° 2' S. lat., 132** is' E. long., is the high cliffy extremity of
some rocky land that extends to the W. upwards of 9 miles towards Nuyt's reefs,
whence it takes the direction of N. W. by N. for 60 miles, forming the Great Australian
bight; a pyramidical rock lies near the cape, and to the E. of it are 2 small bights
with a steep rocky projection between them, but they are both open and encumbered
with rocks, which appear to front the shore for sevend miles on ea<^ side of the cape.
The country inland from this cape consists of salt swamps, with sandy hills and
scrubby ridges, having intervals of sparsely-grassed plains, and occasional pods of
brackish water,
NVTT'S REEF, 32** ^ S. lat., 132° E: long., is the name given to a number of
rocky islets, lying off the coast to the W.S.W. of Cape Nuyt's.
OAKBAJIB. {Go, Adelaide) is a small postal township in the electoral district
and hundred of Onkaparinga, and under the control of the Onkaparinga district
council. It is situated on the Onkaparinga river, 20 miles E. of Adelaide, on the
main line of road to mount Torrens, and at the junction of the Western Branch
creek with the Onkaparinga river. The district is an agricultural one, cheifly wheat.
Gold has been found in some of the watercourses near, but not in such quantities as to
pay for the working. The nearest places are Woodside, 3 miles N.E. ; and Balhannah,
U miles S.W. With these places, as with Adelaide, 20 miles distant W., the commu-
nication is by Rounsevell's daily mail coaches. Oakbank has a post office, a mechanics*
institute, a brewery, and a sodawater manufactory. The nearest hotel is at Balhan-
nah. The resident magistrate is J. Johnstone, Esq., J. P. The surrounding country is
mountainous, well grassed and timbered, and exc^ently adapted for agricultural pur-
suits. The formation is mostly of micaceous slate.
OASDSN HILLS (Flinders district) is the name given to a range of low flat-
topped hills, lying between the Island lake andf the Pernatty lagoon, in the country to
the W. of lake Torrens. Messrs. Oakden and Hulkes found good country and plenty
of water about this place in 1857, and afterwards took up a run there, but were obliged
to leave it in consequence of drought. There is, however, good available pastoral Ismd
in the district.
OAKLANDS (Co, Adelaide) is a vineyard, the property of S. and J. H. Keame,
lying on the banks of the ISturt river, about 6 miles from Adelaide, and 1 mile from the
shore of the gulf of St. Vincent. This vineyard is leased by several gentlemen, and is
managed by Mr. Kelsey.- There is a large cellar, and 4 kinds of wine are made on the
property, pure Verdeilho, pure Rousillon, pure Gros Rubico, and a mixed white wine.
O^SSaVATtON, MOUNT (Co. Hindmarsh,) is a peak and survey point in the
hundred of Nkangkita, on the S. bank ol the Finniss river, and about 5 miles N. E. of
Currency creek township, whence it is a prominent land mark. It lies near the
Finniss bridge, and 1 1 miles S.E. of Meadows township.
QGDISK, MOUNT {Co. Stanley,) is the name of a hill lying about 14 miles W.of
^e tojvnship of Penwortham, and abounding in iron ore, with traces of copper.
O'BALLOBAN CREEK, 27° 30' S. lat., 139° 30^ E. long. (Flinders district,) is a
OTeek of considerable size, having a pond of water at its termination^ It was dis-
covered by M'Einlay. It lies to the S. of a range of irregular sand-hills, wliich
sepiarate it from the Tooraringana creek and lake M'Kinlay. In his despatch of the
end of September last. Major Warburton states that he had traced this creek, which,
he says, ought to be called a river, to its junction with the Barcoo river. He reports
that the country in the neighbourhood is of good quality, and not wholly dependent op
Ipcal rains; but that if any danger in its occupation is to be appr^endedat all, itia
jR^ther from an excess than a deficiency of water.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
O'HAr— Onk] The Seuih Australian Gazetteer. 173
O'HAUaO&AlV HILL (jOo,Addaxde) is a straggling postal village in the electoral
district and hundred of Noarlunga^ and under the control, partly of the Brighton, and
partly of the Clarendon district councils. It commences at the top of an eminence at
iJM Main South road, called Tapley's hill, and runs along that road from Adelaide to
WillUBga and the S. townships, in a S. direction for about 2 miles, where it crosses a
OKcky kfiewn as the No. 2 creek, from the land through which it runs having been
fonneffly called the No^ 2 station of the South Australian company. O'Halloran hill
19 11 miles S* of Adelaide, adjoining it on the £. is Happy valley, 2 miles S. is the
township of Beynella, 4 miles N.W. is the corporate town of Brighton, and 7 miles
S;£. is Clarendon. The O'Halloran hill post office stands at the junction of the South
load and the E. branch of the Bull*s creek road, 11 miles S. from Adelaide, and about
19 N. fipom Willunga^ Rounseveirs coaches run daily from Adelaide to Willunga,
thrice a week to Cliurendon, and twice a week to Talisker, passing through 0*HaUoran
hill. There are no regular means of conveyance to Brighton. The hotels are the
Victoria, at Tapley's hill; and the Crown, at Reynella. The surrounding country is
hilly, the Sturt river running within 3 miles S.E. of the village. The soil is excellent,
and where not cropped produces a most nutritious and fattening grass. Most ot the
timber in the neighbourhood has been cleared off, and the land taken up for agricul-
tural purposes, wheat and grapes being extensively grown. Limestone is abundant to
the W. of the South road, but is absent to the £., where the formation is of sandstone
and schist. Some of the rock along the course of the No. 2 creek forms excellent road
metal. The population numbers about 250 persons, scattered over the neighbourhood,
and chiefly employed in farming. There is a post office and a branch of the Adelaide
aif urance and guarantee company in this village.
O'HAIiLOaAN, MOUNT, 27° SO' S, lat., 135° 15' E. long. (Flinders district
N,W,,) is the name of a prominent peak in the N.W. end of Hanson's range. It is
situated on the N. bank of the Neales river.
OKXLTXBZE BUN, (W. district;) occupiers, Bishop & Beard; area, 54 square
mUes; grazing capability, 2650 sheep, 12 head of cattle, and 4 horses. This run lies
140 miles N.W. of port Lincoln, and 8 miles from the post office at Talia.
OUNTHUS, MOUNT, 33° 20' S. lat., 136° 33' E. long. {Flinders district,) is a
lofty peak of a low range, lying in Eyre*s peninsula, on the W. side of Spencer's gulf,
and to the N.W. of Franklin harbour. This peak attains an altitude of 2000 feet
above the level of the sea, and forms a prominent landmark both from the gulf and the
surrounding district. It is situated in a scrubby country, there being, however,
tolerably good pastoral land at a little distance to the S.E.
OZiIVB ISLAND {Flinders district W,) is a small rocky island, about a quarter
of a-mile in diameter, and elevated 60 feet above sea level, lying E. \ N., distance 4}
miles from Cape Bauer, the S. head of Streaky bay. It is surrounded by reefs and
dangerous straggling rocks, over which the sea almost always breaks.
OMAUNOA (Cos. Hindmarsh and Sturt) is a district council in the electoral
district of mount Barker. It is imder the control of a chairman, the present one
being Mr. W. May of .Wanstead, near Woodchester, and 4 councillors. The receipts
and expenditure in this district council for 1865 were as follow:— Assessment,
£6002 — rate. Is. in the pound; rates collected, £237 6s.; total receipts, £597 I4s. 9d.;
<^ce expenses, £96 13s. 8d. ; expended on public works, £431 6s. The populatlbn
numbers 851 persons; the area is 121 square miles, or 77,440 acFCs; land under cul-
tivation, 10,295 acres; and number of dwelling-houses, 157.
OMS-V&BB HILL {Co. Idgh^ is^ a postal village lying on the One-tree hill
creek, about 10 miles E. of mount Crawford, and to the E.S vE. of Smithfield. It is in an
agricultural and vine-growing district, the principal vineyalrlt being that of D. Randall,
iStn^, J. P. (See Glbn Para.) There is a public pound in the village.
OHB'iiTABS HILL CREEK {Co. Stwrt) is a stream rising in the E. slope of the
BUdttirange, and in the hundred of South Rhine, and flowing in a N.E. direction into
theNorth Rhine river.
OMCAIPASliraA {Co, Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral district
of Onkaparinga. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being
Mr. W. Grasby of Balhannah, and 4 councillors. The receipts and' expenditure in'
tfaiff district council for 1865 were' as follow i-^Assessment, £14,765 Us.— rate. Is. in
the pound; rates- collected, £648 128. Id;; totid receipts, £1371 178. lOd.; o£Bce
Digitized by V^OOQlC
174 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Onk — Ora
expenses and salaries, £192 ISs. 9d.; expended on public works, £11?6 15s. lOd. The
population numbers 2963 persons. The area is 77 square miles, or 49,280 acres; land
under cultivation, 8929 acres; and number of dwelling-bouses, 609. The resident
magistrate is A. Farmer, Esq., J.P. Onkaparinga electoral district is bounded on the
W. by the £. boundary of the district of East Torrens; on the S., by the districts of
Noarlunga and Mount Barker; on the E. by the centre of the river Murray; and on the
N. by district of Gumeracka. It comprises the district councils of Crafers (E. part,)
East Torrens (E. part,) Naime, and Oakaparinga, and the hundred of MobUong, and
has & population of 7393 persons, and an area of 422 square miles, or 270,080 acres, of
which 19,311 acres are under cultiration. The Yoting-places for this district are ,
Woodside, Naime, Eanmantoo, Hahndorf, and Lobethal. Onkaparinga is represented
in the LegislatiTe Assembly by W. Milne and W. Townsend, Esqs. The number of
registered electors for 1865 in this district was, for the Legislative Council, 797, and
for the Legislative Assembly, 1262.
OmLAPAJUMOA (fio, Adelaide) is an ^E. hundred of the county, lying on the
upper part of the Onkaparinga river, and consisting mostly of purchased land, much ot
which is under cultivation. Large crops of grapes and garden produce are grown in
this hundred, which contains the townships of Woodside, Balhannah, and Hahndorf.
OmLAPAJUMOA 'SCEa^'E (Co. Adelaide) IB a reef of hard rocks runing out
from the coast near the mouth of the Onkaparhiga river, and 7 miles N. of port
WiUunga.
OmLAPAJUMGA BIVER {Go, Adelaide) is a fine stream rising in the ranges
to the S. of mount Torrens, and flowing in a S.W. direction 30 miles into the gulf of
St. Vincent, near port Noarlunga, by a wide mouth. It flows by the townships of Bal-
hannah. Woodside, Clarendon, and Noarlunga, and waters a large tract of good agricul-
tural country. The Onkaparinga has numerous tributaries, the principal ones being
Cox's, Scott's, Echunga, Jupiter, and Cattle company creeks. This river forms a curve
round the township of Noarlunga, near its entrance into the sea, whence that township
derived its former name of **the Horseshoe." Small quantities of gold have been
found in its bed in the district of Echunga, but the diggings have never been properly
or regularly worked.
OOMBEBATAIfA, (St Umbbratana (Flinders district N.,) is a small postal
hamlet in the electoral district of Flinders. It is situated at the head of the Windo-
wiedina creek, and is in a pastoral district where both sheep and cattle grazing are carried
on extensively. The nearest place is Blinman, 90 miles S., with which place the com-
munication is by horse or dray. With Adelaide, 415 miles S, the communication is
fh)m Blinman by Rounsevell's weekly coaches; and for goods to port Augusta by means
of camels, and thence by steamer. The surrounding country is mountainous. The
population numbers about 30 persons.
OOMBEBATANA RUN (N, district;) leases, Nos. 527, 540, 544, 556, 562, 565,
592, 566, 686, and 1133; occupier, the hon. T.Elder; respective areas of leases, 15, 80,
74, 32, 31, 105, 1 10, 69, 45, and 25 square miles. This run lies at the postal station of
Oomberatana, in the far north.
OOBAPASZHN A RUN (N, district;) leases. Nos. 231, 382, 457, and 501; occu-
pier, S.Boord; respective areas of leases, 56, 20, 73 J, and 32 square miles. This run
lies near the Patawarta hill and N. of the Passmore river; the next post office being at
Eanyaka and Blumit, being 20 miles due N. The total area of this run is I8O4 square
miles, and the grazing capability about 6000 sheep and 1000 head of cattle in average
seasons; but during the last two years, owing to the severe drought, there has not been
feed for a fourth of that number.
OO&OOLDANA CREEK (Flinders district) is a fine mountain stream rising in
mount Painter, and flowing S.E. past the Welcome mines into lake Blanche, on its W,
side. It waters the pastoral country known as the Eastern plains. Geological forma-
tion : shales, slates, and calcareous rocks. There is a mine on this creek, consisting of
an immense mass of rocks, about 100 feet wide and 12 or 15 feet high. They are very
hard quartzose rocks, and contain numerous stains of copper. At one place the rocks
have been broken, and some fine thin veins of rich grey ore displayed. The workings
are however stopped. 1 his mine lies 320 miles N. of Adelaide.
OBATAN ROCK, 32"" 50' S. lat, 139'' 58' E. long. C^indert district,) if a
solitary rocky hill lying in the scrubby wilderness of the Eastern plains.
Digitized by V^OOQIC
Ora— Owa] The South Australian GazeUeer. 175
OBJLTAN AND PANDAPPA RUN {NJS, district;) leases, Nos. 878, 880, 882,
and 894; occupiers. Elder and Smith; respectire area of leases 109, 56, 62, and 73 square
miles. This run lies in the £. plains — the next post office being Outaalpa, and the
oext post town Eooringa, to the W. See also Paratoo.
OBATVNGA AND MOOLOOLOO (A\ distinct;) leases, Nos. 236a, 367, 387, 443,
444, 476, and 598; occupier, P. Levi; respective areas of leases 18, 325, 141, 42, 109, 32,
and 50 square miles. This run lies to the S.W. ef mount Serle, near the Mundaj riTer—
the next post office being at Angipena.
OBJSEROD LAKE (Co. Qrey) is the name of a sheet of water lying 4 miles W. of
the township of Narracoorte. It is 2 miles long, by I mile wide, and receives the
waters of the Narracoorte creek. Its surplus waters drain into Geary's swamp.
08MAHU BEEF {Kangaroo island.) See D'Estbbb Bat.
OVUnXA HILIv32*' 35' S. lat., 139"" 55' E. long. (Flinders district,) is a detached
hill lying in the pastorid district of Eastern plains.
OUZiNINA BUN (N.E. district) is a large run lying in the pastoral district of
Eastern plains. It comprises leases, Nos. 397, 666, 678, 665, 889, 893, 892, 907, 888,
304,397, 568, 730, 564, 679, 735, 949, 953, 954, 955, 957, 950, 951, 1141 and 1142;
occupiers, Levi and Sprigg ; respective areas of leases, 25, 12, 17, 12, 51, 21, 15, 63, 3,
12, 25, 50, 12, 10, 31, 20, 24, 36, 66, 74, 65. 34, 62, 46 and 34 square miles. The n^xt
post office is Outaalpa,.S0 miles S., and the nearest post town Kooringa, 110 miles S.W.
The grazing capability is 30,000 sheep. There is an aboriginal station on this run, and
the resident magistrate is H. L. Sprigg, Esq., J. P. The present mail track to the
Eastern plains passes the N. W. corner of this run.
OUTA ALPA (Flinders district N,E.) is a postal hamlet in the electoral district
of Flinders, lying in the midst of a pastoral (sheep grazing) country. No mines have
been opened up, but copper has been found in the neighbourhood, and competent judges
imagine that gold may be found by a thorough investigation. The nearest township is
Eooringa, the distance being 169 miles S.W., a mail conveyance running fortnightly
between the two places. With Adelaide the communication is by Bounseveirs fortnightly
coach via Eooringa to Eapunda, and thence by rail, the total distance being 269 miles.
The surrounding country consists of ranges of low hills, with flat grassy and saltbush
plains intervening, and is known as the Eastern plains. The population numbers about
40 persons.
OUTAALPA BUN {N',E, district;) leases, Nos. 402, 607, 526, 653, 654, 1092,
1112 and 1113; occupiers, Duffleid and Uarrold; respective areas of leases, 32, 77, 189,
202, 20, 60, 38 and 30 square miles. This run lies near Weakeroo hill and Eing's bluff,
the Outaalpa post office being at the head station.
OVERXiAND COBNER, 34° 10' S. lat., 140** 25' E.long. {Co. Young,) is a postal
namlet in the electoral district of Flinders, and hundred of th^ Murray. It is situated
on a bend on the N. bank of the river Murray, about 6 miles N.W. of lake Bonney.
The lake Bonney, Bal Bal and other creeks, forming a complete network in wet seasons,
lie to the E. The district is a pastoral one, sheep, cattle and horses being grazed in
liurge numbers. Excellent grapes and garden produce are produced on the alluvial flats.
A copper mine was opened some years ago by Mr. J. Brand, but nothing payable was
found. The nearest township is Blanclietown, 55 miles S.W. by the new, and 85 miles
by the old mail route via North West bend, Mallyon's and Little Yarra flat. The
communication is by H. Brand's coach, and with Adelaide, 174 tiiiles S.W., by that
coach to Blanchetown, thence to Freeling by Bounsevell's mail coach, and thence by
rail. The direct horse and dray route is via North West bend to Eapunda or Eooringa,
each 1 10 miles distant from Overland corner. There is a post office and 1 hotel, —
the Overland Corner (G. Brand's,)— the Lake Bonney (Napper's) being 6 miles, and
Hallyou's hotel, 38 miles distant. There is an aboriginal station at this place. The
furrounding country is flat, with undulating hills and occasional swamps; it is timbered
with box, polygonum, and stunted blue and flooded gum. The soil is sandy, and over-
lies beds of tertiary limestone abounding in fossils, the limestone strata showing dis-
tinctly in the bluffs at the bends in the river. The population is small and scattered.
OWANEG AM POUND {Flinders district N.) is an opening in the hills, surrounded
on all sides by steep hills, except at a narrow entrance, which is fenced across. The
hills are bold and capped by rocks. Within the enclosure there is abundance of grass,
and pine trees and occasional gums grow in the entrance and within the pound.
Digitized by V^OOQlC
176 Ths South Av^stralian Gazetteer, [Owi — ^PaiT
Owanegan was formerly the head station of M*Kinlay, the explorer, and was at that
time, 1850, the most distant station from Adelaide, ahout 300 miles N. It lies a few
miles N.W. of Blinman. There is a remarkable mass of rocks which, when viewed
from one side, resemble an old man's fieu^e, and are named accordingly. There is a creek
in the pound, but it is often dry.
CWIHIA COUNTRY (Flinders district) is the native name of a large tract of
country, much of which is now taken up for pastoral purposes, watered by theFrome
river, and lying to the N.E. of lake Torrens and the S.E. of Lake Eyre. This country
was crossed by Parry in 1858, who describes it as soft yet stony ground, with broken
hills, and large ponds containing abundance of water. There were thousands of pigeons
about these waterholes.
OTSTXS BAY RUN {YorWs peninsula;) lease. No. 21; occupiers, Rogers,
Landon and Stephens; area, 52 square miles; grazing capability, 7000 sheep, or 135 per
square mile; Gt)yder's valuation, £353 IBs. per annum, deducting improvements valued
at £831. This run lies at Oyster bay, 50 miles W. by S. of port Adelaide in a straight
line, and 150 miles overland, via port Wakefield, from Adelaide. On this run and the
lake Sunday, Comey point, and other runs, held by the same lessees, are 23,300 sheep,
75 horses, and 240 head of cattle; the total area being 244 square miles.
^AOTRAWAT (^^ Campion's,) RUN iS.E. district;) leases, Nos. 156 and 157;
occupier, R. Lawson; areas of leases respectively, 34 and 45 square miles (correct area
of the latter, 50 square miles;) total grazing capability, 17,000 sheep; Groyder's
valuation, £1186 12s., deducting improvements valued at £492. This run lies 190
miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 75 miles N.E. of Guichen bay, where the wool is shipped.
This run also includes leases Nos. 824, 872, 913, and 921, which have respective areas
of 6, 14, 18, and 9 square miles. On the entire block are 26,500 sheep and 250 head
of cattle. There is an aboriginal station in this run.
PAGhAN CREEK {Flind&rs district) is a mountain stream found by Hack, in
1857, in the Gawler ranges, to the S.E. of lake Gairdner. The country is now taken up
for pastoral purposes.
P AGS Sj THE {BacTcstai/rs passage^ is the name given to a group of rocky islets,
lying 9 miles N.E. by E. of cape Willoughby, and at the entrance from the Kof
Backstairs passage. The N. Page, which is the largest of the group, is about 60
feet in height, and is visible from a distance of 1 1 miles from the deck of a moderate-
sized vessel. Between the two larger islets, soundings of 10 fathoms were found; the
passage, which is a mile and a-quarter in width, is quite safe with a commanding
breeze. The S. Page is of nearly equal height with the northern one, and lies if
S. by W. from it. The northern extremity of the rocks, three-quarters of a mile to the
S. of the southern Page, show above water at all times of tide, btlt the S. portion forms
a reef covered at low wat^r. During light S. winds and a flood tide, this i^eef should
be most carefully avoided by vessels standing across the passage when to windward of
the group.
PAnrT£B.9 MOUNT {Flinders district,) is a peak of the N.E. end of the main
range, lying to S. of the township of Yudanamutana, and near the head of the
Arcaroola Creek.
PAZSIiET {Co.Alberf) is a hundred lying on the E. bank of the Murray river,
opposite Blanchetown. It is taken up tor pastoral purposes.
PAXStEY, MOUNT, 30° 3' S. lat., 135° 40^ E. long. (Flinders district,) is the name
given to the E. extremity of an E. spur of the limestone range crossed by Stuart in
1858. It has stony plains, with sand-hills and patches of grass and saltbush to the
S. and S.E., and to the E. lie several fresh water lagoons.
PAXiIMCNSA RUN {W, district;) l&Me, No. 974; occupier, J. Geharty; area,
10 square miles; rental, £5 per annum. The nearest post town is at Yenus Bay
Parkin.)
PANBAPPA' run {N.E. district;) leade, No. 229; occupier, A. McCulloch;
area, 12 square miles; rent, £7 15s. per annum. This 'run lies to the E. of Black rock,
the next post town being Kooringa, to the W.
TAXtDA^P a: STATION (N.E. district:) occupiers, Elder and Waite. See
PaIkatoo Run.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Pan — Par] The SotUh Australian Gazetteer. 177
PAMBXiOTINOA CREEK (Co. Hindma/nh) is the nkme of a perennial stream
flowing through the township of Reynella.
PANDO {Flinders district) is the native name of lake Hope^which see.
PANOBAMA, MOUNT [Co. Adelaide) is a high peak in the coast range, lying
about 4 miles to the S.E. of the township of Clarendon. It is a survey station, and
takes its name from the fine view afibrded from its summit.
PAPEOOONA CREEK [Flinders district) is a small creek flowing into the
W. side of lake Blanche, in an E. direction from its source in the Freeling heights, a
short distance to the N.E. of the township of Yudanamutana, passing through the
pastoral district known as the Eastern plains. Shales, slates, and calcareous rocks.
PAPPA&DAAR (or Appbrdaab,) LAKE, 28° 2(/ S. lat., 139'' 8' E. long.
iPlinders district,) is a frefeh-water lake, dry in time of drought, lying in a polygonum
flat, on course of a branch of O)oper's creek, of which it is an expansion, and situated
about 14 miles N.W. of lake Hope. The surrounding country consists of ranges of
low sand-hills, with moderately wide flats between, having good feed for a great part
of the year.
PA&ABARANA CREEK (Flinders district N^ is a. small creek flowing in an
£. direction into lake Blanche, Arom its source in the Freeling heights, near Yudana-
mutana. It waters the pastoral district known as the Eastern plains. Shales, slates,
and calcareous rocks. On this creek is a copper mine, with 3 distinct lodes on the
section— 2 running N. and S., and the other E. and W. Two pits have been sunk on one
of these lodes— one in the creek, and the other at a short distance from it, in each place
blue and green carbonate having been found. Openings have also been made in the
other lodes. The late drought has, however, put a stop to operations on this, as on
almost all the northern mines.
PABABARANA STATION {N, district;) lease. No. 715j occupiers, W. and
J. Jacob, is part of the Paralana run — which see.
PARADISE [Co, Adelaide) is an agricultural village in the hundred of Adelaide
It lies half-a-mile N.E. of Campbelltown, 14 mile N.W. of Athelstone, and 5 J miles N.E.
of Adelaide. It contains 1 hotel— the Paradise bridge— and 15 cottages, with a
population of 70 persons, mostly labourers engaged in farming and gardening pursuits.
PA&A HILL {Co. Adelaide) is a peak in the Yatala range of hills, situated about
S miles S.E. of the township of Salisbury, and overlooking the cemetery belonging to
that town.
PABAliANA CREEK (Flinders district) is a small tributary of the Arcaroola
creek, flowiog through some magnificent scenery, the sides of the creek being composed
in many places of rocks, rising to a height of 300 to 400 feet, sometimes smooth and '
regular, and at others wild and rugged in the extreme.
PA&AXiANA RUTS (N. district;) lease, No. 595; occupiers, W. and J. Jacob;
area, 130 square miles. This run lies N.E. of mount M^Kinlay — the nearest post town
being Yudanamutana, to the N.W. This run also includes leases, Nos. 613, 714,
715, 987, 988, and 997, having respective areas of 186, 140, 121, 10, 12, and 69
square miles.
PAB AM ANA COON A (Co. Hindmarsh) is a small creek, flowing into the gulf
of St. Vincent, at Rapid bay.
PABAPET, MOUNT (Flinders district,) is a peaked hill, lying to the N. of
Franklin harbour, and on the W. shore of Spencer's gulf. There is tolerably good
pastoral country in the neighbourhood.
PABA PLAINS {Co. Adelaide) is the name given to a tract of fine agricultural
and grazing country in the hundred of port Adelaide, and watered by the Little Para
river. It is bounded on the E. by a range of wooded hills, and on the W. by a large
salt swamp, into which the Little Para empties itself. Much of the land is taken up
by farmers, who cultivate wheat and hay; and the border of the swamp affords exceUent
fattening pasturage for sheep and cattle.
PABA RIVER, LITTLE (Co. Adelaide) is a stream rising in the Gawler ranges,
and flowing in a W. direction for about 30 miles, until it loses itself in the swampy fiats
lying round port Adelaide. It flows through the township of Salisbury, where it is
inrofsed by the N. railway line. It is fed near its source by Gould's creek.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
178 The South Austrafian Gazetteer. [Pab
PA&A RIVER, NORTH {Co. Light,) is the name given to the K. head of the^
Gtewler river. It flows through good pastoral country, and joins the S. Para at Gawler.
the stream being then known as the Gawler river.
FAUi RIVER, SOUTH {Go. Addaide,) i8« fine streaita vidng ki the knain or
Adelaide range ran, and flowing in a N. W. direction Ibr aboot 24 miles into the Oawler
river at Gawler. It is fed by the Tenefieite creek, which joins it near the Gawler town
Mil.
VARATOO AND PANDAPPA STATIONS {N.E. dig^Hct/) leases, Nos. 348,.
998, 434, 548, 549,656, 873, and 890; occupiers, Elder and Waite; ave stations lyiB«r in
the Eastern plains — t^e former one, Paratoo, bdng the head station, and the post office-
for the district. It lies 80 miles distant from Eooringa, in a N.E. direction, and 190
miles N.E. of Adelaide. The latter station, Pandappa, is about 50 mUes N.E. of
fiooringa, or about 30 miles S.W. of Paratoo. Both runs comprise an area of 719
square miles, and have grazing capability for 40,000 sheep. The wool from these stations
is sent bj horse or bnUock teams to Kapunda, and thence bj rail to port Adelaide.
There is fortnightly communication with Adelaide by Rounsevell's coach. See alsa
Obatan. The resident magistrate is P. Waite, Esq., J. P.
TARA WIESA {Co. Adelaide) is a district council in the electoria district of
Oumeracka. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr. Jamea
Jones, of mount Gould, Eersbrook, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure
^1 tl^ district council for 1865 were as follow:— Assessm^at, ^£6552; — rate 6d. intfaa
pound; rates caUeoted, £98 13s. 8d^; total receipts, £262 17s. 6d.; office expenses and
salaries, £50 6s.; expended on public works, £80 88. 5d. The population numbers
958 persons; the area is 64 square miles, or 40,960 acres; land under cultivation, 2949^
acres; and number of dwelling-houses, 191.
-VAllA WIRRA {Oo, Adelaide) is a hundred m the NiE. p«*t «f the county^
lying to the S. of the South Para river, and consisting for the most part of purchased
land, much of which is under cultivation. In this hundred, on the W. side of the Nortb
railway and 1 mile ftrom Gawler, Is situated Mr. W. Duffield*s vineyard -and orchard.
T'he principal varieties of grape are Frontignac, of Vhich a pure wine is made; Mataro
and Shiraz, of which a red wine is made; and Verdeilho^nd Muscat, of which' a white-
wine is made. There is also an excellent orangery and apiary on this property.
PAStHOA {Co. 8turt) is a small mining village, lying 3 miles 'S. of 4he^ownship^
of Eanmantoo. The population consists principally of miners. See 'Eanmantoo.
PABINOA RUN (Murray River district;) lease. No. 93; occupier, D. Cudmore^
area, 16 square miles; grazing capability, 1000 sheep, or 62 per square ndle; Goyder's
Taluatiqn, £35 per annum. This run lies 20 miles E. of lake Bonney, and 180 miles
N.E. of Adelaide, at a distance of 2 miles from the river Murray, on its S. bank; the
next post office being at Overland corner. This run also includes leases 3d3A, -380,
510. and 1088, which have respective areas of 12, ^9, 58, and 13 square uHiM. On the
•entire block are 7000 ^eep, 2000 lambs, 500 head of eaMfle and 40 houses.
'PAJBJUH {Flinders distHct W.) is a newly established township at the head of
Venus bay. It lies 40 miles N.W. of Bramfield, and 150 miles W. of port Lincoln,
and has at present a settled population of 6 persons only. There is a hotel, a post office,
fUid a store in the township. See Vejots Bat.
PARSSIDE {Co. Adelaide) is a small postal residential subui^ of Adelaide,
lying 2 miles distant from Adelaide on the S. side. It is a favourite plaee of vesidence^
TOr merchants -and others whose business lies in the metropolis. Parkskle lies in the
midst of a flourishing and rapidly improving agricultural neighbourhood, and has
numerous flne orchards and vineyards. The suburb of Ui^ey lies 1 mile distant, N.E.
by E. Cars run to that place and to Adelaide several times daily. There is 1 hotel
— 4;he Turf. The resident magistrates are C. Bonney, G. Young, and W. A. Wewing,.
Bsqs. Parkside is celebrated for the excellence of the fruits grown, and t^e jams and
pickles ma^iufactured there. Mrs. L. A. Chance, of this plaee, eidiili^ted ui th&
Melbourne exhibition of 1866: 3 dozen tomato sauce, 3 dozen West India sauce, 1 dosen
Prince of Wales sauce, 2 dozen chutnee, 6 jars pickled figs, 6 jars juckled walnuts,
6 jars pickled cauliflower, 6 jars pickled picalilli, 6 jars pi<Med citron, 6 jars pickled
quinces, 4 jars pickled almonds, 3 jars pickled red cabbage, 3 jars pickled white
cabbage, 2 jars pickled onions, 6 jars pickled tomatoes, 6 jars pickled lemcHis, and IJ.
iozen 2lb. tins assorted jams.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
"Tab, — ^Pas] Ths Soiieh Australim Gazetteer. 179
FAJUk A (Plmdera distriet) is the name of a tract of grassj country lying about
30 miles to the N. of Streaky bay, and discOYered by Mr. Hack in J 857. There are,
however, only a few waterholes lying in the granite rock, and a few low granite hills
command a cheerless yiew of the surrounding country, which is yery scrubby.
VAJUbA, hill, 22<' 50" S. lat., 134'' 45' E. long. {Flinders district,) is an elevation
in the pastoral country lying to the £. of Stieaky bay, and about 30 miles distant from
that bay. It lies in a scrubby country, with here and there a granite hill projecting.
There is a good belt of grassy country, in bold downs, containing about 100 square
anles, lying about 15 miles N. of this hill. This was the first camp formed by Hack in
* '657, on his ezplovation journey from Streaky bay to the head of Spencer's gulf, and
fKHn this {dace he started tor the Gawler range, which he could see to the N.
PABXA RUN {W. district;) leases, Nos. 611, 779, 821, and 1098; occupiers,
L indsay and Gibson ; respective areas of leases, 14, 12, 17, and 20 square, miles. This
run lies at Parla hill, to the N. of Yenus bay, the next post c^ce.
PAMA £. RITS {W,digtria;) lease, No. 1110; occu^er, J. Hiem; area, 26
squaie mUes ; rent, £13 per annum. Next post town, Flinders (Streaky bay.)
PA&^A tf.BJJNiW. district;) leases, Nos. 816 and 926; occupier, J, Forster.
Tliis run is also known as Gh^dada and PoUitia — which see.
PA&ZiA N. RON, No. 2 {W, district;) lease. No. 976; occupier, A. Schlinke;
area, 64 square miles. Next post town. Flinders (Streaky bay.)
FA&ZiA N. IMJN, No. 3 (jW. district;) leafle. No. 927 ; occupier, J. Thompson ;
area, 36 square miles; rental, £IS per annum. Next post town, Flinders (Streaky bay.)
PAMA W. RUN ( W. district;) Je^/je, No. 780 ; occupier, A. Tennant ; area, 59
square miles ; rental, £29 10s. per annum. Next post town. Flinders (Streaky bay.)
PamiffAROO BUN (N.E.dda^nct;) lease8,Nos. 373, 397,303, 305, 304, 413, 434,
400, 414, and 610; occupiers, Levi and Williams; respective areas of leases, 26, 25,
10, 10, 12, 26, 15, 35, 23, and 22 square miles. This run lies in the Eastern plains,
ihe next post town being Kooringa, to the W, There is an aboriginal station on this
nin.
PA&NKA RUN (S.E, district;) lease. No. 226; occupiers, Rankine and Walker;
area, 7 square miles; grazing capacity, 700 sheep, or 100 per square mile; Croyder's
yaluation, £15 per annum, deducting improvements valued at £100. This run lies
between the Goorong lake and the sea coast, S.W. of Magrath's flat, about 40 miles
^.S. W. of Wellington, and 100 miles by road from Adelaide.
PAB&AITA (or Fibara) STATION iTorhe'speninsida;) lease, 232; occupiers,
(Bowman and Farnell ; area, 27 square miles. The grazing capability of this station,
with that of the Tickara station and Winter run, is 4000 sheep and 20 head of cattle.
Parrana station Ues to the S. of Glinton, 23 miles S.£. of Moonta. the next post town.
PAJUEtOT HILL (Co. Light) is a peak in the main range, lying in Uie hundred
of Moorooroo, about 6 miles E. of Angaston.
PAJUEtT, MOUNT {N. district^) is a peak in a W. spur of {the main range, lying
to the N. of mount Scott, and about 30 miles W.N. W. of Angipena.
PAl^TAQ^HA RUN (N. district;) lease, No. 587; occupier, H. M'GonviUe;
area, 28 square miles; rental, £14 per annum. This run lies to the W. of mount Scott,
tbe next post office being Angipena, to the E: about 30 miles*
PARTAWARTA HILL (Flinders district N,) is a rugged lofty peak, lying
10 miles N. of the township of JBlinman. It is composed of hard siliceous rocl^
dipping N.W.
PA&TBIBQE, MOUNT {Minders district,) is a peak of the Gawler ranges^
lying to the S.E. of lake Gairdner, and named by Hack in 1857.
PAaT&IBOE, MOUNT, STATION {N. district;) lease, No. 566, is part of the
Oomberatana run— which see.
PASXiEY'S PONDS {Flinders district) is a chain of ponds, lying on the W. side
of the S. part of lake Eyre, and 10 miles W. from mount Hamilton.
PASSMOXtE RIVER (N. district) is a fine stream, rising near Wilpena, and
flowing through the Wilpena pound in an E. direction through the fine pastoral
country known as the Eastern plains, where it is lost in the scrub.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
180 The ^ouih Australian Gazetteer. [Pat — Pek
— ^ ~~~ : • "
p ATAGHILN A CREEK (N, district) is a stream rising by three heads, the N.
one in Patawarta hill, and the others to the S. of Blinman. These unite to the S. of
mount Samuel, and flow in a W. direction across the main North road into the W.
plains.
PATAWA&TA HILL (or Mount Ruoobd,) 30'' 59" S. lat., ISB,"" 45' E. long.,
is a bold, dark rocky peak in the main range; and near the main road from Blinman to
the N. There is a mineral claim (No. 1654) on the slope of this hill, which claim
contains several lodes, having backs of ironstone protruding above the surface, and
showing a good deal of copper and yellow ore. Copper is found scattered in many
places over the section, and the lodes are traceable over 2 hills and a gully for a distance
of nearly a mile. Some very good specimens of ore have been found, and bismuth of
a high percentage has also been discovered. There is a fine natural pound between
the hills at this place, into which cattle may be driven, and the entrance closed by a
fence, the mountain sides being so steep that they cannot climb them. This hill is
about 500 feet higher ^an the general level of the range, and consists of reddish and
yellow rugged rocks, covered with scrub. There are 2 small caves in it, and the peak
is visible from mount Remarkable, 170 miles S.
FATAWAJITA RUN (N, district;) leases, Nos. 489, 368, 359, and 437;
occupier, the hon. J. Baker; respective areas of leltes, 80, 61, 10, and 84 squard
miles. TMs run lies round Patawarta hill, a few miles to the N. of Blinman — the next
post town.
PATSY'S SPRINGS (N. district) is the name given to a spring of fresh water
lying to the N. of mount Scott.
PATNEHAM (Co, Adelaide) is a small postal agricultural village Ijdng about
31 miles distant N.E. from the city of Adelaide, in the midst of an agricultural district
taken up by small farmers engaged in the culture of wheat and hay, principally the
latter. There is a post office in the village for the convenience of the neighbouring
locality. The resident magistrates are E. C. Gwynne, A. Hallett, and H. Mildred,
Esqs. There is a public pound in the neighbourhood. His Honour Mr. Justice
Gwynne has a fine vineyard, orchard, garden and pinery at Glynde, near this village.
PATNEHAM {Co. Adelaide} is a district council on the electoral district of
East Torrens. It is under the control of a chairman — the present one being
M. G. Hill of Campbelltown, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this
district council for 1865 were as follow:— Assessment, £17,363— rate, 6d. in the pound;
rates collected, £427 7s 9d; total receipts, £946 2s. 4d.; office expenses and salaries,
£101 Os. 9d.; expended on public works, £831 18s. 2d. The population numbers
2749 persons. The area is 13 square miles, or 8320 acres; land under cultivation,
4225 acres; and number of dwelling-houses, 539.
PEAGHORABi STATION (Co, -S^ur^ is an out-station occupied by the hon.
John Morphett (manager. H. Harslet t,) lying on the Murray river, in the hundred of
Brinkley, 13 miles N. of Wellington, and 3 S. of Swanport. See Wood's Point
Station.
PEAKED HILL STATION (N, district;) lease, No. 610; occupiers, Levi and
Williams; area, 22 square miles. This run lies to the N.of Black rock, the next
poftt town being port Augusta to the W.
PEARGE POINT (Yorke's peninsula) is the S- point of Wardong island —
which see.
PEARSON ISLANDS, between 33° 57' and 34° S. lat., 134° 13' E. long., is the
name given to a cluster of 6 small granite islands forming part of the Investigator
group. The N. island is a remarkably abrupt peak, rising 655 feet firom the sea. The
other islands are also abrupt, but not so high.
PEBXiER'S CREEK {Oo. Adelaide) is a small creek crossing the main S. road,
about 2i miles from Noarlunga.
PEEBAXiZXiXiA HILL {Co. ffindmarsh) is an elevation and survey point, lying
on th/B E. bank of theHmdmarsh river, about 6 miles N.W. of Port Elliott.
CREEK {Flinders district) is a creek flowing in the W. part of the
E. phuns pastoral district, 12 miles N.W. of Black rock.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Pbk — ^Prn] The SotUh Australian Gazetteer, 181
LRUN(i\r.di8eWc«;)lea8e,No.80; occupier, Price Maurice; area, 320 square
miles; grazing capability, 43, 200 sheep; old rent and assessment, £520; Goyder's yalua-
tton, X2000 per annum, deducting improvements valued at ;C5968. The head station of
Mr.Frice Maurice is on this run, and on thisand the Appila,Boolooroo,WaUowa7,Mucra.
Tolubra, Wepowie, and Tarcowie stations, in the vicinity, but held under different
leases, there were at the time of valuation 50,000 sheep, 130 head of cattle and 70 horses.
This run is tolerably well grassed, with ferns, bushes and a little saltbush, and spinifez
hills and plains with oak, wattle and mallee. It lies 55 miles E. by S. of port Augusta,
and 170 miles N. of Adelaide, and is watered by numerous springs, waterholes and
wells. This run also includes leases, Nos. 311, 245, 268, 383 and 448, having respective
areas of 85, 42, 11, 85 and 128 square miles.
FEUCAN LAGOON (Kangaroo UUmd) is a large salt lake or arm of the sea,
running inland in a S. direction from the head of the deep bight on the N.E. coast, known
as Newland bay. The entrance to the lagoon from the bay is a narrow channel, about
3 miles in depth and 8 feet deep, where the main body of water spreads out in a large
sheet to the E., with a deep arm to the S. The tides are irregular and rapid. The
lagoon is shallow and overgrown in manyf)laces with dense reeds, which afford breeding
places to immense flocks of aquatic birds. It is separated on the S. side by a narroyr
neck of sandy land, little more than halfa-mile in width in one place, and called Flinders
isthmus. Fresh water is obtainable near the W. side of the entrance.
FEIiZCAN POINT, native name Tubullco {Go, Jtussdl,) is the name of the N.
point of the opening of the Ck>orong lake into lake Alexandrina. The land at this point
is swampy and covered with reeds.
FEXiOaUS ROCK, 36*" 6' 20" S. lat., 137** 35' 50" E. long. (Kangaroo i8land,)UA
rock lying 3 miles S.E. i E. from cape Gantheaume, standing between 30 and 40 feet
above the surface, and having a reef extending to the eastward about half -a-mile. The
channel between the coast and the Pelorus rock is quite safe, having about 24 fathoms
in its centrel
PENFZSXiB (Co. Adelaide) is a postal township in the electoral district of Yatala,
hundred of MunnoPara, and under the control of the district council of Munno ParaW.
It lies about *the middle of the Gawler plains, about 7 miles S. of the Gawler river,
and 5. N. of the Para. The district is an agricultural one, grain of various kinds being
grown by the farmers, who also graze a few sheep in the neighbourhood. The nearest
places are Salisbury, 6 miles S.E.; and Virginia, 4 miles distant. The communication
is by Rounseveirs daily mail coach; and with Adelaide, 18j miles S., by that coach to
Salisbury, and thence by train. Penfield has a post office, a large wheat store, and the
regular tradesmen's shops, a literary institute and library, and 1 hotel — the Plough and
Harrow. The surrounding country consists of an extensive plain, bounded by the sea
to the S. and W., and by the range of hills extending from Adelaide to Gawler on the
£. and N.E. A considerable quantity of the plain is under cultivation, much of the
low timber by which it was formerly covered being now cleared. The population
numbers about 50 persons.
FENOUm ISLAND (Co. Qrey). is a small rocky islet lying off" the S.E. coast
near cape Jaffa.
FENOLAf 37 25' S. lat., UO"* 55' E. long. (Co. Grey,) is a township in the
hundred of Penola, and in the electoral district of Victoria. It is 286 miles from
Adelaide, and 299 miles from Melbourne, the junction of the main line of roads from
Melbourne to Adelaide and Port Macdonnell to Adelaide being here. The district is
pastoral, the stock being chiefly sheep. The nearest places are Gambierton, 32 miles
S.; Narracoorte, 31 miles N.; and Robe, 70 miles W. Coaches leave for Adelaide,
Narracoorte, and mount Gambler twice a- week, and for Melbourne three times a- week.
The hotels are the Royal Oak and the Prince of Wales. The coach and parcel
carrying offices are Cobb and Co.'s for any part of Victoria, and Rounsevell's for
SouUi Australia. The surrounding country is flat, well-grassed land, with numerous
swamps. The population numbers about 500 persons. Penola has a local court,
police station, telegraph, post, and money order offices, an aboriginal station, a Foresters'
court, a public pound, a National school, a branch of the National bank, and an
excellent mechanics' institute. There are 2 churches— the Presbyterian and the
Catholic The resident magistrates are J. M. Carter, E. Kirby, G. Riddoch, G. B. Scott,
and J. A. and H. E. Wells, Esqs. A ridge of limestone, with light red soil, formed by
the decomposition of the outcropping limestones, commences near Penola, and runs in
Digitized by V^OOQIC
182 • The South Australian Owsetteer. [Pen— Pbb
a N. direction for more than 60 miles, sloping down to liie W. all the way into open,
marshy country, sparingly timbered with sheoak, honeysuckle, red gum, and wattles
With regard to the swampy country lying round Fen(^, and the means for its drainage^
see Dismal Swamp.
PENOLA (Co. Chrey) is one of the N. hundreds of the county, lying in the N.£}*
and containing a considerable quantity of sold land. I'he township of Pekibla liet in
this hundred.
{Co, Light) is the name of a smiJl hamlet lying 1 mile distant frota.
the township of Angaston. It has a chapel and a steam flour mill. The population is'
small, and engaged principally in farming.
PEHTOH YALE RUN ( Yorkers peninsula;) lease, No. 84; occupiers, Anstey
and Giles; area, 107 square miles; grazing capability, 21,000 sheep, or 196 per square
mile; Goyder's valuation, £1182 16s. per annum, deducting improvements valued at
£1916. This run is watered from wells and springs, and lies near Wool bay, 56 miles
W.S.W. of port Adelaide by sea, and 160 miles overland, via port Wakefield, from
Adelaide. On this and Gum flat runs are 44,^100 sheep 350 head of cattle, and 330
horses.
PEXir WOB.tr AM [Co. Stanley) is a small village situated on a flat, surrounded
by hills. Skilligalee creek runs through it. Mount Horrocks is about \\ mile E., and
mount Ogden, \^ mile W. It is 6 miles S. of Clare, and 3 N. of Watervale, and has
a flour mill in Aill work (Roach's.) It has a church of England, Wesleyan chapel, a
store, and public-house^the Derby Arms. There is also a post office. The district
is both agricultural and pastoral, wheat being grown, and cattle depastured. There
are large deposits of iron ore in the hills W. of Penwortham, and copper, but not in
sufficient quantities to pay for the working. The ne^,re8t places are Clare, 6 miles W.;
Watervale, 3 miles S. ; and Mintaro, 5 miles W.; the communication being by Rounstei
veil's daily mail coach. With Adelaide, 87 miles S., the communiciktSon is by Rounse^
veil's mail coach to Kapunda, and the railway thence to Adelaide. The hotel is the*
Derby Arms (Freeman's.) The main road is under the supervision of the central
road board; but Penworthan^ is under the control of the district council of Clare, as
far as the by-roads, &c., are coilcerned. It is in the district of Clare, anfl county and
electoral district of Stanley. The surrounding country is very hilly, aAd the formaitioii
sandstone and slate. The village of Penwortham has about 100 inbabUants; but the
surrounding district is thickly populated for a farming district. There is a public
pound in the village. •
PEltrORATZB ISLE (^Go, Flinders,) See WmDBEY Islands.
PEUOUNBI LAKE {Flinders district) is a salt lagoon, lying about 60 miles N.
of lake Hope, in a sandy and stony plain, with sand-hills and patches of rank vegetation.
PISBl, PORT (Co. Victoria f) is a shipping port for wool, &c., fying to the S. of
port Germain, on the E. coast of Spencer's gulf. A shipping place and store has been
erected at the port, where cargo can be landed and loaded at high water.
PE&KZNBOO, 35| 23' S. lat., 139 30' E. long. (C7o. Russdl,) is a camping ^ace
on the main road from Wellington to Border town. There is a well at this place
known as the Twelve-mile well, from its being 12 miles distant S.E. of Wellington.
PBRLUBIE (Flinders district PT.) is a prominent white sand-hill, lying on th)e
E. side of the head of the bight of Streaky bay. Fresh water may had of excellent
q^dality and in abundance in the hollows of this hill, but care must be taken in clearing
out the wells not to penetrate the clayey substratum whicb holds the water.
PEBXUBZE STATION, (Port Lincoln district;) lease, No. 1090. See Kirkala
Bun.
FEBJT ATTT LAGOON (Flinders district N.) is a large swampy salt lake lying
to the W. of the S. part of lake Torrens. It is fed on its E. side by a small ueeh
cfeek flowing froai Bonney's bluff", and known as the Pematty creek. This creek and
lagoon, and also a fine fresh waterhole, called by the natives Pernatty, were f&aud by
Swinden in 1853.
PSllMfUNNA RUN, [N. district;) leases, Nos. 403, 442, and 475; occupier, hou,
X. Baker; respective areas of leases, 81, 87, and 32 square miles. The next post oMce
WAn^pena^ ^
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Pb»-^PuJ The^ South 4wftiralian Q<mtteer. 183
ggTAWHKINA FALL, or Moonshine Watbb, {Flinders district N.) is a
remarkable waterfall, falling over the side of a range of rocks on section 1685, at
Tndanamutana. This range is 200 feet high from the golly, and about half-way up is
a mass of overhanging rocks which causes the water to fall in a cloud of spray into a
yodt 35 fleet in diMoeter, and 4 feet deep.
VSTAMORA SPRING {FUndera dis^ia N.) is a spring of good water impreg-
nated with soda, and having a peculiar smell, going off however after the water has
been exposed some time to* the^ fresh air, and not srising from any deleterious quality
in the water. This spring bubbles up with a force to a height of several inches above
the surface. Tim*ber is scarce in the neighbourhood which lies to the N. of the Freeling
range, and about 400 miles N. of Adelaide.
^ VCTOUbinWO BUN (TT. district;) lease, No. 1145; oceupier, G. Hawson;
area. 24 square miles; rent, £12 per annum. This run lies on the Gawler ranges, in
the postal district of port Lincoln.
FETSa POINT, 32** 12' 40" S. lat., 133** 27' 10" E. long., is the name given to
the W. head of Denial Bay. It is a rocky peninsula, running out from the mainland
in an £. direction, and is of moderate elevation, although on either side the land
retreats with sandy beaches. The N. bight of this peninsula forms a small but safe
harbour known as Tourville bay, which offers secure anchorage and facilities for landing
even on the open beach.
FETSa'S HILL {Co. Light) is the highest peak of the Belvidere range of
mountains, and lies about 4 miles W. of the township of Hamilton. The surrounding
-country \b partly taken up by formers. A small copper mine, the Belvidere, closed for
some y«ars past, was formerly worked at the N. end of this hill.
VETEa'S HILL, 29*" 30^ S. lat., 136'' 4€/ E. long. (FHnders district,) is a hiU
lying in the pastoral country, to the S.W. of lake Eyre.
FXTHEaTON- S* iOo. Adelaide) is the name of an agricultural village lying 3^
miles 87^ mount Pleasant. It has one hotel — the District hotel; 'and a small farming
population.
FSTWJL RUN (W. district;) leases, Nos. 937, 936, 1093, 1047, 800, and 801;
occupier, Henry C. Hawson; total area, 138 square miles; grazing capability, 7000
sheep. The nases have respective areas of 41, 12, 13, 17, 37, and 18 square miles.
This run lies 30 miles N.E. of Flinders, the nearest post town on the E. side of Streaky
bay, Blancheport being the shipping port.
FEWftET VALE {Co, Adelaide) is a small village near Tanunda, the land being
taken up by small farmers and vignerons. At this place is a vineyard, the property of
J. Gilbert, Esq. It is situated on the eminence of one of the smallest of a long line of
hills lying to the S. of the Barossa range, the view on all sides bemg enclosed by hills,
some of which are 1400 to 1600 feet above the level of the sea. The vineyard lies
round the residence, and bears Verdeilho, Gouais and Beisling for white wines, and
Shiraz and Carbonet for red. There are also Malaga, Muscatel, Chasselas musque,
black Lombardy, white Malvaria, and black MAocco or Black prince. There are
excellent wine cellars on the property, the lower part being used for the storage of, and
the upper for manufacturing wine. On this property is also an extensive range of
stables, where Mr. Gilbert keeps his blood stock, comprising some of the best in the
colony. A small creek flows through the estate into the Para river, and a small church
(St. Thomases) has been erected by Mr. Gilbert for the neighbouring inhabitants, in
which the clergyman of Lyndoch valley ofllciates each altemate SabbiUh.
FHZIiE'9 HILL {Co. ffindmarsh) is a peak of an E. spur of the main range lyhig
about 4 miles N.E. of Macclesfield.
FSSLIFSTOWN (Co. Adelaide) is a small agrieultural township lying about
half-a-mile N.E. of Chain of Ponds, the nearest post office. It has a fine spring fiowing
through it all the year round, the stream being imbedded in water cresses, which grow
aU the year round. The neighbourhood is celebrated for its vineyards and firuit gardens.
It has one hotel — the Morning Star*" and a store, and a population of about 100 persons,
5ci^ 18 dwelling-houses. The formation iso ferruginous sandstone and quartz.
FIAFEO BUN {N.F. district;) leases, Nos. 86 (part o^) 386 (part of,) 1054,
aftd 1086; occupier, J« Chambers; respective areas, 72, 22, 16, and 2\ square mUes.
TUt run lies near the £* boundary of the colony, the nearest post office being Orer-
]AadoDme&
Digitized by VjOOQIC
184 The 8(mth AustraUan (jhaetteer, [Pio — Ple
PZGRI-&ZGHZ PASS {Go. Frome) is the name of an opening in the ranges on
the N. road from Stirling and port Augusta. The Saltia creek flows through the past^
and the township of Saltia is situated at its entrance.
PZEB.OE POINT STATION ( Torke's peninsula.) See Yobk Valley Station.
FIZiXiAWOaTA RUN (IF. district;) lease, No. 104; occupier, W. Borthwick;
area, 15 square miles ; grazing capability, 2400 sheep, or 160 per square mUe; Gojder'a
yaluation, £130 per annum, deducting improvements yalued at £50. This run lies 22
miles N. bj E. of port Lincoln, 10 miles E. by N. of Tumby bay, where the wool l»
shipped, 380 miles overland, and 200 miles by sea from Adelaide.
PniiZ&OO STATION ( W. district) See Ulibbib Run.
>ZLTZirZBT STATION (por^ZtncolfK^MtrtW;) lease, No. U29. See Eibkala Run. ^
PZNBUTA RUNCfT. district;) leases, Nos. 1160 and 1161; occupier, J. London;
area, 300 square miles; rental, £140 per annum.
PmBA RUN (Co. Frome;) lease. No. 122; occupiers, Grant and Stokes; area, 29
square miles; grazing capability, 4600 sheep, or 104 per square mile; Goyder's valua-
tion, £288 per annum, deducting improvements valued at £300. This run lies 15 miles
N. of Melrose, 30 miles by road E. by S. of mount Remarkable, and 180 miles N. of
Adelaide. On this and on the Coonattoo, Yanyary, and other runs held by the same
lessees are 90,000 sheep, 150 horses,* and 150 head of cattle.
FUTBILPENA mine {Flinders district) lies near the Paralana station, and
consists of ironstone rocks impregnated with green carbonate and grey ore, tie lode
running E. and W. for about 80 yards. The geological formation of the ground is
singular — ironstone, granite, greenstone, disintegrated quartz, felspar, limestone,
micaceous schist, and quartz crystals being all found in the locality, and within a short
distance. This mine is not being worked at present.
FINE CREEK {Co. Bttrra) is a small stream flowing in the pastoral country to
the S.E. of Mount Bryant.
PINE CREEK (Go. Light) is the name of a small creek flowing through
agricultural country, in the hundred of Saddleworth, into the Wakefield nfer.
Also a small creek rising in the main range in the hundred of Juda creek, and
flowing S. into the Light river.
PINE HUT CREEK {Co. Eyre) is a small creek flowing 10 miles E. of the
township of Keyneton. The Wheal Alfred copper mine is situated on this creek.
PINXEETON'S FLAT {Co. Oawler) is a fertile plain lying about the middle of
the county of Crawler. Part of this flat is under cultivation.
PINNAROO RUN (5JE. district;) occupier, W. Hack; area, 20 square miles;
grazing capability, 500 head of cattle. This run lies 78 miles N. of Border town
(Tattiara country,) 80 miles W. of Wellington, and 95 miles N.E. of Magrath's flat.
PINTRAPUT RUN (If. district;) leases, Nos. 1079 and 1080; occupiers,
Hosking and Bryant; area, 26 square miles; rental, £13 per annum. This run
lies E. by N, of mount Southam, the nearest post towns being at Venus and
Streaky iMiys.
PIPEGLAT LAKES (Co. Macdonnelt) is the name given to some swampy lagoons
lying on a bed of whitish clay, whence the name. These lagoons are situated near
the coast.
PTRARA STATION {Yorkers peninsula.) See Parbana Statioi^ .
PLANTAGhENETy MOUNT (N. district,) is a peak in the main range, lying'
at the head of the Kanyaka creek, and to the E. of Watts's sugar loaf. The Wirrawilka
mine lies to the N., and the Kirwan to the S.
PLATFAIE, MOUNT {N. district,) is a peak lying on the border of the
West plains, to the N. of mount Parry, and S.W. of the Frome river.*
PIiEASANTy MOUNT (Co. Adelaide,) is a postal township in the hundred of
Talunga, electoral district of Gumeracka, and is under the control of a district couneU.
It is situated on the E. source of the Torrens river, Cudlee creek falling into the
Torrens near the township. Elagstafi* hill is 2} miles N.E., and the mount Pleasast
range, which divides the hundreds of Talunga and Barossa, is 1^ miles to the N.N. W.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
p
Ple — Pob] The South AvstraUan Oaaetteer. 185
The district is an agricultural one, the chief product being whe&t. There are also
sereral sheep runs in the neighbourhood, the principal of which are Baker's, Melrose's,
and Murray's. There is also a copper mine— the Kanappa, lying 14 miles distant.
The nearest places to mount Pleasant township are S. Petherton, 3| miles S., on a
district road; and Spring town, 5 miles N.E. on the main line of road to Angaston.
There is no regular communication with S. Petherton, and only by carriers' waggons
to Spring town. With Adelaide, 35 miles S.W., the communication is by Bounseveli's
daily miUl coach, and passenger 'bus, and by carriers' waggons, 2 four-horse teams
plying regularly for the conveyance of goods. Mount Pleasant has a post and money
order office, a telegraph station, a mechanics' institute, an Oddfellows' lodge, and a
Foresters' court, a public pound, a steam flour mill (Giles',) and English, Presbyterian,
and Wesleyan places of worship ; also a school, and 2 hotels— the Talunga and the
Totness. There is a racecourse and agricultural show ground, where races, and a
ploughing match and agricultural exhibition are held annually. There are branches of
the South Australian bank and the Adelaide assurance and guarantee company. The
resident magistrates are G. Melrose and J. Bennett, Esqs. The surrounding country
is elevated and mountainous. The population numbers about 1000 persons.
PLEASANT, MOUNT, RANGE {Co. Adelaide) is the name of an E. spur of the
Flinders or main range, dividing the districts of Talunga and Barossa, and lying 1^
miles N.N.W. of mount Pleasant.
PLTflflEFTON ((7o. Adelaide) is a small postal agricultural village, lying about
8i miles distant, S.W. from the city .of Adelaide, in the midst of an agricultural
district taken up by small farmers engaged in the culture of wheat and hay, principally
the latter. There is a post office in the village for the convenience of the neighbouring
locality. There is also a public pound in the neighbourhood. The population is small
and scattered.
POINT PIERCE {Torhe'spmi'Mvla.) See Pibkcb Point.
POLUTIA STATION {W, district;) occupier, J. Forster; is a part of the
Chandada run, and lies 28 miles from the head station Chandada — which see.
POMONBA POINT {Cos. Sturt and Buasell) is a point into the N.E. end of lake
Alezandrina, and forming the W. head of the entrance of the Murray river into that
lake. It is a small peninsula running out boldly into the lake in a S. direction, and
having a hill at its extremity, with a swampy lagoon lying behind it.
PONA&A> or Mount Granitb {Flinders district,) is an elevation lying on a well-
grassed plain, and lying about 50 miles N. of Parla. About 6 miles further is a good
wateAole, known by the aboriginals as W^aroona, where water can be had all the year
round by scraping in the sand. From this place Eoondoollea spring Hes 8 miles,
Talbinda 16 miles, Eoorahkilda 8 miles, Tanna 10 miles, and Wanea 30 miles, all
through indifTerent saltbush and scrub country, known only to the aboriginals, and
leading to a large salt lake. This country was discovered and tracked by Mr. Hack,
in 1857.
POOBNON RUN (Port Lincoln district,) See Manoalow Run.
POOLE'S POND (Flinders district.) See Coobakatus-thowbnb Ljlkb.
PO&GUPZNE HILL (Flinders district) is a peak in the low scrubby ranges
lying to the N.E. of mount Bryan and of the county Burra. The surrounding country
is covered with mallee scrub, and is the N. part of the great Murray belt of scrub.
PORT ADELAIDE (Co, Adelaide,) See Adblaidb Pobt.
PO&T AUGUSTA. See Augusta Port.
PO&T CAROLINE {Co. MacdonneU.) See Cabounb Pobt.
PORT ELLIOTT {Co. Hindma/rsh.) See Elliott Port.
PO&TE&'S HILL, 29° 58' S. lat., 137" 25' E. long. (Flinders district,) is a low
hill lying in the desert country to the N. of lake Torrens..
PORT GAWLER (Co. Cfawler,) See Gawlbb Port.
PORTXiANB ESTATE {Co. AdeUide) is the name of a small hamlet adjoining
port Adelaide on its S.E. side, and having one hotel, a public pound, an Oddfellows*
k>dge, and a Foresters' court. There is a post office in this district for the convenience
«f the residents, who are principally farmers, engaged in the cultivation of hay. The
^strict lies to the N. of Port Adelaide, the cemmunication being by means of horse
OT dray.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
180 Tka Smith AuMtnxUtm Qaaetteer. [Pob--Pbo<
ESTATB (Oo, AMaide) k a district ooonoil in the elo^ral
district of port Adelaide. It it under the control of a chairman, the present one being
Mr. J. Rann, and 4 oonncillors. The receipts and expenditure in the district council
for 1865 were as fc^owt-^Aseessment, £3141 lOs.— rate, Is^ in the pound; rates col-
lected, A158 17s.; total receipts, ^426 8s. 8d.; office expenses and salaries, £54 8s» 9d.;
expended on public works, £367 16s. 8d. The population numbers 654 persons. The
area is 199 aores, an4 the number of dwelling-houses 152«
FO&T LINCOLN (Co. Flinders.) See Lirooln Port.
FOaT LINCOLN, or Etbb's Crossing, 32' SCK S. lat., 137° 40' E. long. {Fti/nden
district,) is a crossing place over the salt swamps, lying at the head of Spencer's gulf, a
few miles to the N. W. of port Augusta. This crossing was found by Eyre in 1839.
FOXT LINCOLN MINE- {W, district,) is a copper mine lying 3 miles N.E. of the
mount Lirerpool mine, now the property of Messrs^ Levi and Beck. It is not at present
working. S«e Mount Liyerpool Mins.
FOanrST island [Spencer's gulf,) See Sir J. Banks's Group.
FOaT VICTOR ((7o. Hindmarsh.) See Victor, Port.
FBJLaEI«L All A STATION ( W. district;) occuiners, Heal^ and Woddridge. See
Wallianippib Station.
FRE AMIUMA MINE (Co.Sturt) is a copper mine situated 29 miles E.S.E. of
Adelaide, and lying about 6 miles N.E. of Callington, on a hill near the Murray scrub.
This mine was opened 1854, some good ore being raised, chiefly carbonates; after a
time the lode was lost, and the mine abandoned. It was, howeyer, reopened about
4 years since. Grey and black ore, and also muriates of copper are found in this mine^
The mine is, however, not regularly worked.
FanUlOSE HILL AND SPRINGS, 28'' 5' S. lat., 136'' 20" E. long. (Flinder
distridy) is a sand hill lying on the W. of lake Eyre, between the Davenport and Neales
rivers, and near mount Charles. Upon the summit of this hill are several hot springs,
and on its £. side some colder ones covered with reeds. This hill and the springs upon
it were found by Stuart in 1859.
FHXNCESS ROYAL MINE {Go. Burra) is a copper mine, now not woriced,
lying in a special survey to the S.E. of the Burra mine, and opened about the same
time as that mine. It was worked with considerable success for a time, and a great
quantity of rich ore was raised and shipped to England^ the average percentage of
copper being above 27. A large parcel made over 29 per cent. The workings were
carried on until the year 1851, when the water was cut at about the 30-fathom ^vel,
and the capital of the company being all expended, as well as the proceeds of the ore,
— in machinery, buildings, wages, &c. &c., the shareholders lost heart and determined
on abandoning the mine. The land was subsequently sold, and enclosed for a sheep
run, the price paid being £9000 fbr 10,000 acres. The total proceeds of the ore raised
were above £7000, and the mine ultimately paid a dividend of about 13s. in the pound
on the original cost and outlay. The shades, however, at one time rose to above £200
each. It is not at all unlikely that if a company were to recommence working this
mine in a legitimate way, and with the determination to sink £20,000 or £30,000 at
the outset and look for no return beyond what would pay for the labour employed for
12 months, the mine might yet prove to be one of great value. Its comparative proximity
to a shipping port is greatly in its favour.
FBINGETOWN {Co, Burra) is a small village on the Burra mines lying to the
S.W. of Eooringa. It is principally a place of residence for the miners employ cS e& the
HILL, 30^ 50' S. lat., 139° 20' E. long. (FUndtre district,) is a lof^ and
isolated peak and survey point, lying between the main range and the W. shore of lake
Blanche, and to the S. of the* Big John creek. The Mooroo copper mine is situated
about 8 miles W. of this hill, and copper has been found on its S. slopes. It is a
prominent landmark in the pastoral district known as the East^n plains, m which it is
situated. Sandstone, shales, slates and caleureous rock.
F&OITY CAPE {Kanga/roo island) is a prominent headland on the N. coast o f
the Island.
FaOSFEGT HILL {Kangaroo island) is the name of a hill lying at the W. eai
or narrowest part of Flinders isthmus, and on the N. shore of Pennington bay.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Pro — Rad] The Setah AustraUan QazeU^er. 187
PROSPECT TILLAGB (fio, Adelaide) » a small subinrb of K. Adelaide, lying
to the N.of that place, and separated from it by the Park lands. There are numerous
suburban residences of gentlemen haying business in town in the yillage. The com-
munication with Adelaide, about a mile distant, is by the Walkerrille 'bus several
times in the day, or by car from the N. Adelaide stand. The Tillage lies on a high
plateau of limestone and dolomite, covered with tolerably good soil, which produces
excellent grapes. The population numbers about 150 persons, mostly gardeners and
labourers employed in lime-burning, which is carried on to a considerable extent in the
ne^hbouiliood.
Pt^ALOO RUN (J^.E, district;) leases. Nog. 472, 518, and 577; occupier, G. Hiles;
respective areas of leases, 12, 30, and 60 square miles. This run lies to the If. ^
mount Bryant, the next post town being Eooringa.
PtfZiUSH POINT {Oo.Hindmarsh) is the eiA of the low sand-hills (Sir
Richard's Peninsula,) forming the W. side of the sea mouth ot the Murray. On its
highest part, in 35'' 34' S. Ut., 138^ 57' 15'' E. long., is a flagstaff, whence the tidal
and other signals are made.
PUXiLEN'S island {Co, Smdmarsh) is a small rocky islet lying off the point
known as Freeman's Not, at the S. extremity of port £Iliott. It lies about a quarter
of a mile from the land.
PUUPANGE, or Crishwa Lake, 27'' 37' S. lat., ISQ'' 30' E. long. (Flinders
district,) is a small waterhole lying to the S. of lake Buchanan, in the grassy plain in
which M^Einlay camped before starting to cross the continent.
PVNGRBOW& (Co. Orey) is a crater in the extinct volcano of mount Gambier,
lying on the S. iside of the mountain, and looking like a hollow scooped out by an
eruption in its side. It is very deep, and somewhat resembles a funnel in form, with
one side much lower than the Other. A sort of pitch-stone porphyry is common,
especially on the inner or lower side.
PUBJOZE ISLANDS are the north-westernmost of the islands forming Nuyt's
archipelago, and consist of one principal island somewhat elevated, 6 miles S.E. by £.
from point Bell, with a ledge of rocks, on which are some smaller islets extending
3 miles from it to the E.N.E. A small separate islet exists also 3 miles £., and
a smaller one, three-quarters of a mile off its S. end. They are probably joined to it
by sunken reefs. There is also a sunken rock, on which the sea does not always break,
lying between it and point Bell, 24 miles N.N.W. f W. from it.
QVliENSTOWN {Co. Adelaide) is a small agricultural settlement adjoining the
township of Alberton, of which it forms part. The population is a scattered one, and
engaged principally in the cultivaticm of wheat, hay, &c., which are grown in
considerable quantities in the neighbourhood. Clay, swamp, and sandy drift. This
place forms part of the district coundl of Alberton and Queenstown — which see.
QUEENSTOWN DISTRICT COUNCIL {fio. Adelaide.) See Alberton and
QUBBNSTOWN.
QUIN'S rock {Kangaroo island) is a rook (awash) 3 miles to the westward
of cape Gantheaume, and may be avoided by keeping the Pelorus rock off the cape,
bearing E. | S. until a sufficient distance is attained. A reef projects about 1 mile in
» S.S.E. direction from the cape; the sea generally breaks on its outer extremity.
ftABEIiAZSy CAPE {Co Bohe,) is a promontory on the S.E. coast, Ijdng at the
point of division between the counties of Robe and Grey.
&ADSTOCK, CAPE, 33° 1 1' 45" S. lat., 134° 15' 20" E. long., is one of the most
remarkable projections on the W. portion of the coast, and forms an unmistakable
guide for mariners bound either from the E. to Streaky bay, or standing in from
seaward towards Venus harbour. The cape is of wedgelike form, and, bein^ 348 feet
in height, may be distinguished for a considerable distance. The land to the N.W.
becomes gradually lower towards cape Blanche, and also to the E. towards Beard's bay.
Cape Radstock forms the N. and W. head of Anxious bay, and lies 12^ miles W. by N.
from point Weyland, the soundings between the two being generally about 35 fE^homs.
BABSTOGS, CAPE, (or Calca, or Baird's Bat) RUN, (IT. district;) leases,
Nos. 554, 795^ and 851; occupiers, W. J. and J. H. Browne; areas, respectively 85, 10,
End 46 square miles. This run lies to the W. of Venus bay, the next post office being
Parkin, at the head of that bay.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
188 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Rag — Rat
&AOXiESS RANGE (Flinders district) is an E. spar of the main range, running
in a N. and S. direction from about 32"" 10" to 33"" 3' S. lat., and Ids'" 50" E. long. It is
rugged and scrubby, and lies on the W. border of the Eastern plains, in good pastoral
countrj. Its principal peaks are Marchant's hill, Eke's bill, Black rock, and Black hill.
BAMBALLSEA (Co. Hindmarsh,) See Rapid Bat.
BAHDELIi {Co, Albert) is a hundred, lying on the E. bank of the Murray
rirer, above Blanchetown. It is taken up for pastoral purposes.
BAPIB BAY, 35"" 35' S. Ut., 138'' 16' E. long. (Co, ffmdmarsh;) also known as
Second valley, Finniss vale, and Biandallsea; is the name of a postal township in the
hundred of Tankalilla, electoral district of Encounter bay, and under the control of a
district council. It is situated on Rapid bay, a boat harbour on the S.E. side of the
gulf of St. Vincent, and on tYm Paramacoona creek, mount Rapid being W.S.W.,
distant 5 miles, and forming the bluff of the same name in the gulf. There are
numerous small creeks in the neighbourhood, with abundance of water. The district
is agricultural and pastoral, both sheep and cattle being grazed, and the soil bears
strong mineral traces. The Talisker silver lead mines are 10 miles S.W., and the
Whefl Coglin mine S.W. by W. 3 miles distant. The township of Normanville lies 8
miles N.E. by E., and Glenbum 5 miles S.W. by W., the communication being by
horse or dray, and the mails being carried on horseback. With Adelaide, 62 miles N.E.,
the communication is by horse or dray to Yankalilla, 12 miles N. (the next telegraph
station,) and thence by Rounsevell's daily mail coach. There is 1 hotel in the township—
the FinnisYale hotel Major's,) and 1 on the road to cape Jervis, 10 miles distant W.S.W.
There is also a post office, a store, and a steam flour mill (Leonard's.) The surrounding
country is elevated, and the ground bears evidences of lead and copper, a mine of
which was some years ago (1844) opened by Mr. W. A. Phillips. The lodes of lead
were close to the surface, and yielded 75 per cent, of lead and about 23 oz. of silver
per ton. The copper lodes were found cropping out on the surface, and showing also
in the face of the cliffs fronting the sea at a depth of about 500 feet from the summit.
The ores consisted of grey, yellow, and peacock ores. About 50 tons of silver lead
ores were raised, when the works, from some cause, were stopped. The ground is
hard, but the situation is unsurpassed for the facilities which it swords for dressing and
shipping away the ore. Some fine white marble is found in the neighbourhood. The
country is very pretty; but to the S., between Rapid bay and cape Jervis, a belt of
stringy bark forest intervenes, relieved towards the coast by beautiful and fertile
valleys, which are taken up for grazing purposes, and some of which are cultivated.
The geological formation of the district is of granite and limestone. There is a mag-
nificent spring of clear water in the township, which has a population of about 60
persons. Rapid bay has a public pound and a volunteer rifle corps. The resident
magistrate is W. Randeil, Esq., J.P. The geological formation consists of dark
earthy schists, with glistening surfaces, interstratified with bands of hard quartz
sandstone, and irregular beds of white and grey crystalline limestone, or coarse
saccharoid marble.
BAY {Co, Hindmarsh) is a district council in the electoral district of
Encounter bay. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr. F.
Ransford of cape Jervis, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district
council for 1865 were as follow: — Assessment, £5249 16s. 3d. — rate. Is. in the pound;
rates collected, JE257 Os. 9d.; total receipts, £628 14s.; office expenses and salaries,
£77 17s. 6d.; expended on public works, £508 12s. Ud. The population numbers 1119
persons, the area is 93 square miles, or 59,520 acres; land under cultivation, 4028 acres;
and number of dwelling-houses, 238.
BJLBTD, MOUNT, BLUFF {Co. Hindmarsh) is the bold W. extremity of mount
Rapid, which forms a prominent bluff on the E. coast of the gulf of St. Yincent.
^, MOUNT {Co. Hindmarsh,) is a lofty hill lying about half-a-mile from the
coast, and 1^ miles S. of Rapid bay.
RAT ISLAND (Co. Hindmarsh) is a small sandy island lying near the junction
of the lower Murray and Holmes Greek, and off the E. point of Hindmarsh island.
BAT, MOUNT (Torke's peninsula) is a hill lying on the W. side of Yorke's
peninsula, a little to the S. of port Yietoria, to the entrance of which it forms a land-
mark for navigators.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Eat — Red] The SotUh AustrdUan Qnzetteer, 189
P, MOUNT, RUN ( TwrTce^a peninnda,) See GumFlat Run.
RATZir DE CASOARS (Kangaroo island) is a remarkable gorge in the clifOs on
the W. coast of the island, lying about 3 miles S. of cape Borda.
BAWNSXiETS' BLUFF (iV. district) is a lofty peak in that part of the main
range known as the Wilpena range, and lying between Kanyaka on the S. and Blinman
on Uie N.
aAZO&BAGS, MOUNT (Co. Bwra,) is a peak of the range lying to the N. of
Koringa, and running into the E. plains. It lies to the S. of mount Bryant, and
attains an altitude of 2992 feet above the leyel of the sea. The geological formation
consists of blue, grey, and brown arenaceous slate and sandstone, dipping E. and W.
from 20° to vertiwd.
aSAPHOOS (iV. district) is an E. spur of the main range, lying in the pastoral
district of the Eastern plains, between the Balcoranna and Yudnapunda creeks.
&EAPHOOS RUN [N, district;) leases, Nos. 605 and 1138; occupier,
R. Beatson; areas, 120 and 110 square miles. This run lies to the N.W. of Rawnsley's
blufi, the post town being Eooringa to the S.
RED BANKS {Co, Gawler) is a recently surreyed township (laid out and sold
last year) lying 9 miles E. of the township of Two-wells, and 4 miles N.W. of
Mallala, to which place, however, there is no direct road. Seven public roads meet
at Redbanks, 'and the township contains a blacksmith's and wheelwright's shop, a
store, and 1 hotel — the Seven Stars. The population numbers about 30 persons.
RED LAKE (Flinders district) is a salt lagoon in the scrubby sandy plains lying
between lakes Torrens and Gairdner, and forming in wet seasons part of the Island
Is^oon — which see.
BEDRUTHy or Abebdbbn (Co, Burra,) is a small mining township in the elec-
toral district of the Burra and hundred of Eooringa. It adjoins the Burra mine, and
is situated on the E. side of the Burra creek. On the W. side of the creek is a small
township, named Aberdeen, but generally called Redruth. The two townships are
united by an excellent stone bridge, with 1 arch, span 60 feet, and are supplied with
excellent water from wells about 30 fe^t deep, sunk on the surrounding hills. Redruth
is chiefly inhabited by miners who work at the Burra mine, and by smelters and
labourers employed at the Eooringa smelting works. There is a mine, now not work- .
ing, called the Bon Accord, adjoining to the Burra mine, and although large sums have
been spent in sinking and driving, apparently in the direct line of ore at the Burra, no
copper has yet been found over the Burra boundary. Within a few yards of that
boundary some of the richest ore discovered at the Burra has been raised. But little
land has been ploughed, but in wet seasons good crops can be grown. In dry seasons
the crops are generally stunted. The chief pursuit in the country round it is the
rearing and depasturing of sheep, the dry nature of the soil and excellent grass affording
peculiar advantages for this occupation. Copper has been found all around the Burra
at various distances; but, although lodes are clearly defined, they have not had sufficient
ore to pay expenses. There is reason to believe that if a sufficient depth were sunk,
plenty of payable ore would be discovered. The names of the abandoned mines are
the Wheal Sarah, the River Broughton, both situated on the river Broughton; the
North Burra, at Caroona; the Princess Royal, the Royal mine, near Black springs,
and now being tried; the Eingston, 8 miles N. of Eooringa; the Scrubbers' Camp, 20
miles N.; and the Nakara, 60 miles N. of the Burra. The nearest townships are —
Hampton, half-a-mile distant; Eooringa, scarcely a mile distant; and Copperhouse, 1^
miles distant. With these places the communication is by rough bush-roads, that jiave
never been repaired. From the dry nature of the soil, the roads, however, except
between E^ooringa and Redruth, are very fair. With Adelaide, 100 miles S., the com-
munication is by four-wheeled mail vehicles between Redruth and Eapunda, and thence
hy railway. There is 1 hospital, for miners* use only, in Aberdeen, supported by the
mine. The hotels are — in Redruth — Bushman's Home, Court House hotel; in Aber-
deen — Aberdeen hotel. Smelters' Home, and the White Hart. The reason why there
are only 3 inns in Eooringa and 5 in the much smaller townships of Redruth
and Aberdeen, is that Eooringa is built on leasehold property belonging to the min^
and the landlord will allow but 3 public-houses in the whole township. Redruth
and Aberdeen are built on freehold property, and therefore the owners are not subject
to the mine regulations, and have built public-houses to secure some of the publicana
Digitized by LjOOQIC
190 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Ebd — ^Bbe
trade that would be done in Eooringa were more houses of that class allowed. The
rrounding country is undulating md billy, comprising excellent grazing imids for
sheep. All the timber within 20 miles of the neighbourhood has been cut down>u)d
used as fuel for the mine. Within a radius of 5 miles not a tree can be seen, and
beyond that distance timber can only be seen on long-purchased property. All the
recently purchased lands from Government are bare. Redruth, from the property
being freehold and not leasehold, like Kooringa, has been selected by the Government
to build the principal Government buildings upon. It contains a large, commodious
court-house for the use of the local court, a well-built gaol, capable of accommodating
30 prisoners, and a police station. It also contains a Wesleyan, a German Lutheran,
and a Primitive Methodist chapel, and there is a licensed school averaging nearly 100
scholars.
BJBDSTOirS HILL, 2^'' 25' S. lat., ids'" 25' E. long. {FUndera district,) ^ a
solitary hill lying in a sandy and stony flat to theN.E. of lake Harry.
mCCBBEPg (Co. Adelaide) is the name given to a vast area of flat «wamp7
agricultural land lying ucmt the coast, to the S. of port Adelaide. The Torrens river^
and several small creeks, empty themselves into this flat, these waters draining oft by
a few watercourses, most of which flow into the Saltwater creek or Thomas rivw, and
by that means into the gulf of St. Vincent, at Glenelg. There is a troop of volunteer
cavalry in this neighbourhood. Nearly the whole of this area is either under cultivation,
hay being grown in large quantities upon it, or forms excellent fattening pasture for
sheep and cattle, which are depastured upon it all the year roand.
&£EBT CREEK (fioa.Bobe cmd MacdormeU) is a swampy draQi%ge crcek,-rising
in the S. part of the S.E. district, and draining the marshy pastoral country in that
district. It flows in a N.W. direction, and falls into the Maria creek, near Kingston,
after crossing the main S.E. road at the Reedy creek hotel, a well-known jkccom-
modation house.
&SSOY CREEK {Co. Sturt) is the name of a stream rising m the E. slope of the
Flinders range, and flowing in a S.E. direction into the Murray river, between the
townships of Wall and Mannum. There is a copper mine in this croek l^iownas t^ie
Reedy creek mine, b^ut operations are at present suspended upon jit.
IREBDT CREEK RUN (S.E. district;) lease. No. 216; occc^ier, A. Pearson^
area, S7 square miles (^orreot area, 39 square miles;) grazing capability, SdOO sheep;
Goyder's valuation, £226, deducting improvements valued at £120. This run lies
206 miles by road S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 30 miles E. of Robe (Guiohen bay.) On thia
and the adjoining lease, held by the same lessee, are 7600 sheep, 60 head of eattle^and
70 horses.
mSEirr CRESK S. station <(?o. Robe;) occupiers, Thomas TUley and Co.^
Mrea, 74 square miles; grazing capability, 21,000 sheep, and 50 head of cattle. This
station lies S3 miles E. oithe townahip of Robe, on the Swampy creek, whence it takea
its name.
JISE9T CREEK STATION (Co. Robe;) occupier, Alex. Pearson; area, 50 square
miles; grazing capability, 8000 sheep and 100 bead of catUe. This station lies 22 miles
E. from Robe town in a straight line.
M:KJSVW LAGOON, 30° 20' «. lat., 1S5° SC B. long. {Flinders district)^ the name
given to a fresh water lagoon lying to the E. of the Limestone raage, and discovered
by Stuart in 1858. It is situated in a stony flat with narrow ranges of sand-hills, a few
limestone and ironstone rises, and numerous lagoons. The oountrj is covered with
dense mu^ scarub and patches of grass, sometimes thick but odOtener spars^y scattered.
IB LM BBW St^RINGS (Flinders district) is the name of a spring lying aJi>out a mile
^0 the 8. of Weathered hill, and discovered by Mr. Goyder in 1857. Jt is, as its name
imports, in the centre of a swamp overgrown with reeds.
BXEPT WELLS {Co. Cardmll) See Jem Cbow»s Flat.
BJSEX^Y WELL RUN {S.R district;) lease. No. 810; occppiOT, J. Hooper; area^
54 square miles; rental, £27. This run lies at Binnie's look-oi^t, on the xoad from
Wellington to Border town, the former place bepig the next post town.
AESmr WELL RUN (S,E. district;) lease. No. 1000; occupier, P. McDonald;
aeea, 17 square miles; rental, £8 10s. This run lies to ^e N.E. of Reedy Well, on the
tioad firom WeUmgton to Border t^wiiy about half-way between the^o places.
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JtBas — Ret] The 8mUh AustraUan O^az^teer. 1^1
' POINT (Go. Flings) is a dangerous reef of «unk«n roeks, orer irhieh the
sea rolls with fearM yiolen^P lying 5j^ miles S.W.hy 8. of point Sir Isaac, and
stretching 2 miles to the W.
BSSTSSBfT ISLAND {Speneei^a^gvif.) See Sib. J. Banks^s Group.
aSSVESBT ISLAND RUN {W. district/) lease, No. 227; occupier, F. H.Dodd;
area, lO square miles. This run comprehends the islands of the Sir Joseph Banks's
group, the next post town being port Lincoln.
JUSSTE'S PLAINS. 34° 30' S. lat., 138° 20' E. long. (Go. GcmlerJ is the name
^t a post office, situated in the centre of an agricultural district known by the same
'Same, and lyio^ between the rivers Light and Gawler, on the N. and S. respectiyely.
The post office is' distant 7 miles S. of the former and 8 miles N. of the latter rivers.
The nearest townships are Bedbanks, about 4 miles N. (where is the nearest hotel ;)
and Two- wells, 74 miles S.W. The communication is by horse or dray, and with
Adelaide by horse or dray to the port Wakefield and Adelaide road, whic^ Lies a few
miles to the W., thence by coach to Salisbury, and thence by rail. The surrouading
country is low and flat, and the population small and scattered. Reeve's plains form
,part of the electoral district of Stanley.
:RBBEJk&XABLE, MOUNT {Go.Frwne,) is a loffcy hill lyiog to the N. of the
lotvmship of Melrose, and attaining an altitude of 1857 feet above the surrounding
-land, and 3000 lieet above sea level. The geologioal formation conusts of soft aluminous
<&U>me, similar to that at Eapunda. The beds in which it is found dip 85° W., and are
;>ov6rlaid By soft, red, grit^ quaitzose «andstone. Near the top of the mount are thick
'l^ded sandstones of this description, and siliceous freestones, dipping about 15° to
25° W. Tbere is a local court, a public pound, and an aboriginal station at this place.
'Tte resident magistrates beiag J. B. Yeates, S. Yeates, J. 3. Smith, and 0. H. Pear-
son, Esqs.
JWimSLLA {Go. Adelaide) is a postal township in 4^triet B of the oounty,
In the hundred of Noarlunga, and under the control of the central road board and the
district council of Morphett vale, It is situated on the Pandtotinga creek, a never-
failing stream, the mount Lofty ranges, or rather the contmuation of them, passing to
the £. and S. of the township. The district is both pastoral and agricultural, princi-
pally the latter. There is an excellent S-storey steam flour mill in the town, having all
the most modem improvements, and HaUett's mines, now abandoned, lie within 2 mdies.
The nearest places are Morphett vale, 2 miles distant on the main S. road; O'fialio-
ran^s hill and Youngville, 1 mile N.E.; and Clarendon, 5 miles E. by S.; the commu-
nication being bv coach along the main S. and district roads. With Adelaide, 13 miles
N., I^e communication is by mail coach. Reyne^arhas 1 hotel — the Crown-^apost office,
a store, a public school, and Wesleyan chapel. The surrounding country is undulating
and hilly, with an alluvial flat known as Hurtle vale, and running down to a tea^tree
fiCrnb swamp E. of the bridge on tifiemain South-road. The formation is limestose, with
red loam and sandy soil on the suriace, ^nd black alluvial earth in the low grounds.
^The population of Reynella towBship has not been ascertained s^Murately , but the neigh-
tMurhood, from Morphett vale to O'flalloran's hUl, including collateral groups of allot-
ment settlers, such as the " United States," " M&dville," &g., the population is large,
and fbr the district, probably the densest country population in the colony, the distiict
having been settled immediately the land was surveyed, about 1838. The population of
the district mentioned numbers about 1000 persons. This district is eminently adapted
to the cultivation of the vine, as well as to agriculture generally, the seasons bringing
to perfection all the later kinds of grapes just before the rains usually set in. The
climate is salubrious, partaking of the purity ot that of the hills, with the invigorating
piioperties of that of the seaside. The rainfall is somewhat above the average one of
the colony. About a quarter of a miile S.E. of l^is township lies Beynella farm— the
▼ineyard and &rm of J. Reynell, Esq., — it comprises about 450 acres, of which 15 acres
'are under vises, some of which were planted 23 years' ago. The principal varieties of
^gi^pes ate the Verdeilho, Oarbouet, Malbec, Pineau Gris, Gouais, Bousillon, Pe(ko
Ximenes, Doradilla, Tempnana, Palo-mino-blanco, Shiraz, and Frontignac. The
ovdiard is also worthy of mention, and produces exceedingly fine apples and pears.
JtSTNOUyS. LAKE (Flinders district,) is a small lagoon lying in the Stony
plain, with sand-hills and numerous lagoons, to the N. of lake Younghusband. It is
probable that in times of heavy floods this and others of the neighbouring lakes are
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193 The South AmtrdLicm Gazetteer. [Rhi — Rht
united, forming one vast inland sea, whilst in periods of drought they shrink into mere
oozy iwamps. The losses recently sustained by ^eep-farmers who haye planted
stations there show how dangerous it is to depend upon them in dry seasons.
'7C RHINE, NORTH, RIVER (Cos. Eyre and Sturt,) is the name given to a fine
strSira rising by 2 heads in the hilly country to the W. of the hundred of N. Rhine,
Ck). Eyre, and flowing in an E. direction into the Murray river. It is fed by the
8. Rhine river and the One Tree hill creek.
RHINE, NORTH {Co. Eyre,) is the S.W. hundred of the county, being nearly
all purchased land, and taken up for farming purposes. This is a wine-making
district, and in it is a public pound. The resident magistrate is J. Keynes, Esq., J.P.
The area of this hundred is 79,360 acres, of which 8241 acres are under cultivation.
The population numbers 1010 persons, chiefly small settlers.
BHINE MINE, NORTH (Go. Eyre,) is a copper mine on sections 563 and 570
in the hundred of North Rhine, the land being freehold. There are 2 lodes, running
nearly parallel, upon it; the ores found near the sur&ce being green and blue carbonates,
of promising appearance. The works on this mine have been suspended for some time.
Austin describes the mine as follows: — " This mine is situated on sections 563 and 570 —
the company having also the adjoining sections, numbered 550 and 562 — all treehold.
CJopper is found on the whole of the land, and one of the lodes is traced through 2
sections. There are 2 lodes, running nearly parallel, in a N. and S. direction, with an
underlay towards the W. of about 18 inches in the fathom. The ores found near the
surface were green and blue carbonates, of promising appearance. The eastern lode
was flrst opened; and about 20 tons of ore, averaging a little over 20 per cenf. of copper,
were sent to England; but as the water soon became too strong to be kept in fork by
animal power, an engine-shaft was sunk near the main (or NichoUs') lode, and a 70
horse power engine and pump work flxed ; this has been working very efficiently since
March, 1860. Another shaft, near the engine-shaft, had been pommenced prior to the
present company ti^ng the mine, and thi^ was continued by Captain Barker, until the
lode was cut at 20 fathoms, where it was 4 feet wide, being composed of black ore,
mundic and spar. The sinking was continued to 30 fathoms, and it was after this that
the engine-shaft was sunk. The lode was, unfortunately, not found to yield ore in
paying quantities when cut again at the 30-fathom level; but the indications were
deemed such as to warrant further sinking. When the 43-fathom level was reached a
drive was made and carried on for 70 fathoms on the course of the lode; but although
the lode varied from 3 to 6 feet in width, it contained too large a proportion of mundic
to allow of its being worked to advantage. The engine-shaft has been sunk to a depth
of 60 fathoms, and another drive made for 50 fathoms, but the lode unfortunately
remains unremunerative, although containing black sulphuret throughout. The drive
is being continued, in order to communicate with a winze which is in course of sinking
from the 43-fathom level"
BHINE, SOUTH {Co. Start,) is a district council in the electoral district of
Gumeracka. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr.
J. Bennett, sen.. Dale-view, South Rhine, and 4 councillors. The population numbors
1287 persons. The area is 101 square miles, or 64,640 acres; land under cultivation,
14,102 acres; and number of dwelling-houses, 204.
BHINE, SOUTH (Go, Stwrt,) is a hundred in the N.W. part of the county,
consisting in a great measure of purchased land, and watered by the S. Rhine river.
It is taken up by a German farming and vinegrowing population.
BHINE, SOUTH, RIVER (Co, Start) is a stream rising near Keyne's hill, and
flowing in an E. direction into the N. Rhine river.
BHTNIE, 34** 25' S. lat., 138° 45' E. long. (Co. Gawler,) is a road-board postal
township in the hundred of Alma, and electoral district of Stanley. It is situated at
the Government Freshwater reserve, and on Springs creek, 70 miles from Adelaide as
per mail route, and on the main road from Adelaide to Clare, Mount Remarkable, and
the far north. The river Wakefield lies 5 miles N., bearing W.S. W. ; and the Woolshed
creek, into which the Springs creek falls, flows 2 miles N.W. The district is botii
agricultural and pastoral, the former pursuit being extensively carried on. The soil is
admirably suited to the purpose, and all the land within a radius of 25 miles is taken up
for cultivation faJtms. The chief product is wheat, but little other being attended to.
The pastoral interest, sheep and cattle, is carried on upon a small scale only. Rhynie
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Kic — Riv] The South Australian Gazetteer. 193
had a flour mill in course of erection, a machinist's workshop, stores — and the usual
tradesmen's shops. There is a post office. There is I hotel — the Springs hotel, in the
township. A copper mine, having rich indications, is worked hy Messrs. NickoUs
Brothers. There are also indications of copper and of tin in various parts of the neigh-
l>onrhood. The nearest places are Birerton, 4 miles E.; Gilberton, 9 miles S.; and
Undalya, 5 miles N.; the two latter places being situated on the main North-road.
With Adelaide, 70 miles S., the communication is by mail coach to Eapunda, and thence
by rail. The distance by direct road for drays, waggons, &c., is 60 miles. The sur-
rounding country is slightly hilly and undulating, the portions not occupied for agricul-
tural purposes being richly grassed and well timbered, there being abundance of good
building stone and road metal. Khynie is a new township, established in 1859, before
which year there was not a dwelling-house within miles of it, nor was it surveyed by
Government. It is now a rapidly improving place, and as pretty and picturesque a town
as any in the colony, being well laid out, and dotted with productive orchards and vine-
yards. It contains 31 dwelling-houses, and has, within a radius of a ipile, a population
of 248 persons. The resident magistrate is J. Nicholls, Esq.
BICHMOND (Go. Adelaide,) See Ck>WANDiLLA.
RZDLST {Co. Sturt) is the N.E. hundred of the county, lying on the W. bank
of the Murray river, and consisting almost exclusively of pastoral country. This
hundred lies in the belt of mallee brush known as the Murray scrub. For the population
ifcc, see Anqas Hundred.
BlZiET POINT (Co. Daly) is a prominent headland lying on the W. side of the
N. part of Yorke's peninsula, a little to the N. of Port Wallaroo.
RZIiST. POINT, RUN (Yorhi's peninsula;) lease. No. 445; occupier, E. Stirling;
area, 22 square miles ; rent and assessment, £23 6s. 8d. The nearest post town in a
direct line is port Adelaide; the overland route being S. from Wallaroo.
RZZiET, POINT, STATION {Yorhe's peninsula;) lease, 449; occupiers. J.W. and
T. R.Bowman; area, 62 square miles; rent and assessment, £82 13s. 4d. Nearest post
town, port Adelaide; route overland, S. from Wallaroo.
BIVERTON, 84'']0' S. lat, ISS"" 40" E. long. (Co.Zi^Af.) is a postal township in the
electoral district of Light, of which it is one of the polling places— and hundred of
Gilbert. It is situated on the river Gilbert, the Light river being 8 miles E., the
Wakefield river, 9 miles N.W., and Macaw creek, 3 miles S.W. The district is an
agricultural one, wheat being the staple product. Gold and copper have been both
obtained in the neighbourhood, but no payable mines have been discovered. The nearest
places are Hamilton, 8 miles E.; Marrabel, 7 miles N.E.; Saddleworth, 6 miles N.;
Auburn, 9 miles N.W.; Rhynie.4 miles W.; Navan, 4 miles S.; Gilberton, 7 miles S.;
Kapunda, 18 miles S.E.; and Stockport. 12 miles S.S.W. The communication with
these places is by horse or private conveyance, and with Adelaide^ 684 miles S.S.W.
from Marrabel or Auburn, by Rounseveirs mail coach to Kapunda, and thence by rail,
or by the main road or private conveyances, via Navan, Gilberton, Tempters, Gawler,
fcc.; 62 miles. Riverton has 1 hotel— the Riverton— a post and money order office,
telegraph office, public pound, 5 stores, (one of which employs 2 saddlers,) a large wheat
store, 2 blacksmiths' smithies, (one of which employs 2 wheelwrights,) 3 shoemakers'
shops, and 1 butcher's. The masons' and carpenters' trades are well represented, there
being 5 of the former and 5 of the latter. The post and money order offices, telegraph
office, and registration office for births, deaths, and marriages are situated in a building
attached to one of the stores. A local court is held on the first Wednesday of each
month, in the large room of the hotel, and a sum of money has been voted by the Gro-
merriment for the erection of a court-house and police station, which will be commenced
thortly. There is a neat church and parsonage (church of England,) and a Bible
Christian chapel, 2 sabbath schools, and a public school-house, with master's residence
nearly completed. There is also a branch of the South Australian insurance company.
The ■ surrounding country is low and undulating, a range of hills running N. and S.
about 5 mites K. of the township. All the land in the neighbourhood, with the excep-
tion of a few water reserves, is purchased, there being no Government land in the
neighbourhood. The resident magistrates are M. Moorhouse and T. Gil(;s, Esqs. The
population numbers 235 in the township, and the country round is thickly populated
«y fiurmers and settlers.
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194 The South Australian Gazetteer, [Riv — Rob
&ZVOU BAY (Go. Grey) is an indentation in the S.E. coast, the township of
Grejtown lying at its head. It lies between cape Martin on the N., and cape Launes
on the S.
&ZVOU BAY RUN (S.E. district-;) lease, No. 195; occupiers, Tilley and
Ormerod; area, 13 square miles; grazing capability, 1850 sheep, or 142 per square mile;
Gojder's valuation, £47 8s., deducting improvements valued at £88. This mn lies
225 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 37 miles S.E. of Robe (Guichen bay.) The head
station is at Gillap, and on this and other runs held by the same lessees, under leases of
•ioiilar dates, are 34,200 sheep, 250 head of cattle, and 40 horses.
REAPHOOBL HILL (Flinders district) is a spur of the ranges lying to the N. -of
the Fassmore river, and takes its name from the peculiar shape it assumes, which
somewhat resembles a reaping-hook.
ROBS TOWN, 37° 9' 45" S. lat.. 139° 44' 15" E. long., mag. var. 5° E. long,
(Co. RobCt) is a postal seaport town in the electoral district of Victoria, hundred of
Waterhouse, parish of St. Peter, and under the control of the S.E. district road board.
It is situated 6n the S. side of Guichen bay, lake Butler lying to the W. of the town,
lake Robe about 3, and lake Eliza 4 miles distant from the town. Mount Benson lies
about 3 miles from the N. shore of Guichen bay. The district is a pastoral one, sheep
and cattle being largely depastured. There is a considerable quantity of good agricul-
tural land in the neighbourhood, which will probably be- rendered available for cul-
tivation in the course of a year or two. The nearest place is Kingston, on the main
road to Adelaide, about 30 miles dueN.,and within 1 mile of port Caroline, Lacepede bay.
The communication is by mail car twice a week, and with Adelaide, by mail caj: twice
a week, or by the steamer Penola once a fortnight, the distance by land being about
230, and by sea about 200 miles. The average length of passage by the Penola is 18
hours. Robe has a post and money order office, a telegraph station, custom house,
local court, volunteer rifle corps, branches of the National and South Australian banks,
and of the South Australian insurance company, an aboriginal station, a rocket and life
boat station, and a literary institute, the subscription to whicti (one guinea per afinutn)
entitles subscribers to the use of the reading-room, and the perusal of all the leading
colonial, intercolonial, and British newspapers and magazines, and to the use of the
library, which contains a well-selected member of works of various classes of literature.
There are 3 hotels in Robe— the Robe, the Criterion and the Caledonian— about 2 miles
from the town, the Newton and the Carriers' arms. On the mount Gambier road, distant
about 12 miles, is the Stone Hut inn, and on Adelaide road, the Telegraph hotel,
(9 miles,) and the Emu inn, (12 miles.) The resident magistrates are J. (Jrmerod and
E. Gower, Rsqs. Robe town is situated amidst a dreary country of sand-hills, but
lies on a limestone tertiary formation, which supplies a white and durable building
stone, of which most of the buildings are constructed, giving the town a peculiarly
cheerful aspect. The population numbers 409 persons. The surrounding coiiutry; is
flat and in places swampy, the soil is a light sandy loam.
ROBE COUNTY is a county lying in the S.E. part of the colony, and bounded
on the S. by the county of Grey, on the N. by that of Macdonnell, oci the W- by ^he
«ea, and on the E. by the colony of Victoria. The E. and W. parts of this coupty
only are taken up, the central part consisting of immense swampy plains and brackish
lagoons, drained to the W. by the Reedy creek. The settled portions are divided into
the following hundreds: — E. hundreds — Joanna, Killanoola and Comaum; and W»
hundred, Waterhouse. The principal township in this county is that of Robe, a seapprt
on the S.E. shore of Guichen bay, and Narracoorte, a roadside village, and the centre
of a fine pastoral district in the N.E. The W. side of the county consists of sai^dy
and rocky hills, with some swampy lakes, the principal of which are lake Eliza and
lake Hawdon. The central plains are known as the Mosquito plains, and extend oyer
the N. border of the county. In the W. part of the county is the celebrated Biscuit
flat, so called from its being covered with round flat pieces of limestone, as like wine
biscuits as stones can be. Sometimes they are small, about the size of a penny, piece,
covering the ground so thickly that nothing else can be seen, and at other times more
like dumplings than biscuits, being of large size and nearly spherioaL They are
supposed to be caused by the lime and pipeclay in the water, which settles in the sn^all
depressions in the plain becoming hardened after-drying up, curling up to some extent
in the sun, and thus becoming detached from the ground. This county is compr^heujied
in the electoral district of Victoria. This county has an area of 2028 square miles, or
Digitized by LjOOQIC
KoB — Ros] The South J^iralian Gazetteer. 195
1,297,920 acres, of which 82,035 acres are purchased land, 63,007 acres being held by
freeholders, 994,474 acres enclosed, and 712 acres under cultivation. The live stock
numbers 4858 horses, 4487 horned cattle, 393,507 sheep, 120 goats, 184 pigs, and 3428
head of poultry. Of the land under culture 8 acres are under wheat, 7 acres under
barley, 436 acres under hay, 60 acres under green forage, 136 acres are fallow, 18 acres
under potatoes, 9 acres orchard, 28 acres garden, and 10 acres vineyard, the latter
having 6296 vines in bearing, and 2150 vines not in bearing. The crops for the year
ending March 31st, 1866, were 180 bushels wheat, 102 bushels barley, 521 tons hay, 33
tons potatoes, 550 gallons wine, and 26 cwt. grapes. The population numbers 1740
persons, being an increase of 263 since 1861, and the number of dwellings is 502, being
an increase of 40 since that year.
ROBE, LAKE (Co. Robe,) is a swampy lagoon, lying 3 miles distant from the
township of Robe.
ROBINSOH, MOUNT, 27°40'S. lat., 136° 25' E. long. {Flinders district N.) is a
high flat-topped hill, lying in a sandy plain to the S. of the Frew river, and being the source
of a small S« tributary of that river. It was discovered by Stuart in his explorations
of 1859.
ROBINSON'S HILL {Oo. Hindmarsh) is a peak of the scrubby ranges in the
hundred of Encounter bay, lying on the S. side of and 4 miles distant from the Inmau
river, and about 8 miles W. of Victor harbour.
ROCKWELL CREEK (Flinders district) is a spot in the pastoral county to the
S of lake Gairdner, and lying in a low range to the S.E. of that lake, where a fresh
water spring was discovered by Hack, in 1857, in his exploration journey from the
Garwler ranges to the head of SjJlncer's gulf.
ROGBLT ISLAND, 34° 50' 20" S. lat., 134° 42' 30^ E. long. {Oo. Flinders,) is a
precipitous granite rock, 17 feet in height, with a reef of rocks running in a N,W,
direction for about half-a-mile. It lies to the S. W. of point Sir Isaac.
Also, another small rocky islet, lying N.W. by N. from point Drummond, and 42
miles E. of the Pearson isles.
ROCBLT POINT (Flinders district) is a peak of the mount Norwest range.
ROCKT RIVER {Cos. Frome and Victoria) is a fine stream rising to the S. of
mount Remarkable, near Melrose, and flowing in a S. direction through pastoral
country into the Broughton river, on its N. side. In the neighbourhood of this river
are belts of finely timbered land, wooded with large gum ancj pine. The country is
very fine, and forms magnificent sheep runs. A singular variety of the wild duck has
been observed in the loc'ality, being only half web-footed, and having the power of
perching on the boughs of trees. There is a resident magistrate in this neighbourhood
— H. B. Hughes, Esq., J.P.
ROCBLT SPRINGS (Flinders district) is the name of a springy lying about half,
a-mile S. of Weathered hill, and found by Mr. Goyder in 18.57. It is, as its name
imports, bubbling out of a pool surrounded by large masses of rock.
ROCBLT WATERHOLE (Flinders district) is a name given to a deep waterhole
on the Kanyaka creek — which see.
ROSWELL'S CREEK (Co. Hindmarsh) is an E. spur of the main range near
Macclesfield, and flowing in an E. direction, about 10 miles into the Bremer river, 6
miles N.E. of Strathalbyn township. It is fed by Archer's and several other smaU
tributary' creeks, flowing into it from the N., and watering the agricultural country in
the hundred of Strathalbyn,
ROEBVCBL, MOUNT, 30® 50^ S. lat., 139® 2' E. long. (Flinders district) is a lofty
peak and survey point, lying about 15 miles S.E. of Angipena, on the S. bank of the
Rose creek.
ROGVS'S GULLY, or Munta. Wurta (Yorkers peninsula) is a small tract of
land lying in a valley on the E. side of Yorke's peninsula, and adapted to agricultural
development. A small stream of good water flows down the gully into the gulf of
St. Vincent during, and for some time after, rainy seasons.
ROSEBANBL STATION (Co. Eyre) the head station of G. Mekose, Esq.,
lying 3 miles E. of mount Pleasant. See Tdnqapa STArioN.
oa> ,
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106 The South Australian GazeUeer. [Bos
itOSE CREEK (Flinders district) is a fine mountain stream rising in mount Hack,
and flowing in a S,£. direction, past mounts Roebuck, John, and Frome into lake
Blanche.
BrOSS) MOUNT CFlinder$ district,) is a copper mine, lying about 215 miles N.E.
of port Augusta, and not now worked. At the time of stopping the following report
fiiirly shows the operations which had been carried on upon it : — ** No. 2 shaft is above
13 fathoms in depth. The lode has been stoped away N. from this shaft for 2^
fiithoms, and it is more than 3 feet wide, of solid black and grey ore of high per
centag(>, and which is standing 7 feet high in the N. end of the stopes. No. 3 shaft is
sunk 10 fathoms, on the underlay of a targe counter lode, 5 feet of which have been
cut through, and only one wall found at present. A few teet were driven on l^e
course of the lode, and a branch or leader of fine ore, 18 inches wide, was cut in the
bottom of the level. No. 4 shaft is sunk to the depth of 10 fathoms, and contains a
quantity of mundic, also a lode, 2 feet wide, and composed of green carbonate of
copper, mixed with ironstone and gossan. This lode is parallel with that in No. 2
■haft. The ore shipped to Swansea was assayed by Messrs. fiath and Co., there, and
yielded a produce of 28| per cent."
ROSE, MOUNT, STATION (N, district;) lease, No. 527, is part of the Oomber-
atana run — which see.
ROSENTHAL, 34*" 34' 8. lat., 138** 52" E. long. (Co. Adelaide,) is a postal
township in the electoral district and hundred of Barossa, and under the control of
the Barossa W. district council. It is situated on the Gawler or N. Para river, and
OQ the road from Sandy creek to Sheoak log, the Salt creek being about three-
quarters of a mile N.W., and Sandy creek 4 miles S» The district is a wheat-growing
one, a few sheep being depastured in parts. The nearest places are Sheoak log, 5
miles N.W.; New Mecklenburg^, 4 miles N.E.; Lyndoch, 54 miles S.E.; Sandy creek.
Smiles S. ; and Gawler, 8 miles S. W. The communication is by horse or dray only,
e mail being conveyed on horseback twice a-week. With Adelaide the cotnmunication
is by horse or dray to the Tanunda and Gawler road, 4 miles S., where a daily coach
passes from Tanunda to Gawler, and thence by rail, the distance being 34 miles. The
surrounding country is mountainous, with undulating plains to the N. Rosenthal has
a post office, 2 stone-built German churches, and a public school. The nearest hotel
and telegraph station are at Lyndoch. The crossing of the river at the township is
very dangerous in wet weather, and a bridge is much wanted. ' The soil round the
township is good, and fine grapes are grown in the vineyards attached to some of the
houses. The population numbers about 140 persons, principally Germans.
ROSETTA COVE AND HEAD (Co. ffindmarsh) is a small cove available for
small craft, and a bold headland forming its S. point, lying 28 miles E. of cape Jervis,
and on the N. side of Backstairs passage. The bottom of the cove is smooth and
affords excellent Jiolding ground. At liosetta head, and from it to Encounter bay there
is a gradual passage Arom granite through gneiss to sandstone, caused either by the
intrusion of granitic matter amongst the layers of sandstone, or by a metamorphism
into granite and gneiss of some of the original sedimentary beds.
BrOSEWOBrTHT (Co, Gawler) is a postal township and railway statfon on the
N. line, in the electoral district of Stanley, hundred of Mudla Wirra, and under the
control of the Mudla Wirra district council. It lies about 5 miles N. of the river
Gawler, and on a plain near the foot of the Barossa range, in an agricultural district
ifhere large quantities of wheat are grown. A copper mine is supposed to exist about
a miles N.W. Only one shaft has yet been sunk, and that not at a sufficient depth to
test the discovery. It is on private property, and the owner intends sinking another
shaft to aibertain if copper exists in paying quantities. The nearest townships are
Willaston, Sheoak log, and Templers. Willaston is situated about 4 miles S.; Sheoak
log lies N.E. about 4i miles; Templers lies 4j miles N. No direct communication
with any of these places, although conveyances to them may be easily obtained, and
there are 3 passenger trains daily to Adelaide, 31 miles S. The only buildings in
Roseworthy are a itiilway station, with post and telegraph office combined, a Methodist
chapel, and a Government school. Roseworthy is situated on table land about 200
feet above the level of the sea, with a large plain running N.W. The population is
■mail and scattered.
&0S8 CREEK {Flinders district) is a large gum creek flowing to the £. into the
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Eou-r— Sad] The South Australian Gazetteer. 197
Stevenson river through f^ood grassy and mulga scrub flats. It wa/ discovered by
Stuart. Stunted scrub and saltbush abound in the neighbourhood of this creek.
BrOUND LAKE {Flinders district) is the name of a salt water lagoon lying in
good pastoral country, about 8 mites N.W. of lake Hamilton.
BrOWS'S CREEK (Flinders district N.) is a small mountain stream flowing at the
N. end of the Ragless range, near Marchants' hill, and watering good pastoral country
in that neighbourhood.
ROWLANDS' FLAT ( Co. Adelaide) is a postal village in the electoral district
of Barossa^ hundred of Barossa, and under the control of the Barossa E. district
council. It is situated on the N. Para river, Jacob's creek lying about 1 mile
distant N., and the Barossa range 2 miles to the E. The district is an agricultural
one, growing wheat and other cereals. The nearest township is Lyndoch valley,
3 miles S., the communication being by horse or dray. With Adelaide, 38 J miles S. W.,
the communication is by horse or dray to Gawler, and thence by rail. Rowlands'
Flat has a post office, a store, and tannery; the nearest hotel being at Lyndoch. The
surrounding country is flat, and the soil of a black sandy character. The population
numbers about 150 persons.
BrOY, LAKE, RUN (S.E. district;) lease. No, 168; occupier, W. Laidlaw; area,
17 square miles; grazing capability, 3700 sheep, or 218 per square mile. On this run
are 4500 sheep, 30 head of cattle, and 6 horses. Goyder's valuation, i>'126 16s.,
deducting improvements valued at £756. This run lies 190 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide,
and 66 miles N.E. of Robe (Guichen bay.) The stock is watered from wells, water-
holes, and swamps.
RVFVS, MOUNT ( Co. Eyre,) is a lofty double peak, lying about 8 miles N.E,
of the township of Truro, in thick, scrubby, pastoral country.
BUGGED, MOUNT (Flinders district.) See Patawarta Hill.
RUSSELL COUNTY lies in the N.W. of the country known as the S.E. district,
on the E. side of lake Alexandrina, and of the lower part of the Murray river. It ii
bounded on the N. by that river, on the W. by that river and by lake Alexandrina, on
the S. by the sea and the county Cardwell, and on the E. by an imaginary lice dividing
it from the scrubby, pastoral country of the N. part of the S.E. pastoral district. It is
divided into the following hundreds:— Younghusband, Burdett, Seymour, Halcolm,
Bonney, and Baker. The sold lands are but limited in extent, and lie along the bank
of the river, and on the border X>f lake Albert, a large sheet of water which runs from
the £. side of lake Alexandrina, and occupies a large area ii;i the centre of the county.
The townships in Russell county are point Macleay and port Malcolm, both on the
shore of lake Alexandrina, and Wellington, on the Murray river. This county is
comprehended in the electoral district of Victoria. This county has an area of 1542
square miles, or 986,880 acres, of which 62,023 acres are purchased land, 53,531 acres
being held by freeholders, 24,670 acres enclosed, and 170 acres under cultivation. The
live stock numbers 1221 horses, 6397 horned cattle, 61,037 sheep, 142 goats, 79 pigs,
and 669 head of poultry. Of the land under cultivation 63 acres are under wheat,
14 acres under barley, 86 acres under hay, 2 acres under lucerne, and 5 acres, under
garden, the latter having 232 vines in bearing, and 175 vines not in bearing. The
crops for the year ending March 3l8t, 1865, were 466 bushels wheat, 175 bushels barley,
90 tons hay, and^ 38 Gwt. grapes. The population numbers 349 persons, being an
increase of 92' since' 1861; and the number of dwellings is 136, being an increase of 54
since that year. ^
RUSSELL'S ROCK, 30° 30' S. lat., 139° 10' E. long. {Flinders district,) is a rocky
peak in an E. spur of the main range, about 20 miles N.E. of Angipena. Granite^
with shiiles and slates.
Si^DLEBAGS, MOUNT (Co. Adelaide:) is a lofty peak of the spur of the maim
tange lying to the S. of the Onkaparinga river, and sepkrating Dash wood's gully and
the district of Clarendon. There is but little depasturing carried on in this neighbour-
hood, the sides of the hills being too steep and slippery for the lambs during the lambing
season. It receives its name from the peculiarity of its shape, the summit somewhat
resembling a raddle with a saddlebag on each side. It is a survey station.
SABDLEWORTH is a postal township, under the control of the central road
board, in the hundred of Saddle]n>rth,and electoral district of the Burra. It is situated
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198 The South AugtrcUian Gazetteer. [Sad — St. H
on the junction of the Gilbert river and Coghill's creek, Fine creek flowing at a distance
of 2 miles, and there being a range of hills (a continuation of the Belvidere range) at a
distance of 2 miles £., and some high stony hills and rough stony country to the N. W.
Saddleworth is essentially an agricultural district, producing large quantities of wheat,
but Tery little else. There are no mines, although there are indications of copper, and
abundance of ironstone in the neighbourhood. There is I steam flour mill, j ust erected, a
post office, and a public pound. The nearest places are Riverton, 64 miles S.; Ching^
ford, 6 miles N.; Marrabel, 6 miles S.E.; and Auburn, 7 miles N.W.; there being no
regular passenger cqmmunication with those places. Saddleworth is about 65 miles
N.E. of Adelaide by direct road via Kapunda. There is 1 hotel (Stuart's) in the town-
ship. The surrounding country is elevated and broken, having occasional small rich
alluvial flats lying amongst the hilli. The geological formation consists principally of
sandstone ridges running N. and S., with occi^sional quartzose and micaceous schist
intervening. In some of the quartz, particularly in that found in the bed of a small
creek to the E. of the township, specks of gold have been found. The resident magis-
trate is A. Coleman, Esq., J. P.
SADDLEWOBrTB (Co, Light) is a hundred lying in the N. part of the county,
and consisting of purchased land, most of which is used for agricultural purposes. The
township of Saddleworth, on the main North road via Clare, lies in this hundred. It is
watered by the upper part ot the Gilbert river and its tributaries. The area of thiS'
hundred is 48,000 acres, of which 21,818 acres are under cultivation. The population
numbers 1204 persons, chiefly farmers.
ST. ▲'BECKETT'S POND (I^. district.) See A'Beckett's Pond.
ST. AL9ANSf CAPE [Kangaroo island J is a headland , lying on the E. coast of
the island, 2 , miles N. by W, from cape Wiiloughby, and forming the E. head of Ante-
chamber bay.
ST. ALBANSf CAPE, BUN {Kangaroo island;) lease, No. 660; occupier,
N. Thomas; area, 10 square miles; rent and assessment, £11 13s 4d. This run lies at
cape St. Albans, the next post office being at Hog bay.
ST. ALOTSXVS' COLLEGE {Go, Stanley,) See Sevenhill.
ST. CIiAIR, LAKE {Co. Macdonnell,) is a sheet of salt water, lying to the S. of
lake Elizli, near the S.E. coast, and separated from the lake by a narrow strip of sandy
land thickly covered with shells. . There is little doubt that at a recent period the two
formed one lake.
ST. CLAX&, LAKE, RUN {S. E. district;) lease, No. 358a; occupier, G. Harding,
area, 13 square miles; grazing capability, 2000 sheep, or 154 per square mile. On this
run are 50 horses, and 100 head of cattle, sheep only being depastured on it for a short
time during the year, as they sufier from coast disease. Goyder's valuation, i;'50 8s. per
annum, deducting improvements valued at £73. This run Ues 225 mUes S.S.E. of
Adelaide, and 16 miles by road S.E. of Robe (Guichen bay.)
ST. FRANCXS'S GROUP, 32° 30^ 10" S. lat., 133'' 15' 50" E. long., mag. var.
2° 38' E. {Flinders district W.,) is the name given to a cluster of 10 islands, comprising
the south-western most group of Nuyt's archipelago, and lying S. 27** W., 8 miles
distant from Lacy's island. The largest island is in the middle of the group, and bears
the name of the whole, it is 3 miles in length N.W. and S.E., and about half-a-mile
across near the middle, which is a sandy isthmus connecting two moderately high
and cliffy extremities, the breadth of each of which is from 1^ to 2 miles. There is a
bay called Petrel bay on its N.R. side, having from 9 to 10 fathoms water on a clear
sandy bottom, with exce'lent anchorage in its W. corner; the E. part of the bay also
affords good anchorage, but the coast is rocky, and that portion of the roadstead U
exposed to the swell coming round the west end of the island. The anchorage is in
the lat. and long, given above, and the rise and fall of water is 6 feet. On Si. ^^ancis's
isle water is found trickling down a ravine near the S.E. corner of the island. The
£. summit of the island is elevated 244 feet above the sea level. The smaller islands
of the group are generally safe to approach, with the exception of Freeliug island,
which has a detached rock lying N.N.W. of its N. extremity.
ST. HELENA RUN (SE. distnct;) lease. No. 218b; occupier, R. N. Falloon;
area, 29 square miles (the correct area is 26 square miles;) grazing capability, 2500
Iheep, or 96 per square mile; Goyder's valuation, ^70 12i^. per annum, deducting
Digitized by VjOOQIC
St. H— St. VJ The South Australian Gazetteer. 199
improvements valued at -£172. This run lies 203 miles S.E. by S. of Adelaide, and 45
miles E. by N. of Robe (Guichen bay.) The road from Guichen bay to Narraeoorte
passes through this run. ^
ST, BLZTTS CREEK {Co. Burra) is a small tributary of the hea'd of the Burra
creek, flowing about 6 miles N. of Truro.
ST. LEONARD'S {Co. Adelaide) is a small suburb of the township of Glenelg.
Ili is inhabited by a feM^ small farmers, hay being the cjiief article of produce.
ST. MART'S {Co. Adelaide,^ is a small suburban hamlet of the city pf Adelaide,
inliabited by a few small farmers; the resident magistrate being W. J. O'Halloran,
Esq., J.P. •
ST. MART'S PEAK (N. district) is the highest and most N. point of the
Wilpena raiige, attaining an altitude of 1500 feet from the base to the summit. At a
distance of about 50 feet from the top is a remarkable frill or collar of rocks.
St. MART'S POOL (Flinders district) is a small waterhole on the George
river, lying to the N. of Blanchewater, and to the S. of lake Blanche.
' ST. FiSTER'S COLLEGE {Co, Adelaide.) See Stepney.
ST. PETER'S ISLAND {Flinders district W.) is a large granite island of
moderate elevation, lying in Nuyt's archipelago, opposite Denial bay. On its E. end
is a hill called mount Younghusband, which may be seen at a considerable distance at
sea, and which forms a useful landmark for the navigation of the neighbouring waters.
There is a long sandy beach trending to the W. from the foot of mount Younghusband,
and a small bay at the end of it, where fresh water may be found by digging a few feet
in the sand. There is secure anchorage in this place, except with strong winds to the
W., when a heavy roll sets ia. Opposite the bay, and in 2 fathoms water, is a small
rock awash at low tide.
ST. STEPHEN'S POND, 29° 35' S. lat., 138° 10' E. long. (Flinders district,) is
the name of a waterhole formed by an expansion of the Hergott's springs creek, near
and to the S. of biount Attractioa.
ST. VINCENT'S GULF, or Gulf op St. Vincent (YorJce*s peninstda, Co, Flinders
and Flinders ctistrictW.,) is a deep indentation of the sea running in a N. direction in to the
main land. The harbour knoWn as port Wakefield lies at its head, and on its E. shore
are ports Gawler, Adelaide, Willunga, Noarlunga, and Rapid bay. The gulf of
St. Vincent is formed between the E. shore of Yorke's peninsula and a range of moderately
elevated hills which extend to the northward, in continuation of those over cape Jervis.
The breadth of its entrance between that cape and Troubridge hill, which bears
N.W. \ N from it, is nearly 13 leagues; and in this space there are regular soundings
in 18 to 20 fathoms, which decrease to 11 and 12 on approaching within 4 miles of
Troubridge shoals, and afterwards .deepen to 22 in mid-channel to the eastward. On
tiie eastern shore of the gulf, abreast ot this danger, there are some patches of clififs
with 20 fathoms at 3 leagues W. from them, and 15 fathoms within 3 miles; above
these the shore becomes low and sandy, and is fronted by a shoal flat, which extends
2 miles off it, and gradually increases its breadth to as many leagues in lat 34° 30'.
Here the eastern shore approaches some cliffs on Yorke's peninsula within 6 leagues, and
is very low, . having the above-mentioned shoal flat extending a third across to the
opposite shore, and 8 or 9 fathoms in mid-channel between its verge and the opposite
cliffs. At the distance of 4 leagues above the latter is a low mangrove point, opposite
to a sandy projection of the low eastern shore, where the bf-eadth is contracted to
6 miles, and the depth is only 3 fathoms in mid-channel; the shore on each side then
curves round in almost a circular bay, which is nearly filled with banks of sand and
mud, and forms the head of the gulf of St. Vincent in 34° 9' S., or 30 leagues due
IJT. from cape Jervis at its entrance. Immediately to the S. of the entrance of port
Adelaide, on a coast of sandy hills, lies the ''Bay'' on Lefevre's peninsula, where (at
the township of Willunga) is the semaphore and signal-station, whence vessels bound
for port Adelaide are signalled to the city, and whence the mail and pilot boats put oflt
A little S. of this place are the townships of Glenelg and Brighton. In this gulf are
3 lights, known as the port Adelaide light-ship, 34° 48' S. lat., off the bar, port Adelaide,
having 2 fixed lights, seen 1 1 miles; the port Adelaide pilot-station, 1 red fixed light,
seen 4 miles, at the semaphore and pilot-station; and the Glenelg light, at the end of
^e Glenelg jetty, 1 green fixed light, seen 6 miles.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
200 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Sal
8AU8BU&T {Co. Adelaide) IB a postal township an4 railway station in the
electoral district of Tatala, hundred of Munno ^f^, and under the control of the
Hunno Para district councU. It is situated on the little Para river, near the Para hills,
and lies in an agricultural district. The nearest places are Smithfield, 6 miles distant;
Fenfield, 6 miles; and Virginia. With Smithfield, the communication is by rail, and
with the other places by horse or private conveyance. With Adelaide, 124 miles S.,
the. communication is by railway. Salisbury has a post and money order o£Bce, a-
telegraph office, a railway station, a local court, a public pound, a volunteer rifle corps,
and a branch of the South Australian insurance company, and 4 hotels — the Governor
Ifacdonnell, the Salisbury, the Farmer's, and the Railway. There i%a coach office,
where passengers and parcels are booked for Eadina, per Rounsev ell's coaches. The
surrounding country is varied, consisting of mountains and plains. The resident .
magistrates are J. Harvey, T. Aubert, and J. Fisher, Esqs.
BAIJT CREEK (Co. Adelaide) is a small watercourse flowing through port
Qawler to the S. of the Gawler river.
SALT CREEK (Co. Cardwdl) is a saline creek flowing into the Coorong lake on
its E. side, near the head of Tilley's swamp, and across the main road from Wellington
to Macdonnell town. There is a roadside accommodation house at this place, where
travellers may refresh themselves.
SAXiT CREEK (Co. Gawler) is a saline creek, draining the flat country in the .
hundred of port Gawler, and flowing through the swamps on the coast into the sea,
about six miles N. of port Gawler.
SALT CREEK (Co.HindmarsK) is a small creek rising in the Tankalilla range,,
and flowing' W. into the sea about 4 miles N. of cape Jervis.
SALT CREEK (Flinders district.) See Driver River.
SALT CREEK (Kangaroo Island) is a small watercourse containing brackish
water, except in time of flood, when it becomes fresh, flowing in a S. direction into
Hanson's bay.
SALT CREEK (Co,Ru8seU)in the name of a small agricultural village at the
head of lake Alexandrina. and lying near the township of Wellington. *
SALT CREEK (Coorong) RUN (S. E. district;) leases, Nos. 663 and 822 ; occupiers,
Smith and Hack; respective areas of leases, 20 and 39 square miles; total rent and
assessment, £60 I3s. 4d. This run lies to the E. of the Coorong lake, near Tilley's
swamp, the next post office being at Magrath's flat, and at Kingston (Lacepede bay.)
SALT CREEK (or Port Lincoln) RUN (W. district;) leases, Nos. 13, 784, 842,
1053, and 1065; occupier, J. Tennant. The head station is lease, No. 13, which has an
area of 50 square miles, and a grazing capacity of 6500 sheep, or 130 per square mile;
Goyder's valuation of this lease is £266 4s. per annum, deducting improvements valued
at £294. This station lies on the Salt creek 35 miles N.N.E. of Port Lincolu. The
wool is shipped at Tumby bay, 6 miles S.S.W. The respective areas of the other
leases in this block are 12, 7, 18, and 13 square miles, and on the entire block are 9000>
sheep and lambs, 40 head of cattle, and 12 horses.
SALT FLAT STATION (Co. StuH) is an out-station occupied by tlie hon. John
Morphett, lying on the Murray river, 3 miles south of the Wood's point home station,
5 miles N. of Wellington township, and 24 miles N.E. of Langhorne's creek. See
Wood's Point Station.
SALTZA (Co. Frome) is a small but thriving township in the electoral district
of Flinders, and lying about 7 miles E. of Stirling North, the nearest post town— the
communication being by drays and by camels, which convey the produce to port Augusta,
distant 12 miles W. With Adelaide, 240 miles S.E., the communication is by steamer
fro-n port Augusta. It contains a blacksmith's forge, a store, and 1 hotel —the
Saltia inn (Siramonds's.) It is situated at the entrance of the Pichi Richi pass on the
Saltia creek, and lies to the N.W. of the Spear creek mine, and near the W. foot of the
Flinders range of hills. The surrounding country is pastoral—sheep and cattle.
The population numbers about 200 persons in and about the township.
SALTIA CREEK (Flinders district) is the name of a stream rising in the Flindera^
range, and flowing E. and W. through the townships of Stirling and Saltia into the head
pf Spencer's gulf, near port Augusta;
Digitized by VjOO^IC
Sal— Sco] The South Australian Gazetteer, 201
• SALT LAGOON {Co, Stanley) is a swampy waterhole, lying in the hundred of
Hanson, about 4 miles N. W. of the township of Apoinga.
SAXtTWATEA CREEK or Thames River (Co. Adelaide) is the name given to a
narrow arm of the sea, extending in a N.E. direction for^ two or three miles inland at
Glenelg, and receiving much of the drainage from the Reedbeds. A moderate outlay
would convert this comparatively useless creek into an excellent harbour.
; SAMUEL, MOUNT (N. district^) is a peak of the Main range, lying near Blinnuui.
NjBar this hill is a copper mine of the great North mining company, not lately worlM,
and lying 267 miles N. of Adelaide.
SANDE&GROVE (Co. Hindmarsh) is a postal village in the electoral district
of mount Barker, hundred of Eondoparinga, and under the control of the Strathalbyn
district council. It is situated on Hucy's creek — the Finniss river flowing 5 miles
. 8. W. The district is agricultural and pastoral, wheat being grown and sheep grazed
in considerable quantities. Copper has been found in the neighbourhood, but not in
quantities likely to pay for working. Finniss flat lies 5 miles W., and Strathalbyn,
tiie next money order office township, lying 5* miles to the E. With these places the
communication is- by horse or dray; and with Adelaide, 41 J miles N.W., by horse or
dray to Strathalbyn, and thence by Rounsevell's mail coach. The surrounding country
' is, hilly, and in . the. flats and valleys between the hills cultivation to a large extent is
carried on. The population numbers about 180 persons, chiefly engaged in farming
pursuits. . Sandstone and limestone.
SANDER'S CREEK (Co, Macdonnell) is a small drainage creek flowing through
the pastoral country to the S.E. of Robe.
SANDT CREEK (Co, Gawler) is the name of a small agricultural village, lying
on the creek of the same name, about 4 miles S. of the township of Rosenthal. There
is a post office in this village for the convenience of the surrounding neighbourhood.
It lies 30 miles N. of Adelaide.
SANDT CREEK {Co.Itoh€)iB a small drainage creek flowing in the pastoral
country to the E. of Robe.
SANDT POINT (Co. Oawler) is a sandy promontory standing boldly out into
the gulf of St. Vincent, about 3 miles S. of port Wakefield, and in the hundred of
Inkeripan.
SANTO (Co. Cardwell) is a hundred, lying on the N.W. point of the country,
and taking in portion of lake Coorong, upon whose E. bank are a few small patches of
purchased land.
SATVRDAT, MOUNT, 30 5' S. lat., 139** 10' E. long. (Flinders district,) is a
peak ot the N.E. end of the main range, lying to the N. of the township of Yudana-
mutana, and near the Daly copper mines, which lie at the foot of the hill.
SATRE'S BANK (Co Flit^fers.) See Whidbet Islands.
SCAB, MOUNT QCo. Macdonnell) is a hill, lying to the N.W. of Kingston or
port Caroline, in the S.E. district, in the midst of scrubby pastoral country.
SCAB, MOUNT, RUN (S. E district-,) lease. No. 202; occupier, G. Ormerod;
area, 36 square miles; grazing capability, 3700 sheep, or 103 per square mile. Goyder's
valuatioHi £93 16s. per annum, deducting improvements valued at £456. This run
lies 180 miles by road S.E. by S. of Adelaide, and 45 miles N.E. by N. of Guichen bay
(Robe.) Much of this run is covered with water during the winter season.
SCE ALES' BAY (Flinders district If.) is a shallow bight in the land, open to the
S.W., and lying between point Westall on the N.W. and cape Blanche on the S.E.
There is said. to be anchorage under some rocks in its, N.W. end, and to the S.E. of
pohit Westall.
SCHLZNBLER'S CREEK (Co. Light) is a name given to the upper portion of
the Tanunda creek — which see . . » .
BC'BJOTKT'B.iL'lA Wo. Adelaide) is a small agricultural village lying near the
township of Lobethal.||The population is chiefly a German one, and is engaged in
agricultural pursuits and the cultivation of the vine.
SCOTT, MOUNT, (N. district,) is a lofty hill, lying in pastoral country, 12 miles
N. of mount Deception. The Dep6t, Windy and Emu creeks flow in the neighbourhood^
Digitized by LjOOQIC
203 The South Australian Gazetteer, [Sco— Sea
and empty themselvei into lake Torren§, and on the first of these creeks Eyre made
his dep6t survey point B. Aroona water, a large Waterhole containing good water*
all the year round, is on this creek.
SCOTT, MOUNT, RUN (N. district;) occupier, T. Elder; area, 250 square
miles; grazing capability, 750Q sheep, or 1250 head of cattle. This run lies at mount
Scott, about 12 miles N. of mount Deception, the next post office, and is watered by
the Depot and Morkana creeks.
SCOTT'S CREEK (Co. Adelaide) is a small drainage creek, rising in the ranges
to tn^ S. of Adelaide, and flowing S. into the Onkaparinga river, about 3 miles E. at
Clarendon.
SCOTT'S CREEK {Co. Adelaide) is the name of a mine, also known as the
Wheal Maria, lying 18 miles from Adelaide, about 3 miles from the Cherry garden's
mine, and 3 miles E. from Clarendon. This mine has been found to contain copper ore,
chiefly grey oxide, and green and blue carbonates of high percentage. The samples
sent for assay recently have been pronounced to be richly impregnated both with silter
and gold. This mine is upon Government land, and has 6 very prospect of becoming
a valuable property. It is on the side of a steep but not very high hill, on the surface
of which, in ironstone rock, stray stains of copper are found. The lode is well '
defined, but at the depth of 5 fathoms is composed chiefly of gossan. The same lode =
is found at the opposite side of the section. The ground is favourable, and the lode is '
nearly a downright one, having but little underlay. Scott's creek, from whence the -
mine takes its name, flows through the section; it has good water, and timber is.
abundant.
SCOTT'S HILL (Co.Sturt) is a peak in an E. spur of the main range, about
6 miles N.E. of the township of St. Vincent.
SCO&PION WELL (Victoria district,) is a waterhole lying in the N.E. part of
the new S. E. pastoral district, near the Victorian border.
SC&APEBr, THE (Kangaroo island,) 2 miles N. of cape Willoughby, and con-
tiguous to cape St. Alban*s, is a shoal termed " The Scraper," with a passage about a
cable's length wide inshore. This bank is at times nearly dry, and from the rapidity
of the tides in its vicinity, which set directly over the shoal, should be most carefully
avoided by commanders of vessels keeping the W. shore abroad. The soundings
about here vary from 4 fathoms in the inshore passage to 7 fathoms close to its E.
edge. In stormy weather the sea breaks over it, and in ^ne weather there is a strong
tide ripple.
SCRUBBER'S CAMP (Co. Burra,) is the name of a copper mine situated about 28
miles distant N. from Kooringa, b miles N. of mount Bryant, 2 miles from Woorkon*
garie, and 5 from Mungibbie. This mine is worked by a company, occupying sections'
Nos 2124 and 2156. There are several shafts sunk, and promising ore found in every
direction, and almost in every spot in which the pick is put. The ground is soft and
easily worked. There are at present 6 men at work, Ibme driving and others following
what appears to be a lode. There is plenty of wood and water; the former both
mallee and pine, and the latter within a very short distance. This mine, although
only as yet partially developed, is a promising one. A g(k)d iron lode also exists on
the sections.
SCRUB HILL {Co, Hindmarsh) is a small hill and survey point lying in the
rough ranges between the hundreds of Myponga and Encounter bay.
Scrub, mount (Ob. mndmarsh,) is a peak and point of survey in the rugged
ranges of the hundred of Waitpioga. It lies about 24 miles N. from the coast.
SCRUBBY SWAMP RUN (8.E, district;) leases, Nos. 696 and* 697. See
Tillkt's Swamp Run.
SEA.COMBE (Co. Adelaide) is a small agricultural settlement, lying in the
hundred of Noarlunga, adjac^t to O'Halloran hill, and taken np by a few freehold
settlers.
SEAL BAT (Kangaroo island) is a small indentation Wn the S. coast oi the
island, so called from its having been formerly frequented by the animals whence it
denives its name.
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Sea — Ser] The SotUh Australian Gazetteer. 203
SEAL ROCK (Co. ffindTnarsh) is a small rocky islet lying in Encounter bay,
about 2 miles from the land, opposite the mouth of the Inman river, and I i miles S.E,
of Granite island.
SEARLE, MOUNT {Flind&rs district N.) See Sbblb Mount.
SECOND CREEK (Co. Adelaide) is a S. tributary of the Torrens river, rising in
the mount Lofty range, and flowing over the cultivated flats betweA that range and
Adelaide, through the villages of Burnside, Norwood, Stepney, and Millbank, into the
main stream at the latter place, and about 2 miles above Adelaide. The formation is of
schist an<l hard sandstone, with limestone formed of coral reef on the top. There is a
fline waterfall at the upper end of this creek.
SECOND VALLEY (Co. ffindmarsh.) See Rapid Bat.
SELENXTE, POINT {Co. Albert,) is the name of an E. bend of the river Murray,
lying about 10 miles N. of Blanchetojrn.
SELZiZCBL'S HILL (Co. Hindmarsh) is a postal township in the electoral district
of Noarlunga, hundred of Willunga, and under the control of the district council of
Aldinga. There is no river or creek near this place, but there are deep gullies down
which the water runs after heavy rains on the hills, of whidi there is a range running
N.E. and S.W., which divide the Aldinga plains and MypoDga flat. There is a lagoon
1.J mile to the N.W. by W., called the Aldinga bay lagoon. The township is situated
about li mile from Aldinga bay, which lies to the W. Habere is a beautiful beach for
2 miles in length, running N. and S. There is a good road from the township to the
beach. At high water the tide comes in close to the bank, which causes the beach to be
ffee from loose sand. There is a cove on the beach where pleasure seekers resort in
the summer. The district is agricultural and pastoral. Wheat is grown on the Aldinga
plains, and both cattle and sheep graze on the hills. Silver lead ore has been discovered
in the hills to the S. W. by S., about a mile from the township ; the proprietor has just
commenced working it, and it promises to turn out well. The nearest townships are
Aldinga, which lies to the N. 5 miles distant; Willunga, 8 miles to the N.W., at the
bottom of the san:e range; and Myponga to the S. There is a daily mail both to
Aldinga and Myponga. A coach passes through from Adelaide to the Talisker mine on
Thursdays and Saturdays, and returns to Adelaide Mondays and Thursdays. There is
no conveyance from this to Willunga. There is a Weslejan chapel, with which is con-
nected a Sunday-school, in the township, and steps are being taken for the erection of
a day school, which is much wanted, as there is not one within 5 miles. The only
hotel at Sellick's hill is the Norman's Victory. The Adelaide and Yankalilla mail
conveyances stop at the Norman's Victory hotel for the night, trom which place passen-
gers are booked. There is a horse-dray which goes to Adelaide and back once a week.
The country to the S. and E. is mountainous, with steep hills and deep ravines to the N. and
W. plain until it reaches the sea. The plains are of rich dark loam, with a light clay
subsoil, well adapted for wheat, which yields good crops. Most ot the land on the
plains has been cleared and fenced. The hills are composed mostly of limestone and
basalt, they are lightly timbered and well grassed, and sheep ^nd cattle do well upon
thenk The population numbers about 200 persons. Sellick's hill is situate on the main
Sotith road ; through the winter months the Adelaide road in places is in a very bad
state; so bad, in fact, that drays with store goods come around by Willunga, which is
6 miles further, as they find it to be almost impossible to travel between Noarlunga
and Aldinga. The cutting of the road at Sellick*s hill exposes beds of very hard blue
calcareous siliceous rocks, probably overlying the Willunga slates.
SEPARATION, MOUNT, 32° 33' S. lat., ISS** 35' E. long. (Flinders district,) is
a peak in a low granite range, lying to the S.E. of lake Gairdner, and between the
Gawler and Baxter ranges, crossed by Eyre in 1839. The country is now taken up
for pastoral pursuits, but is rough and scrubby, with little grass or water.
SEPFELTSFZEU> (Co. Liyht) is a small agricultural township, lying 2 miles
S. of Greenock. There is a distillery at this place (J. E. Seppelt's,) and at the Mel-
bourne Exhibition of 1866 were exhibited trom it samples of the following liqueurs:
Wachholder, Kiimmel, Wermuth, peppermint, Maraschino doppel, VaniUe doppel, and
of spirits of wine.
SERLE, MOUNT, 30° 35' S. lat., 138° 57' E. long. {Flinders district N.,) is a
fine massive mountain, lying on the main road froni AngipenU to Yudanamutana. It
attains an elevation of from 3000 to 4000 feet above the sea level, and rises almost
Digitized by VjOOQIC
204 The South Austrcdian Gazetteer. [Ser — Sha
abruptly from the surrounding country. From the summit of this peak Eyre surveyed
the surrounding country in 1840, and got the first view of an extensive lake to the B.
(lake Blanche,) which he then thought was the E. point of lake Torrens. After quit-
ting this point, Babbage describes the country as a large plain, bounded by ranges on
all sides except the N., which appeared to be the basin of lake Torrens. The plain is
covered with quf|||z fragments, and specular iron and ironstone. Upon its opposite
side are 2 low rugged hills of quartz rock, with loftier ones of slate and limestone.
SSBXS. MOUNT, RUN (N, district;) leases, Nos. 468, 478, 490, 529, and 596;
oocupier, A. Scott; respective areas of leases, 41, 61, 65, 80, and 105 square miles.
This run lies at mount Serle, the next post office being Tudanamutana.
SSSOSTBIS REEF {Co. Rohe) is a reef lying off cape Jaffa, but about the true
position of which much doubt exi^^ts. Captain Drake, of the Sesostris^ made it out in
1826 to be in 36** 35' S. lat., 139° 20' E. long, and 12 miles from the land, while Flin*
den lays it down as 18 miles W^. } N. from cape Bernouilli.
SEVSNHZXiL {Co, Stanley) is a postal township in the electoral district of
Stanley, hundred of Clare, and under the control of the Clare district council. It is
situated at the head of the Hutt river, in the midst of a hilly country, to the E. of which
is a high range running N. aiA S., and dividing the waters of the Uuttand the Hill rivers.
The district is chiefly agricultural, being under wheat and a little oats. Horses, horned
cattle, and a few sheep are als^depastured in the hills. Sevenhill lies 4 miles S. of
Clare, 3 miles N. of Penwortham, and 6 miles N. W. of Mtntaro. It is on the main North
road, and Kounsevell's daily coaches run to Clare and Penwortham; with Mintaro the
communication is by horse or dray; with Adelaide, 80 miles S., the communication
is by Roun8evell*8 mail daily coaches to Eapunda, and thence by rail — heavy goods
being usually sent by private carriers* drays. Sevenhill lias a post office and 1 hotel—
the Black Eagle (Kogers's.) The Sevenhill college, or St. Aloysius* college, is a fine
building, lying half-a mile E. of the township. It is the most renowned educational
establishment (out of Adelaide) in the colony. This college is the only Roman Catholic
educational establishment in the colony, and has pupils from nearly all the other colonies
in Australia. Extensive grounds are attached to the college, and there is a fine large
garden and a well-kept and productive vineyard; also play and recreation grounds for
the use of the pupils. A Roman Catholic church, under the title of St. Aloysius*
church, is in course of erection, and will be when completed one of the' finest and
largest out of Adelaide, measuring about 90 feet by 40 feet, exclusive of the chancel
and side chapels. A part of it has just been opened for Divine worship. Besides the
secular education which is imparted without distinction of creeds, the establishment is
particularly intended for the training of such young gentlemen as are desirous of quali-
fying themselves for priesthood in the Roman Catholic church. It is intended to
enlarge the college in a short time, as the building, although of considerable size, does
not afford sufficient accommodation for all applicants. It is situated about half-a-niile
from the main North road, and is distinguished by its healthy location. It is under the
charge of the Rev. J. Polk, S. J., and of the fathers of the society of Jesus. A botanic
garden and museum are at present in course of formation in connection with the college.
Natural history is one of the branches taught, although the establishment is more
properly intended lor classical students; nevertheless an exception is made for younger
students who have no other opportunity, and English teachers are appointed for them>
under the superintendence of the fathers. The surrounding country is elevated and
mountainous, with numerous fertile valleys and undulating plains There are extensive
plains to the W., at about 3 miles distant, known as Jacob's plains, which are thickly ,
settled upon; and where cultivated, under wheat. The population of Sevenhill is small
and scattered.
S£VENTY-THaS£ MILE WELLS ((7o. CardweU.) See Two Wblls,
SEYMOUR {Co, Russell) is a N. hundred of the county, lying on the E. bank of
the Murray river, and containing only a small area of purchased land lying along the
bank of the river. The township of Wellington is in this hundred.
SEYMOUR'S LAKR {Co. Robe) is the name of a sheet of water, lying in a
swampy hollow about 15 miles S. W. of the township of Narracoorte.
SHAa COVE (CW Flinders) is a small sandy bight, lying about 4 miles distant
N. fritm Memory cove, it has from 3 to 5 fathoms water, but is open tu E. and N.E.
winds.
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Sha — Sil] The SoiUh Australian Gazetteer. 205
SHABUtOCBL POOL, 30° 5' S. lat., 138'' 20' E. long. {Flinders dUtrict,-) is the
name of a lagoon lying to the N.E. of Termination hill, and flowing into the riyer
Munday through good pastoral country. This pool was discoyered by Mr. McFarlane.
Within a few hundred yards of it is a singular piece of table-land about 15 feet high.
. Parry describes it as about a mile long, of irregular figure, and having nearly perpen-
dicular banks. It is composed of gypsum, and for about 100 yards around it the
ground is nearly destitute of yegetation, but cracked in all directions like dry mud.
SHA&ZNaA RUN {W. district;) leases, Nos. 135, 511, 1016, 451, 1028, 934,
830, 6G2, 1056, and 609; occupier. Price Maurice. The head station is tease. No. 135,
which has an area of 22 square miles, a grazing capacity of 8500 sheep, or 92 per
square mile, and is yalued by Mr. Goyder at £266 88. per annum, deducting improve-
ments valued at £418. It lies N. of lake. Hamilton (the next post office,) 45 miles
N. by W. of Coffin's bay, 70 miles N.N.W. of port Lincoln, and 420 miles overland
from Adelaide. The respective areas, of the other leases forming this run are 20,
51, 137, 26, 22, 18, 14, 11, and 10 square miles, and on the entire block are 29,000
sheep and lambs, and 250 horses.
SHSOABL {Go. Light) is a postal township in the hundred of Nuriootpa and
electoral district of Light. It is situated about 4^ miles N.of the Gawler river, and is
supplied with water by several good wells. The district is an agricultural (wheat-
growing) one, and there is a copper mine about 3^ miles distant E.S.E. The nearest
places are Rosenthal, 4} miles S*; Daveystown, 5 miles E.; Freeling, 5 miles N.E. ; and
Roseworthy railway station, 5 miles N.W.; the only communication being by private
conveyances along bush roads. With Adelaide the communication is by road to
Oawler, and thence by rail, the entire distance being 35 miles. There are 2 generid
etores in the township, also a post office, a land agency, and 1 hotel — the Sheonk log.
The surrounding country in a circle having a radius of 5 or 6 miles is undulating, with
several flat plains, the rises being very slight. The soil is very rich, and admirably
adapted to th^ cultivation of cereals. The geological formation is basaltic, there being
large beds of limestone found in numerous parts. The population numbers about 200
persons, and the number of dwellings is about 50..
SHSOAK RANGE RUN {8.E. district;) lease, No. 213; occupier, S. Jeffrey;
area, 29 square miles (correct area, 31 square miles ;) grazing capacity, 3100 sheep, or
100 per square mile. Gojder's valuation, £144 8s. per annum, deducting improvements
valued at £53. This run lies on the road from Guichen bay to Penola, 222 miles by
road S.E. by S. of Adelaide, and 50 miles E. by S. of Guichen bay. It also comprises
lease No. 406, which has an area of 33 square miles, and pays a rent and assessment
of £82 10s., there being, on the entire block and on other leases held by the sameoccupier,
13,400 sheep and lambs, 200 head of cattle, and 30 horses.
SHEXSP HILL (Co. Hindmarsh) is a high hill in the S. part of the Tankalilla
range, about 3 miles N.E. of cape Jervis, and li miles E. from the E. coast of the gulf .
of St, Vincent, whence it forms a landmark.
SHELL LAGOON (Flinders district) is a small salt lagoon«. lying a few miles S.E.
of lake Campbell, and fed by the Emu springs creek. It lies in barren, scrubby
country, between 2 patches of tolerably good pastoral land.
SKZSLDS {Co. Flinders) is a small surveyed township in the hundred of Louth,
lying^ about 8 miles distant from the township of port Lincoln, and taken up by a few
agricultural settlers.
SHOREHAM (Co, Adelaide) is a small hamlet, forming one of the suburbs of
the township of Brighton.
SZBSET ISLAND {Speruier^s gulf) is one of the Sir Joseph Banks's group of islands.
See Sir Joseph Banks Group.
-SXCCVS RIVER {Flinders district N.) is a flne mountr^i stream, rising 12 miles
above Mattawarrumgalla, and flowing through good pastortii country.
SZLVERTON (Co. Hindmarsh) is an agricultural village in the electoral district
of the hundred of Tunkalilla, and under the control of the Rapid bay district counciL
It lies about 4 miles 8. of the township of Glen burn in a grain-producing locality,
the Talisker, Wheal Cogliu, Campbeirs creek, and other mines being in the neighbour-
hood, and silver lead being found in the hills all round. A conveyance to Glenbura
4 times a week, whence RounseveU's coach may be taken to Adelaide twice a week,
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206 The South Australim Gazetteer, [Sin — Six
the distance being 70 miles N. Silverton has 1 hotel— the Silverton. The population
of the neighbourhood numbers about 300 persons. It is situated near Campbell's
creek, and near where the Campbell's creek silver lead mines were worked some time
■ lince. These mines comprised 7 sections ot land; but although good lead ore was
found in various places on the property, and although drives were made in 4 different
places, the mines were never payable. The formation is of granite and limestone.
SZNGXiAnt POINT, 32° 12^ S.lat., 132° SO' E. long. {Flinders district W„) is a
whitish cliffy projection, lying about 20 miles to the W. of point Bell. It is fronted by
breakers, and the country inland is densely scrubbed, there being a large swampy
lake and several holes of good water within a short distance. The coast is generaUy
sandy in the neighbourhood.
SINCLAIR ROCKS (Flinders district W.) is the name given to 4 small rocky,
islets, lying about 3 miles W. of point Sinclair, and bearing from point Bell N.W. f W.
They have breakers around them, and lie on a coral bottom.
8ia ISAAC POINT, 34° 26' 20" S. lat., 135° 10' 15" E. long. (Co, Flinders^) is the
N. extremity of a low barren peninsula, about 16 miles in length, which lies between
Coffin's bay on the N., and Avoid bay on the S. From this point mount Greenly, a
woody hill 1100 feet high, is distant about 12 miles N.E. by E.
SIR J08SPK BANKS GROUP (Spencer's gulf ) is a group which lies to the
N.E. of Port Lincoln, and consists of 13 rocky and sandy islands, mostly low, besides
8 rocks above water; the whole lying between 5 miles and as many leagues off the land
of Bolingbroke point, with apparently clear channels among them. Captain Flinders
anchored in 10 fathoms, soft bottom, half-a-mile from the N. side of Kirby island
which lies 5 or 6 miles E. i N. from Bolingbroke point. Stickney island, the southern-
most of the group is in lat. 34° 41' S., and bears from cape Donington about E. by N.
* N. 13 or 14 miles; and from Stickney island, a low reef discovered by H.M.S. Buffalo,
bears E. ^ S. 8 miles. The principal of these islands are known as Reevesby, Warby,
Martin, Portney, Lusby, Kirby, Dalby, Hareby, Langton, Spilsby, Sibsey, and Stickney
islands.
SIR J. BANKS'S GROUP RUN ( W. district) See Reevesby Island Ruk.
SIR RICHARB'S PENINSULA (Co. ffindmarsh) is a narrow tongue of sandy
land separating the Goolwa, or lower Murray, on the S.W. corner of lake Alexandrina,
from the sea. The extreme E. point of this peninsula forms the W. head of the
Murray mouth, and lies opposite Barker's knoll on Youngbusband's peninsula.
SISSICONINGA RIVER (Co. ffindmarsh) is a small mountain stream rising
in the Yankalilla range, flowing past the township of Glenburn, and falling into
St. Vincent's gulf at Rapid bay.
sister's (Co. ffindmarsh) the name of 2 small rocks in port Elliott bay.
SIXTH CREEK (Co. Adelaide) is an auriferous tributary of the Tqrrens riv^r,
rising in the main range to the N. E. of Adelaide. There are some auriferous patches
on this creek, and on one of them a company is at work with good prospects of success.
Some time ago this company sent to Melbourne several tons of quartz taken promis-
cuously from the section, only a part of which was auriferous. Subjoined is an extraict
of a very gratifying letter on the subject, which they received from Mr. J. G. Knight,
the Secretary to the Commissioners for the Intercolonial Exhibition: — "Your quartz
arrived when Hart's machine was just about to be taken down to be sent to Castlemaine.
I, however, induced them to crush your samples, and have just received one of the
results, which I think very satisfactory: — 16 bags, weighing 18 cwt. 1 qr. 12 lbs., have
yielded 3 dwt. 6 grs. of gold: There could be no secret kept about the quartz being
from Adelaide, several samples having been previously sent to Hart's mill, and when I
went there they were crushing some for a party at Nairne. This sample is not so good
as yours. Some other samples, which Hart has been trying, contain no gold whatever
out of 10 tons experimented upon, so I think I must congratulate you. Hart says that
your quartz also contains silver." The above yield is at the rate of nearly 5 dxvt. to
the ton, considerably above what is reckoned the paying point in Victoria, 3y an
estimate of Mr. Jas. Hart, maker of crushing and amalgamating machines, it is
calculated that a machine crushing 300 tons a week, yielding 3 dwt. to the ton, will
return a profit of £148 16s. 6d , exclusive of the cost of raising stone and interest of
outlay for machine. Since the above quartz was sent away some sinkings have been
made in the flat between the creek and the reef proper, and boulders have been found
containing nuggets as large and valuable as those previously exhibited.
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Ski— Smi] The SoiUh Australian Ga:tietUer. -207
SKX&^OGOLEE CREEK {Co, St(mley)\s the name of a stream flowing^through
the township of Fenwortham. It has an ample supply of fresh water all the year
round.
SKURRAY {Co. Eyre) is an E. hundred of the county, consisting almost ex-
cluslTely of pastoral land, although a small quantity has been purchased on the bank
of the Murray river.
S&EAFOaB BAY {Co. Flinders) is a deep indentation in the land lying between
cape Wills on the W. and cape Catastrophe on the E. It is about 8 miles in length and
4 miles in depth; but is quite open to the S. and S.E., and has not been sounded.
SXiSAFO&D BAY RUN, (TT. district;) leases, Nos. 52a, 763, and 785; occupiers,
W. J. and J. H. Browne; respective areas, 7,28, and 18 square miles. This run lies
on'Seaford bay, to the W. of port Lincohi.
SXiEAFO&D MERE {Co. Flinders) is a small lake lying in the isthmus between
the head of port Lincoln and that of Sleaford bay. It was so called by Flinders the
discoverer, who found the surrounding country exceedingly beautiful and rich.
SLEEP'S CROSSING ( Flinders district. ) See Swindbn's Crossing.
SLEEP'S HILL (Co. Adelaide) is a peak in the Adelaide range, lying about a
miles S. W. of Mitcham, and near the S. bank of the Brownhill creek. #
SLEEP'S RUN, on the Hookina (K. district;) lease. No. 14U; occupier,
S. Sleep; area, 4 square miles; grazing capability, 360 sheep, or 90 per square mile;
Goyder's valuation, £20 per annum. It comprises 1 mile of fairly grassed flat, and 3
miles of undulating saltbush. and is watered by the Hookina creek. This run originally
formed part, of the Wonoka run. It lies 70 miles N,E. by N. of port Augusta, and 260
miles N. of Adelaide.
SLIDING ROCK CREEK (Flinders district N.) is the name of a small stream
on the W. side of the main North road, near Blinman.
SMITHFIELB (Go. Adelaide) is a postal township and railway station under
the control of the Munno Para West district council, and in the electoral district of
Yatala. It is situated on the N. bank of Smith's creek, a small stream which does not
flow in dry seasons during the summer, and on the E. side of the line of railway to
fcapunda. West Smithfield, a portion of the same township, lies on the S. of the creek
and on the W*. side of the railway. The little Para river flows at a distance of 64 miles S.,'
abd^the south P^ra river 6 niiles N., the' latter being joined below the town by the
north JPara river, the junction fbrming the Gawler river. The nearest hills are— the
One tree hill, lying E. by. S„ the ascent beginning about a mile distant, and tte Gawler
hills to the E. The district is ah agricultural one, wheat being the chief prd^lct. A
few sheep are kept on s6me of the faitns, but not in such numbers as to render the
district a pastoral one. There is a manufactory of agricultural machinery, in the
township; also a post oflace, a railway station and commodious goods-shed, a telegraph
station, aisO a Presbyterian church, a Bible Christian chapel, and 2 public schools. The
nearest places are Gawler, 6 J miles N.; Salisbury, 6j miles S.; and Penfield, 4^ miles
S.W;; the communication with thejtwo first places b6lng by rail, and with the latter by
the district road. With Adelaide, 20 miles S., the communication is by railway and
• by the great North road. There is an excellent hotel, with superior accommodation,
known as» the Smithfield hotel (Smith's.) The surrounding country is perfectly flat to
the N., S. and W., and for a distance of 2 miles to the E. when it becomes hilly. The
resident magistrate is T. Hogarth, Esq., J. P. The soil of the neighbourhood is argil-
laceous, interspersed more or less with vegetable matter; and in some instances, at the
outlets of the ravines or gullies descending from the range, immediately underlying
the vegetable soil, is drift formation of sand or gravel, in some places of considerable
extent. Below these patches of drift comes the trut subsoil, a compound formed from
the debris of calcareous, argillous, and quartzite sandstone now forming the range that
skirts the neighbourhood to the E. of the township. The population of Smithfield^
inclusive of that of Smithfield W., numbers about 120 persons.
SMITH ISLET ( Co. Flinders.) See Thorny Passage.
ZftOT'SaS CREEK {Co. Adelaide) is a stream rising in the Gawler ranges, and
flowing in a W. direction past Smithfield into the flat swampy country to the S. of the
GawlOT river. There is a public pound in the district.
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208 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Smi — ^Soti
MAIN WATERHOLE (Flinders district N.W.) is a large water-
hole to the N. of port Augusta, discovered by Babbage, and lying in a stony saltbush
plain.
StKansn WATERHOLES CFUnders district N.W.) is the name given by
Babbage to a chain of small ponds along an otherwise dry fresh water creek, and lying
to the N. B. of the Island lagoon.
8M0KT BAY {Flinders district IT.) is a fine harbour running into the main land
to the N.E. of Nujt's archipelago. It ofifers excellent anchorage in any part, but it is
necessary to approach it with caution, on account of some shoals running off from
Eyre's island in an E. direction. The coast is scrubby, and none but brackish water
can be obtaioed. Much of the country in the district has lately been taken up for
pastoral purposes. The post office at Smoky bay is at the Wallianippie station —
which see.
SNABJS8 (Kangaroo island) is the name given to an extensive reef lying at the
entrance to Vivonne bay, on the S. side of the island.
SOB HUT (Co. Burrd) is the name of a small hamlet lying ftbout 8 miles S. from
Eooringa, on the Adelaide road. There is a wajfside inn at this place, known as the
8od Hut inn.
sop HUT RANGE (Co. Burra) is a range of broken hills lying to the S. of the
Burra mines (Eooringa,) and running in a N. and S. direction along the side of the
main road from that place to Eapunda. The road crosses this range by an opening or
gap near Apoinga, known as the Stony gap, where there is a small village and post
office, about 10 miles S. of Eooringa. Copper and iron ore have been found in this
range of hills but have not been worked. (
SOBKERTON {Co. Adelaide) is a small agricultural hamlet lying near Glenelg,
and usually included as a residential suburb of that township, althoui^h there are several
residences of gentlemen, having business in Adelaide, in the neighbourhood.
SOUTHAM MOUNT {Flinders district) is a hill lying in the pastoral country to
the N.E. of Venus bay.
SOUTHAM, MOUNT, RUN {W. district;) leases, Nos. 838, 839 969; occupier^
J. Eelshf respective areas, and rentals, and assessments of leases — 10 square miles, £10;
11 square miles, j£11; and 31 square miles, i>'21 per annum. This run lies at moimt
Southam, to the N.E. of Streaky bay, the next post office being Parkin,
SOUTH AUSTRALIA is the name given to the colony, or province as it it
called, lying on the S. coast of the continent, and originally comprising that portion
situated between 132° and 141° of E. long., and between the Southern ocean and 26° S.
lat., 4ilounting to nearly 300,000 square miles, or 192,000,000 acres. Since then,
however, the boundaries of the colony have been greatly extended. In 1861, a strip
of territory, known as ** No Man's Land," occupying 80,000 square miles, and lying
between the W, boundary of South Australia and theE. boundary of Western Australia
was added, the W. boundary of the colony being now 129° E. long. In 1863, a still
further territory was added, the Government having undertaken the task of founding a
new colony in the N., and the country from 26° S. lat. to the Indian ocean, and from
129° to 138° E. long, being annexed for the purpose. This tract is known as the
** Northern Territory " (s^e Northkrn Territory.) South Australia was erected into
a British province by Act 4 and 6 William IV., c. 95; No Man's Land was annexed by
Act 24 and 25 Vic, c. 44; and the Northern Territory by Her Majesty's letters patent. of
June 6th, 1863. The survey of the S. coast was commenced in January, 1802, by
Lieutenant Flinders, who had been appointed to the command of the Investigator for
that purpose; he first sighted the land at Fowler's bay, and to this date (January 28tli,
1802) may be ascribed the discovery of South Australia. He sailed eastward, finding
and naming the various points ^d bays from that place to Encotlinter bay, where, on
the 8th April, he fell in with the French ship Le Geographe. From the report of
Flinders, a number of gentlemen in London were induced to fofm an association for
the purpose of founding a colony on the shores he had surveyed. In 1832, a number-
of gentlemen, calling themselves the South Australian land company, of which Colonel
Torrens was chairman, made an effort to carry out the project, but it was not until
1833 that a proposal to purchase waste lands from the Crown by a joint stock company,
under the presidency of Mr. W. W. Whitmore, by a scheme known as Mr. Gibbon
Wakefield's, was carried out. Several other companies were also formed afterward^^
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Sou] Tke South AustraUan Gazetteer. <i09
«Dd large blocks of land were s^ld to them and to prirate indiyiduals. A resident
iK)mmi9sioner (Mr. J. H. Fisher— now Sir J. H. Fisher) was appointed, and in the
-coifrse of a few nM)nth8 several ships were chartered for the new country by the South
Australian company and the commissioners. The first ship despatched was the Gyffnet,
with suryey officers and stores, and was followed by the Rapid, commanded by the
Surveyor-General (Colonel W. light,) who arrived at Kangaroo island in August,
1836, and who went on to port Lincoln to survey that place as a site for the capikaL
He, however, abandoned it, and proceeded to the E. coast of the gulf of St. Vincent,
discovering the creek now known as port Adelaide, and selecting the site for the
metropolis on the Torrens river, 7 miles from the place of landing. It was called
Adelaide in honour of the queen of William IV. The first governor of the colony was
Captain J. Hindmarsh, B.N., who arrived at Adelaide on December 2Bth, 1836, and
took iK)sse8sion at Glenelg, where he issued a proclamation establishing the government
^f the province in the presence of the assembled colonists, about 200 in number.
Lieutenant-Colonel G. Gawler succeeded Governor Hindmarsh in 1838, and in him
was vested.the duties of a resident commissioner, with power to borrow from the land
fund for the purposes of erecting public works, and of carrying on the government
more efiectuaily. Several new buildings, amongst which may be mentioned the
government house, government offices, hospital and custom house were erected, roads
were formed, the survey department extended, exploring parties sent out, a police
force embodied, and prosperity — for some time — prevailed. Governor Grey followed
Governor Gawler, arriving in May, 1841, and during his administration some of the
settlers began to turn their attention to pastoral pursuits, the Burra Bnrra copper
mines were discovered, and South Australia soon became famous. In October, 1845,
Lieutenant-Colonel F. H. Kobe arrived, and during his governorship minerals became
the staple article of exportation. Burra shares, that originally cost only £5, soon
Tesdised £100, and, as at a late period in connection with the Wallaroo and Moonta
discoveries, mining became a mania. Sir H.E. T.Young succeeded Governor Robe,
arriving in August, 1848, and during his administration the river Murray was first
practically navigated by Messrs. Cadell and Randall, who reached a point 1500 miles
from Goolwa. In 1851 the discovery of the Victorian gold mines caused great excijie-
ment in the colony, and in a very short time. 15,000 persons had left her shores or
proceeded oVerland for the gold diggings. This caused an embarrassment to the colony
in a financial point of view, and to meet it the *" Bullion Act"— enabling the governor
to establish an assay office, and to cast into stamped ingots all gold taken in for that
purpose— was passed. Sir H. Young was succeeded by Sir Richard G. Macdonnell,
before whose arrival in the colony, a short interregnum having taken place, Mr. B. T.
Finniss, for many years colonial secretary, assumed the position of acting-governs.
During Sir Richard's term of office, responsible government was inaugural^, and the
material advancement of the colony is summed up by the late lament^ Mr. Sinnett in
these words: —
" The history of the last six years in South Australia has been the history of steady
industrial and political progress. The introduction of the now constitution has been
the most remarkable event ol this epoch, and the change thus produced will elsewhere
be found described in detail. It is over the whole face of the country that the history
<^ this period has been written. Roads have been improved and bridges formed, so as
quite to change the character of inland travelling for hundreds of miles from Adelaide;
surveys for railways have been carried on to a large extent; the railway of Si miles to
the port in one direction, and the N. line to Kapunda (52 miles) in another direction,
has been opened: telegraphilK lines throughout the country have been established, as
well as telegraphic communication with Sydney and Melbourne; the city of Adelaide
has been supplied with water; a large extent of country has been surveyed for purchase
in sections, the coast has been lighted where necessary; numerous buildings for public
purposes have been constructed by the Executive, including a new hospital. Parliament
house, government house, government offices, mounted |)olice barracks, and the institute
with its free library; the Murray has been navigated as far as Albury, and the first
steamer taken a considerable distance up the Darling by Captain Cadell, with whom
were Sir Richard Macdonnell and four others. Nearer home, the new mining district
of Wallaroo, on Yorke's peninsula, has been discovered and fairly tested, so §iat what
was two years ago a sheep run, now exhibits townships, mines, and all the customury
adjuncts, including the commencement of a railway and a sy^m of drainage. Further
from Adelaide, the far north has been explored by Mr. Sniart, Mr. Gh^yder, jibjot
Fxfit^g, Mr. Babbage, Sir Richard Macdonnell, M^jor Warborton, and others."
Digitized by LjOOQIC
210 The 8(mth Australian Gazetteer. [Sou
Sir B. Q. Macdonneli was succeeded by Sir Dominick Daly, the present Groyemor^
who arrived on March 4th, 1862. ^
The first road made in the colony was that jfrom port Adelaide to Adelaide, tt
distance of 7 ^iles. This road was made by the South Australian company
at a cost of upwards* of £13,000. The principal port is port Adelaide, the
subsidiary ones being Fowler's bay and Streaky bay on the south-west coast, port
Xiincoln near the entrance of, and on the west coast of Spencer's gulf, port Wal-
laroo in the same gulf, port Willunga, Rapid bay, and port Wakefield In St. Vin-
cent's gulf, Nepean bay in Kangaroo island, Victor harbour and port Elliott in
Encounter bay, and Lacepede bay (port Caroline,) Guichen bay, Rivoli bay, and Mac-
donneli bay on the S.E. coast. At nearly all these places jetties and moorings have
been laid down. The corporate towns of the colony, besides Adelaide, are Gawler, 26
miles N.; Eapunda, 24 miles farther N.; Glenelg, 6 miles S.; Brighton, 3 miles farther
S. ; Norwood and Kensington, in the E. suburbs; and port Adelaide. There are also
numerous townships studded over the country, the principal of which are Salisbury,
Virginia, Riverton, Saddleworth, Leasingham, Watervale, Auburn, Penwortham, Min-
taro, Rhynie, Stockport, Clare, Kooringa, and Melrose to the N. ; Fayneham, Hough-
ton, Steventon, Gumeracka, Williamstown, Angaston, Tanunda, Nuriootpa, Greenock,
and Blumberg, to the N.E.; port Lincoln, Kadina, Wallaroo, and Moon ta to the W.
and N.W.; Stirling, Hahndorf, mount Barker, Balhannah, Woodside, Lobethal, Charles-
ton, mount Torrens, Oakbank, Littlehampton, Naime, Ejinmantoo, Callington, Echunga,
Milang, Currency creek. Macclesfield, Strathalbyn, Wellington, Kingston, Narracoorte,
Penola, Gambierton, and Robe to the E. and S.E,; and Clarendon, Morphett vale,
Noarlunga, Willunga, Aldinga, Yankalilla, Rapid bay, Encounter bay, port Elliott, and
Goolwa to the S. All these places contain substantial houses, shops, hotels, and placos
of worship, and most of them court-houses, money order and telegraph stations, public
schools, and banks, insurance offices, and other public buildings. The railways of the
cdlony are those from Adelaide to the I*ort, 74 miles, and from Adelaide to Kapunda, 49
miles. There are also tramways from Victor harbour to Goolwa, and from Wallaroo
to Moonta, and a further tramway in contemplation from Wallaroo to Clare. Convey-
ances of various kinds cun between all the important townships, the principal coach
proprietors being the Messrs. Rounsevell of Adelaide, and Cobb and Co., who have
recently established several lines of coaches.
The government of the colony is carried on by a Governor and Executive Council, and
2 Houses of Legislature, (the Council and the Assembly.) The Executive comprises a
President, (his Excellency the Governor,) Chief Secretary, Colonial Treasurer, Attorney-
General, Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration, and Commissioner of Public-
Works.
The }]^gislative Council consists of 18 members, elected by the whole body
of electors as one constituency, one-third of whom go out every 4 years. The members
of this house are entitled to the prefix of " honorable," and the following is the list of
present members: — the hon. John Morphett, president; the hon. H. Ayers, the hon.
Captain Bagot, the hon. Mr. Bagot, the hon. J. Baker, the hon. J. H. Barrow, the hon.
T. Elder, the hon. T. English, the hon. C. G. Everard, the hon. G. Hall, the hon. Mr.
Hodgkiss, the hon. Mr. Hogarth, the hon. T. Magarey, the hon. Mr. Mildred, the hon.
W. Peacock, the hon. A. Scott, the hon. W. W. Tuxford, and the hon. J. M. Solomon,,
(resigned, his seat being at present vacant.)
The Legislative Assembly consists of 36 members, representing 18 constituencies.
The following is a list of the electoral districts, and the present representatives : —
East Adelaide— the hon. T. Reynolds and P. Santo, Esqf; West Adelaide— the hon.
J. P. Boucaut and K. H. Fuller, Esq.; Port Adelaide Smith, Esq., and D. Bower,
Esq.; West Torrens— J. Pickering, Esq., and the hon. H. B. T. Strangways; Yatala —
W. Cavanagh, Esq., and L. Glyde, Esq.; Gumeracka — the hon. A. Blyth and A. B.
Murray, Esq.; East Torrens— N. Blyth, JEsq., and C. H. Goode, Esq.; The Sturt—
R. B. Andrews, Esq., and J. Peacock, Esq. ; Noarlunga— J. Carr, Esq., and J. Colton,
Esq.; Mount Barker— J. Dunn, Esq., and J. Rankine, Esq. ; Onkaparinga — hon. W.
Milne and W. Townsend, Esq.; Encounter Bay — D. Sutherland, Esq., and W. Everard,
Esq.; Barossa— hon. W. Duffleld and J. Martin, Esq.; Light— P. B. Coglin, Esq., and
J. Rounsevell, Esq.; Victoria— J. Riddock, Esq., and A. L. Gordon, Esq.; Burra — A.
McCulloch, Esq., and J. B. Neales, Esq.; Stanley— H. E. Bright, Esq., and the hon.
G. S . Kingston ; and Flin(krs— J. Williams, Esq., and A. Watts, Esq. (resigned.) The
Speaker, and Chairman of Committees, is the hon G. S. Kingston, member for
Stanley.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Sou] The South Australian Gazetteer. 211
The foUowiDg is a list of the ministries who have held office since the introduction
of responsible government:—
Mr. Finniss's Ministry (from October 24, 1856, to August 21, 1857.)— Chief
Secretary, B. T. Finniss; Attorney-Greneral, K. D. Hanson; Treasurer, R. R. Torrens;
Ck)mmi8sioner of Crown Lands and Immigration, C. Bonney; Commissioner of Public
Works, A. H. Freeling, succeeded by the hon. Samuel Davenport, March 20, 1857.
Hon. Mr. Baker's Ministry (from August 21 to September 1, 1857.)— Chief
Secretary, hon. John Baker; Attorney-General, hon. E. C. Gwynne; Treasurer, J. Haft;
Commissioner of Crown Lands, W. Milne; Commissioner of Public Works, A. Blyth;
Solicitor-General, J. T. Bagot.
Mr. Torrens's Ministry (from September 1 to September 30, 1857.)— Chief Secretary*
R. R, Torrens; Attorney-General, R. B. Andrews; Treasurer, J. B. Hughes; Commis-
sioner of Crown Lands, M. MacDermott; Commissioner of Public Works, hon. S.
Davenport.
Mr. Hanson's Ministry (from September 30, 1857, to May 9, 1860.) — Chief SA-etary,
hon. W. Younghwsbandj Attorney-General, R. D. Hanson; Treasurer, J. Hart (suc-
ceeded by B. T. Finniss, June 12, 1858;) Commissioner of Crown Laflds, F. S. Dutton
(succeeded by J. B. Neales, June 2, 1859; succeeded by W. Milne, July 5, 1859;)
Commissioner of Public Works, T. Reynolds (succeeded by A. Blyth, June 12, 1858.)
Mr. Reynolds's "Ministry (from May 9, 1860, to May 20, 1861.)— Chief Secretary,
hon. G. M. Waterhouse (succeeded by the hon. J. Morphett, February 4, 1861 ;) Attorney-
General, H. B. T. Strangways; Treasurer, T. Reynolds; Commissioner of Crown Lands,
J. T. Bagot; Commissioner of Public Works, A. Hay.
Mr. Reynolds's Ministry (from May 20 to October 8, 1861.)— Chief Secretary, hon,
J. Morphett; Attorney- General, R. L Stow; Treasurer, T. Reynolds; Commissioner of
Crown Lands, H. B. T. Strangways; Commissioner of Public Works, A. Hay.
Hon. Mr. Waterhouse's Ministry (from October 8 to 17, 1861.)— Chief Secretary,
hon. G. M. Waterhouse; Attorney-General, H. Gawler; Treasurer, A. Blyth; Com-
missioner of Crown Lands, M. Moorhouse; Commissioner of Public Works, P. Santo.
Hon. Mr. Waterhouse's Ministry (from October 17, 1861, to July 4, 1863.— Chief
Secretary, hon. G. M. Waterhouse; Attorney-General, R. I. Stow; Treasurer,
T. Reynolds (succeeded by A. Blyth, February 19, 1862;) Commissioner of Crown
Iiands, H. B. T. Strangways; Commissioner of Public Works, J. Lindsay (succeeded
by W. Milne, February 19, 1862.)
Mr. Dutton's Ministry (from July 4 to 15. 1863.)— Chief Secretary, J. Hart;
Attorney-General, R. B. Andrews; Treasurer, L. Glyde; Commissioner of Crown
Lands, F. S. Dutton; Commissioner of Public Works, W. Townsend. Hon. H. Ay res,
member of Cabinet, without office.
Hon. Mr. Ayres's Ministry (from July 15, 1863, to July 22, 1864.)— Chief Secre-
tary, hon. H. Ayres; Attorney-General, R. B. Andrews; Treasurer, J. Hart; Com-
missioner of Crown Lands, L. Glyde; Commissioner of Public Works, P. Santo.
Hon. Mr. Ayres's Ministry (from July 22 to August 4, 1864.)— Chief Secretary,
hon. H. Ayres; Attorney-General, R. L Stow; Treasurer, John Hart; Commissioner
of Crown Lands, Wm. Milne; Commissioner of Public Works, Philip Santo.
Hon. A Blyth's Ministry (from August 4, 1864, to March 22, 1865.)— Chief Secre-
tary, hon. Henry Ayres; Attorney-General, R. I. Stow; 'Treasurer, Jolm Hart; Com-
missioner of Crown Lands, hon. Arthur Blyth; Commissioner of Public Works, Wm.
Milne.
Mr. Dutton's Mmistry (from March 22 to September ,20, 1865.)— Chief Secretary,
hon. H. Ayres; Attorney-General, B. B. Andrews; Treasurer, hon. T. Reynolds;
Commissioner of Crown Lands, hon. H. B.T. Strangways; Commissioner of Public
Works, F. S. Dutton.
Hon. Mr. Ayres's Ministry (from September 23 to October 21, 1865.)— Chief
Secretary, hon. H. Ayres; Attorney-General, R. B. Andrews; Treasurer, hon. A.
Blyth; Commissioner of Crown Lands, H. B. T. Strangways; Commissioner of Public
Works, Philip Santo.
Mr# Hart's Ministry (appointed October 23, 1865.)— Chief Secretaiy, John Hart;
Attorney-General, J.P. Boucaut; Treasurer, Walter Duffield ; Commissioner of Crown
Lands, Lavington Glyde; Commissioner of Public Works, hon. Thomas Fnglish.
The present ministry, formed March 26th, 1866, is constituted as follows: — Chief
Secretary, hon. A. Blyth; Attorney- General, hon. J. P. Boucaut; Treasurer, hon.
W. Duffield; Commissioner of Crown Lands, hon. W. Milne; and Commissioner of
Public Works, hon. T. English. «
Digitized by L:W)Ogle
212 The South AustraUan Gazetteer. '[800 •
The wealth of South Australia consists in its immense extent of pastoral country
(chiefly sheep-grazing,) its fertile grain (wheat) producing plains and valleys, its wine^
and its immense mineral resources. The latter consist of vast deposits of copper and
silyer lead, with small quantities of gold, bismuth, and tin. The principal copper mines
are the Burnt Burra, Moonta, Wallaroo, Bremer, and the N. mines, at Yudanamutana
and Blinman; the latter, however, owing to the recent drought, have not been lately
worked. The silver lead mines are principally situated in the S. part of the colony,
near cape Jervis, and are known as the Talisker, Gorge, and Campbeirs creek mines,
the tin and bismuth mines in the N. and W., the latter being known as the Murninnie.
Ck)ld is found at Bixth creek, and near Echunga. The following article, an abstract of
the Statistical Jtegiater of South Australia for 1865, dated September 14th, 1866, is
from the pen of J. Bootbbv, Esq., Assistant-Secretary and Government Statist, and
affords a- clear and practical view of the state of the colony at the present time.
*' During 1865, there was a larger addition to the population than in any year
since 18|p, amounting to 9264 persons, giving a rat« of increase during the year of
6^ per cent, as compared with 5 per cent, during 1864, and 3f in 1863. The total
inhabitants ot tha province, estimated from the returns of births aifd deaths and of
immigration and emigration by sea, numbered, on 3 1st December last, 156^605 persons
— 80,686 males, and 75,919 females. The following shows the sources whence the
additional population has been obtamed:— Population on 1st Janu^y, 1865, males,
75,888; femiJes, 71,453; persons, 147,341. Increase of population by excess of immi-
gration over emigration (by sea) to 31st December, 1865, males, 2649; females, 2117 ;
persons, 4766. Increase by excess of births over deaths, to 3l8t December, 1865, males,
2149; females, 2349 ; persons, 4498. Total on 31st December, 1865, males, 80,686;
females, 75,919; persons, 156,605. Increase in 1865, males, 4798; females, 4466;
persons, 9264. From the foregoing it will be seen that the natural increase has yielded
3 per cent., and immigration by sea 3^ per cent, of the total addition to the population.
There are no means of obtaining an approximation of the balance of arrivals over
departures by land, which are now numerous, and consequently affect the population
returns; but to what extent can only be ascertained at the quinquennial census.
** The increase to the population during 1865, from natural causes, was at a n^t«
much exceeding those shown in the previous 2 years ; the number of births not only
increasing in a higher ratio, but the mortality diminishing much below that o^
1863 and 1864. During the past 12 months the excess of births over deaths amounted
to 4498 souls, or 30*5 per thousand persons living at the commencement of the year;
whilst in 1864 the additional population from this source was only 36*43, or 26 in a
thousand, and in 1863 of 3745 aouls, or at the rate of 27*7 per thousand persons. The
rate of increase in 1865 was therefore 4*5 per thousand over that of its predecessor, and
2*8 above the rate existing in 1863 ; it must, however, be borne in mind, that the low
rate in 1864 was owing to the great mortality among children during the prevalence of
^ epidemic. In 186J^ 6672 births were registered, or 464 more than during tl^e
previous year. The birth-rate was therefore 45 per thousand persons, or 1 per thousand
higher than in the preceding 2 years. Notwithstanding the augmentation of the popu-
lation since 1861, the birth-rate is now 0*5 per thousand more than was recorded at
that date. Of the total number of births, 3369 were males, and 3303 females, or 102
boys to 100 girls. From a comparison of the quarterly returns, extending over 5 years,
it will be found that the September quarter shows the highest number of births, next
the June quarter, then the last quarter, whilst that ending in March is the. lowest of
all. Fewer deaths were registered during 1865 than in either of the preceding 2 years,
the number being 2174, as compared with 2565 in 1864, and 2221 in 1863. Owing to
the epidemic prevalent during 1864, above referred to, the mortality in that year, 18*2
in a thousand persons, was exceptional ; it will therefore be necessary to compare the
rate existing during 1865—14*8 per thousand, with that of the year 1863, 16 '4— when
it will be seen that the mortality last year was 1 '6 per thousand below What may be
taken to be the average rate of mortality in this colony. Many more males died than
females, especially at the later periods of life, the excess of the former being much
greater than usually exists; out of 2174 deaths, only 954 were deaths of females;^whilst
in the previous year, in 2565 deaths, 1217 were females. In 1864, ftom the cause pre-
viously n;ientioned, the deaths amon^ children under 5 years of age formed nearly two-
thirds of the whole mortality; during 1865, they formed little more than one-half; the
number in either year being 1639 and 1226 respectively. It is satisfactory to notathat
a marked decrease is apparent in the rate of mortality among infi^nt^— the ^tual
number of deaths of children under ) years of age being les^ than in isei-r-n^tiqrith.-
Digitized by LjOOQIC
feou] Ths Somh AustralidH Oazetteer. 213
iltlmding thiB rapid increase of populatioh. Omitting the exceptional year 1864, the
deaths of infants have ranged from 1024 to 1064 annually. The number of deaths of
t3iis class in 1865 was 1041, being 48 per cent, of the gross mortality — or nearly 6 per
cent. less than the proportion existing in 1861, the rate gradually declining during th^
fntertening 5 years. Throughout the same period, the birth-rate, as before shown, ha^
been more than maintatned. The return showing the causes of death for each month
in 1864 and 1865 calls for remark, as exhibiting the immunity from zymotic diseases
during th^ latter, as compared with the 2 preceding years, when scarlatina ^as so pre-
valent, from which disease alone there were 288 debths in 1863, 510 in 1864, but in 1865
only 15. During 1865, 1436 marriages were solemnised — many more than had been
recorded in any previous year, and showing an increase of 145 pyer the number regis-
tered in 1864, and of 278 above those celebfated in 1861.
" The excess of immigration over emigration (by sea) #a8 greater during the year
tinder reyiew than was recorded in either of the past ten years — the total addition to the
population from this source amounting to 4766 persons, of whom 2649 were males and
2117 females. The number of immigrants introduced at the public expense, or partly
so, was 4625, of whom 2692 were males and 1933 females. From these figures it would
flippear that 141 persons were gained to the community, over and above the whole
number of immigrants introduced by the State. Since the resumption of immigration
in October, 1862, 9382 Government immigrants have arrived; during the like period
the net addition to our population by the excess of arrivals over departures was 9935
souls— showing that the community has increased by 553 persons more than the whole
number of Government immigrants landed on our shores. The following table shows
the general immigration (male and female) during the past decade, the emigration, the
balance of arrivals over depsirtures, or vice versdy and the number of immigrants at the
public expense :— Immigration, 1856,9525; 1857,8138; 1858,7855; 1859,4869; 1860,
4374; 1861, 3127; 1862, 3230; 1863, 4234; 1864, 5958; 1865, 8469; total, 59,779.
Emigration, 1856,7278; 1857,4909, 1858,3609; 1859,3651; 1860,4902; 1861,2077;
1862, 2685; 1863, 2892; 1864, 2676; 1865, 3703; total, 38,382. Excess of immigration
over emigration, 1856, 2247; 1857, 3229; 1858, 4246; 1859, 1218; 1861, 1050; 1862,
545; 1863, 1342; 1864, 3282; 1865, 4766; total, 21,397. Excess of emigration over
immigration, 1860, 528. Number of immigrants at the public expense, 1856, 4177;
1857} 3965; 1858, 3553; 1859,2011; 1860,972; 1861,21; 1862,611; 1863,1499; 1864,
2647; 1865, 4625; total, 24,081. The total number of arrivals during the ten years
comprised in the above return was 59,779, of whom 24,081 persons were introduced at
the public expense; the departures numbered 38,382, showing a balance in favour of
arrivals of 21,397 souls ; it would, therefore appear that 2684 persons— a number
equivalent to. 10 per cent, of the whole number of Government immigrants — have left
the colony during the whole period ot ten years. If, however, we divide the decade
into 2 periods of 5 years, it will be found that this loss occurred only during the first
5 years ending 1860, the second half ending 1865 showing an excess of immigration of
17 per cent, upon the whole number of assisted arid free immigrants. For instance, in
the 5 years terminating 1860 the excess of arrivals over departures amounted to
10,412 persons, the number of Government immigrants being 14,678— showing a loss
of 4266. In the last 5 years the excess of immigration was 10,985 persons, of whom
9403 were assisted by Government — showing that during that period 1582 individuals
have arrived in the colony at tbeir own expense. This latter class would, of course, be
increased by the number of Government immigrants who may have left the colony during
the period; but, as it is impossible to distinguish them in the emigration portion of the
returns, an approximation even cannot be arrived at. Sufficient data are, however,
given to prove satisfactorily that without the aid of assisted immigration the progress
of the colony in regard to population will be tardy in the extreme. During 1865
fourteen immigrant ships arriv^, landing 4625 souls, the average contract price for
each adult's passage being £12 10s., the lowest rate, I believe, on record. The total
expenditure lor immigration purposes was £55,383, for the 12 months. Between 1856
to 1860 the sum of £392,163 was disbursed, and £131,398 during the 5 years
just closed.
*^ Six additional places of worship appear to have been opened during 1865, afibrding,
with extensions of present buildings, further accommodation for 4248 persons, making
in all, 461 churches and chapels, with seats for 83,843 persons. Besides which, f^
ridoms were used for religious services — being a few less than last year, owing to the
abandonment of. several preaching stations, during the drought, in the Far North —
making the aggregate number of places of worship used during 1865 to be 634, with
Digitized by LjOOQIC
214 Tke South Australian Gazetteer. [Sou
accommodation sufficient for 90,350 persons, or three-fifths of the population. The
following figures show the progress efiected in this direction daring the past three
years :— Number of churches or chapels, 1863, 431; 1864, 455; 1855, 461 : number of
•ittiogs in ditto, 1863, 76,813; 1864, 79,595; 1865, 83,843: number of rooms used, &c.,
1863, 170; 1864, 180; 1865, 173: number of sittings in ditto, 1863, 7065; 1864, 7621;
1865, 6507. Total number of places of worship, 1863, 601; 1864, 635; 1865, 634:
sittings provided, 1863, 83,878^ 1864, 87,217; 1865,90,350. Sunday schools, 1863,360;
1864, 382; 1865, 384: Sunday school teachers, 1863, 3017; 1864, 3254; 1865, 3484:
Sunday scholars, 1863, 21,799 ; 1864, 23,087 ; 1865,23,739. Satisfactory advancement
is also evidenced by the attendance at Sunday schools, the large number recorded in
past yeani not only being maintained, but a slight addition shown in the number of
schools, teachers, and scholars.
** During the year 1865 it appears that the increase of both schools and scholars has
been in a less proportion than in former years, owing to the closing of 3 schools in the
distant North from the long continuance of drought, and of some other country schools
for want of sufficient local support. The increase in the number of schools was 12, or
only 5 per cent., the addition in the number of scholars being at the same rate, or
727 only. At the most favourable period of the year, the month of October, the
number of schools open was 279, the number of scholars on the rolls, 7577 boys and
6103 girls, total 13,680; of whom 10,805 were in attendance. The average number on
the roll at each school was 49, and the average attendance 38. 79 per cent, of tha
scholars on the roll were in attendance. These figures show a slight improvement on the
returns of former years. The proportion of the sexes at school was nearly the same
as in several preceding years, viz. : boys 55 '5 and girls 445 per cent. The ages of the
scholars attending are as follows: — Of 6 years and under, 37*4 per cent.; of 7 to 10 years,
42*4 per cent.; of 11 and 12 years, 14'5 per cent.; and as only 5*7 per cent, of the
children #ere 13 years of age and upwards, the proportion at the higher period of age
is therefore still decreasing. 6 additional school-houses were placed under trust of the
Board during the year for educational purposes, making the total number so held to
be 62, assistance having been given by the Government by way of grant to the building
fund in ail cases, amounting in the whole to £11,209 since the introduction of the
system. The financial returns show £13,611 to have been paid by the Board during
the year in stipends to teachers, or an average of 19s. lOfd., for each scholar, whilst the
aggregate amount of school fees received from the parents of the scholars was £13,047,
or an average of £l Os. 6d., showing the total cost of a child's education at the common
schools to be M2 Os. 4^d. per annum. The greatest number of destitute children
at the schools during the year was 934, and for which the Board paid school fees
amounting to £979 4s. 9d., or £l Os. ll^d. for each child, showing a decrease on the
previous year of 71 children. The returns furnished by the secretary 'of the South
Australian institute show very satisfactory instances of additional means of usefulness
in the cause of education, and particularly with respect to country institutes, which
now number 39 in active operation. During the past decade £160,849 have been
expended by the State for educational purposes, the disbursements during 1865
amounting to nearly £20,000 sterling.
'* Medical relief was granted to a greater number of persons than during 1864 — 94
more patients receiving treatment at the Adelaide hospital in the course of the past
year. The total number of cases treated in 1865 was 1146, as compared with 1052 in
1864; of these 760 were males and 386 females, the additional number of the former
sex being 93, and of the latter 1 only. At the commencement of the year there were in
the hospital 1 15 patients— 79 males and 36 females; at its close, 98 males and 39 females,
or 137 altogether. The daily average number of inmates was 121 — 8^ males and 39
females; the proportion of the latter sex being less than in former years. Out of 1 146
patients treated, 899 were discharged — 752 being cured and 147 relieved — and 110
died— 77 males and 33 females—leaving 137 resident at the end of the year as stated.
The average duration of a patient's residence in the institution, was in acute diseases 18
days, and in chronic cases from 80 to 89 days. The records of the lunatic asylum
exhibit a more favourable aspect than has been the case for some years, there being a
reduction of 4 in the number of inmates at the close of the year. The admissions also
were 12 less than in 1864, numbering 63—39 males and 24 females— of the latter sex,
thejaumber admitted was the same in either year, the decrease appearing in the number
of male patients; 262 patients were under treatment, of whom 43 were discharged
cured, and 8 left the asylum relieved. The deaths numbered 16, or 5 less than last
year. The daily average number of inmates was 195, which was also the number
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
Sou
k
The South Australian Gazetteer.
f216
Temaining on the 31st December, of whom 108 were males and 87 females. The whole
of the inmates, with the exception of 5 males and 6 females, on whose behalf sustenence
fees were paid by their friends, were supported entirely at the cost of the State. From
the return of the average number of destitute poor supported or relieved by the Goveril-
•ment, exclusive of patients in the hospital an^ lunatic asylum, there would appear at
'first sight to be a large addition to the number of distressed persons, whereas on
examining the returns it will be found that of the whole number of persons relieved,
viz., 704, no less than 512 were children; the total number of adult recipients, both
indooj: and outdoor, being only 192—97 males and 95 females. The whole of them
<were aged, infirm, or sick persons, no able-bodied person being at any time admitted
into the asylum, whose adult inmates numbered 104 persons, 58 males and 44 females —
a burden not greater than may be expected in a population such as ours. It should be
stated that many of the outdoor cases are females whose husbands have deserted thera,
or who are widowed, and who with their children receive partial relief. With regard
to the children, however, it is a lamentable fact that the numbers of destitute orphans
and deserted children is rapidly increasing. On the average 512 children were receiving
-support from the Government (as against 356 the year before,) 76 being inmates of the
destitute asylum, the remaining 436 — 210 boys and 226 girls— being distributed
throughout the colony; receiving, it is to be feared, but little of that care and attention
which could be devoted to them were they congregated at industrial schools, or similar
institutions, in the neighbourhood of the chief centres of population. The Board of
Education disburses about £1000 annually in the payment of fees for destitute children
attending licensed schools. The amount expended, exclusive of buildings, during the
past year in the relief of ttie destitute poor was ^8178; on account of the medical and
hospital departments, £7646; and at the lunatic asylum, £5851; or altogether,
£21,675— being just 60 per cent, advance in the cost to the State for these services
during a period of 4 years.
** The criminal records of the province exhibit an unusual number of offences
committed in 1865, as compared with previous years, and especially so in felonious
offences against the person and against property, in which classes the number of con-
victions in the preceding year had been smaller than in either of the previous ten years.
" In the Supreme court, 134 prisoners were convicted out of 197 committed for
trial, showing an increase of 93 commitments and 64 convictions. In 12 cases the
offence was against the person, as compared with 4 in 1864; and 98 against property
as compared with 37 in the previous year, the remaining 24 convictions being for mis-
demeanours. The crimes of most frequent occurrence in 1865 were embezzlement,
larceny, stealing from dwelling-houses and from the person, and forgery. This sudden
increase in crime is more stril^ingly apparent from the fact that of late years we have
been singularly free, the commitments per thousand persons having gradually been
reduced from 2*289 in 1859 to 1*308 in 1864, rising, however, in 1865, to 1*705. The
average for that period was 1*729 in a thousand, or one commitment in 595 persons.
When the rapid influx of population during the past two years is taken into account
■and also that some accessions have not been from a desirable class, it is more satisfactory
than otherwise to find that the commitments in 1865 did not exceed the average
number. It may further be stated, as evidence that the exertions and vigilance of the
peace-officers have not diminished, that the proportion of offenders convicted before a
jury has increased from 5 in every 10, to 7 in every 10, persons placed on their trial.
Year.
PopulaUon.
Conimitments. jRAtioof Commitments.
11
lit:
flCO
o5q
Ratio 0/ Convictions In
Supreme Court to
Commitments.
To
Supreme
Court.
To
Local
Courts
Total. ifoS'o.
Or.
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
18'J4
1865
122,735
124,112
126,830
135,329
140,416
147,341
156,605
\
168
145
125
117
125
104
197
113
98
120
90
74
88
79
281
243
245
207
199
192
276
2-289
1-958
1-932
1-529
1-388
1-308
1-705
1 in 437
I in 510
1 in 522
1 in 654
1 in 706
1 in 767
1 in 567
93
78
62
64
m
70
134
5*5 in ten
5*5 in ten
5 in ten
5*5 in ten
7 in ten
7 in ten
7 in ten
Meano
f seven
years
1-729
1 in 595
— 1 6 in ten
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^IB The South Australian OazetU^r. ISm
I
" With reference to the above, it need hardlj be said that the amoant of crime tbi»
shown to exist in South Australia is below that exhibited in the returns of th« mother
country, and far beneath that prevailing in the neighbouring colonies. Again, if com-
piurison be instituted in like manner with regard to the nature of the crimes perpetrated,
it will be seen that this province has b«en remarkable for the absence of crimes of a
serioua nature. During the past 10 years, out of 820 prisoners tried in the Supreme
court, only 95 were for offences against the person, or less than 10 pen annum ; whilst in
the same period it was necessary to carry the extreme penalty of the law into ^ect in
but 2 instances. «
^ The revenue returns for the year 1865 exhibit a remarkable increase in all sonroeft
of income, but more especially in the land fund receipts. The total revenue for the 12
■Kmths amounted to £1,089,128, as compared with £775,837 in 1864— an addition of
£813,291, or 42 per cent. The great demand for land and the high price paid,
swelled the amount of the land sales to the large sum of £504,&77, or an increase of
£256,672, or nearly twice the sum received in the previous year. The customs revenue
was also greater than had been collected in any preceding year. This—the only source
of taxation— produced £240, 183, or one-fifth more than last year, being at the rate of
30s. per head of the population — a lower rate than is imposed upon any other Australian
community. The moneys derived from the occupation of the Crown lands increased by
50 per cent., or from £48«361 in 1864 to £73,891 in 1865 — the augmented rents under the
new pastoral leases having become due. The receipts from the railways also increased from
£118,307 to £134,070, or by £15,763— nearly 1^ P«r cent. Other sources of revenue,
as water rates, harbour dues, postages, licenses, fines, fees, and forfeitures, and tele^
gn^h reo^pts, also show marked advances, indicating considerable activity and
progress. The total expenditure of the Qovernment amounted to £790,504, or £163,819
more than in 1864. The chief items ot increase are in public works, immigration^
contingencies, and salaries provisional and temporary, which latter item includes the
wages to workmen in Government employ. The amount expended on public works
out ol the general revenue was £223,083, in addition to £18,654 out of the loan fund,
which, together vrith a sum of £93,056 set apart for the payment of interest on 'and
redemption of loans for public works, makes a total disbursement on account of per-
manent improvements of £334,793, as compared with £248,004 in 1864. The immi-
gration expenditure was £53,688, as against £36,850 in the previous year. The public
account showed a surplus of receipts over payments of £298,624 68. 4d., or more than
one-fourth of th« total amount of the year's revenue, augmenting the bahince in hands
of the treasurer, which stood at £219,015 178. 5d. on the 1st January, to £5 17,640 3s. 9d.
at the close of the year. This accumulation resulted principally from the beneficial
operation of the law known as ' Sutherland's Act,' which pro^des that two-thirds of
the amount received from the sale of the public estate should be devoted to the prosecu-
tioB of works of public utility, and one-third to the introduction of immigrants. On
the 31st December the balance to the credit of the public works fund was £152.236,
and that to the credit of the immigration fund amounted to £207,903. The disbursements
from both funds are regulated by Uie annual vote of Parliament. Up to this date the
departmental charges for the management of the public lands and for the execution of
public works Hkve not yet been made a charge on those funds, having been defrayed
from the ordinary revenue ; but steps will, doubtless, shortly be taken to place the
account on a proper footing in this respect. The surplus of the ordinary revenue,,
which has, amounted annually to a large sum, after meetitig the ordinary and extra-
ordinary expenses of Government, is carried to the debit of the public works account.
The treasurer was debited with the following balances of revenue on the 31st De-
cember, 1865, viz.:— To balance of ordinary revenue, £105,558 16s. 7d.; to balance of
Public Works fimd, £152,236 15s. 9d.; to balance of Immigration fund, £207,903 3s.;.
and to balance of Part III., Public Works, &c., £51,941 88. 5d.; making a total of
£517,640 3s. 9d. to the credit of the province at the opening of the present year. The
treasury balance was deposited with the several local banks, and all but a small portion
required in current account, was bearing interest at 6 per cent, per annum, being the
rate paid by Government to nolders of the bonded debt.
" A further reduction has been effected in the amount of the bonded debt incurred
for the construction of reproductive public works, being in aid of sums appropriated
from. the general revenue for such purposes. Bonds to the amount of £43,100 have
been redeemed during the year, leaving the sura of £796,200 outstanding on 31st*
December, 1865. The rate per head of the population at that date was £5 Is. 8d., or
nearly two-thirds less than the rate of iridebtediiess existing in the adjoining colonies^
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Bfm] The SotUh Australian Gazetteer. 217
There has been no fresh loan authorised since 1863, when that for the port Adelaide
waterworks was contracted. Our present debt will be liquidated graduaUy during the
next 26 years.
" Returns of the arerage assets and liabilities of the five banks carrying on business
in Adelaide throughout the year 1865, have been published half-yearly in the usyal
manner. An exdusirely local bank was opened in December, but was not required to
make a return; the following statement, therefore, of the business transacted during
the 6 months ending 31st December, 1865, applies only to those in operation during the
whole year. It will be seen that the total average liabilities of the banks have increased,
from I million in 1863 to 2 million^ in 1865, and the average assets from 2 millions
Sterling in the former year to 3 millions in the latter; arid, further, that during the year
1865, the assets increased from £2,361,300 to £3,031,705, or by the sum of £670,40^,
whilst the liabilities advanced from £1.498,473 in 1864 to £1,947,217 in 1865, or by
d&l48,744 only. Ai)other important feature in these statements is the large increase in
deposits during the twelve months, viz., from £1,158,931 to £1,568,151, an addition of
i>409,220; whilst the discounts were augmented from £1,724,759 to £2,424,924, or by
the large sum of £700,165 sterling. Since 1863, the note circulation has advanced by
£108,031, standing now at £340,512; the amount of coin, bullion, and Government
securities held by the banks increasing in a somewhat less proportion, namely, from
£331,475 in 1863 to £450,596 at the date of the returns now reviewed. The following
statement of the aggregate assets and liabilities of the several banks collectively for the
6 months, terminating in December of 1863, 1864 and 1865, respectively, will be found
ntefril for purposes of comparison: —
LIABILITIES.
**Notes in circulation— 1863, ^232,481 18s. 9d.; 1864, ^315,126 6s. 8d.; 1865,
Je340,512 2s. lOd. Bills in circulation— 1863, £7832 7s. 8d.; 1864, £12,700 9s. 9d.j
1865, £12,138 12s. 7d. Balances due to other banks— 1863, £24,904 5s.; 1864,
£11,715 28. 4d.; 1865, £26,415 4s. 7d. Deposits- 1863, ^87,104 2s. lid.; 1864,
£1,1.58,931 lis. Ud.; 1865, £1,5©8,151 Is. Id. Total average liabilities— 1863,
£1,052,322 148. 4d.; 1864, £1,498,473 10s. 8d.; 1864, £1,947,217 Is. Id.
ASSETS.
« Coin and bullion— 1863, £326,875 lis. 8d.; 1864, £411,710 3s.; 1865, £445,996
199. 8d. Government securities— 1863, £4600; 1864, £4600; 1865, £4600; Landed
property and bank premises— 1863, £55,185 lis. lOd.; 1864, £60,808 18s. lid.; 1865,
£69,257 16s. lid. Notes and bills of other banks— 1863, £7170 3s. lOd., 1864,
£8109 98. 4d.; 1865, £13,325 lis. 8d. Balances due from other banks— 1863,
£82,561 58. 9d.; 1864, £151,312 15s. Id.; 1865, £73,600 3s. 5d. Notes and bills
discounted, and other debts due to banks not enumerated — 1863, £1,603,564 12s. lid.;
1864, £1,724,759 5s. 4d.; 1865, £2,424,924 8s. 8d. Total average assets— 1863,
£S,097,957 6s.; 1864, £2,361,300 lis. 8d.; 1865, £3,031,705 Os. 4d.
"The rates of interest allowed on deposits for fixed periods have been maintained,
excepting particular lodgements, for which special arrangements were made. The
course of exchange has generally ruled lower than in former years. The average
amounts of notes in circulation, and the reserves of coin held by each bank during the
past ten years, are also comprised in the returns now given.
" The advantages of this institution were further rendered available by the opening
of three branches during 1865, at the important towns of mount Gam bier, Gawler,
and Rapunda, afiording facilities to depositors largely availed of; the new accounts,
opened numbering 2333, or nearly one-third more than during the previous 12
months. The additional number of depositors was also greater than recorded in any
previous year, numbering 1233. The total funds of the bank on the 31st December,
1865, amounted to over a quarter of a million sterling (£274,071,) the balance to the
credit of the depositors reaching £258,693, and the reserve fund £15,378. The amount
deposited was £131,115, and the sum withdrawn £115,751, an increase over 1864 on
the former item of £10,191, and on the latter of £28,020; the increase in the total
amount of the depositors' balances being £26^721. Although it may be expected that
as the operations of the institution are extended in number and amount, so will the
deposit accounts become more active, it will nevertheless be observed that its patrons
have found other employment for their surplus capital more readily than in either of the
past few years. The extension of the business of the bank during the last quinquen-
nial period has been so remarkable that the following comparative statement will be
read with interest, as it shows that since 1861 the new accounts opened during 12
months, and the yearly increase in depositors more than doubled; that the balance to
Digitized by LjOOQIC
218 Ths South Australian Gazetteer, [Sou
credit of depositors has increased lOQ per cent.; that the reserve fund has increased
50 per cent. ; and that the total assets of the bank are now twice the amount they
were 6 years ago-.— New accounts opened (number,) 1861, 1081; 1862, 1264; 1863,
i440; 1864, 1806; 1865, 2333; increase in depositors (number,) 1861, 681; 1862, 629;
1863, 834; 1864, 1132; 1865, 1233; amount deposited, 1861, £65,373; 1862, £79,482;
1S63, £91,783; 1864, £120,924; 1865, £131,116; amount withdrawn, 1861, £37,267;
1862, £54,495; 1863, £63,393; 1864, £87,731; 1865, £115,751; amount depositors*
balances, 1861, £121,414? 1862, £152,663; 1863, £189.143; 1864, £231,972; 1865,
£258,693; amount reserve funds, 1861, £10,175; 1862, £10,842; 1863, £12,062; 1864,
£13,431; 1865, £15,378; amount total funds, 1861, £131,590; 1862, £163,506; 1863,
£201,205; 1864, £245,403; 1865, £274,071, The funds of the depositors are secured
by loans on mortgage of freehold property, bearing interest, at 7i per c^nt., amounting
te £181,895, by bank deposits and by Government securities; the profits allowing of
a rate of interest of 5 per cent, per annum, which has been the rate paid to depositors
for several years.
" Compared with the trade of 1864, when the external commerce of the colony
increased nearly one-third in a single year, the operations of 1865 show but a slight
advance — namely 6 per cent, only; it is, however, important to note that so great an
extension of business has been more than maintained during the past yfear. The
combined import and export trade of 1865 amounted to over £6,000,Q00 sterling, being
just double what it was 10 years ago. The total imports in 1865 amounted to
£2,927,596, and the exports to £3,129,846; together, £6,057,442— as compared with
total imports in 1864 of £2,412,931, and exports of £3,305,545; together, £5,718,476—
showing an increase of i:3,338,966 in the trade of the year, or 6 per cent, as above
stated. Compared with the year before last the increase in business would amount to
38 per cent. Following upon a year of unexampled prosperity, and one in which the
exports of staple produce alone increased to the extent of £1,000,000 sterling, or 45
per cent., it is not surprising that the total imports of 1865 increased one-fifth, and
that the enhanced purchasing power of the community necessitated a like advance in
the value of goods cleared for home consumption — £2,122,923 and £2,552,407 being,
the value in the respective years, a difference of £429,484 sterling. The increase in
the imports of 1864 over 1863 was likewise at the rate of 20 per cent. In 1865 we
consumed in the colony imported goods equal 4o £16 6s. per head lor each individual
of the community (the rate in the previous year being £14 8s. per head,) all but a
fraction being the manufacture or productions of the mother-country and her pos-
sessions. Turning to the exports a decrease will be seen of £175,699, or about 5 per
cent, below the total shipments of 1864 — in which year they amounted to the unpre-
cedented sum of £3,305,545 sterling— in 1865 only reaching £3,129,846 in value,
showing, however, a large increase upon 1863, when they amounted to £2,358,817
sterling, evidencing a satisfactory advancement in the producing capabilities of the
colony. Although the exports of staple produce show a reduction of £260,880 in
1865, as against an addition of £920,181 in 1864, which addition was six times greater
than the increase in 1863, it must not be forgotten that the value of the raw material
exported in 1865 was three-quarters of a million sterling, or nearly one-third more
than the value of the shipments only two years since, or nearly 5 times the annual
increase then recorded. Nine-tenths of our exports are the staple productions of the
country, but it is still satisfactory to notice an increasing intercolonial trade in
articles of foreign manufacture — the value of the imports re-exported amounting to
£375,189, as compared with £290,008 in 1864, showing an addition of £85,181, or
30 per cent., in this branch of our export trade. In 1864 the staple produce exported
was valued at 42 percent, more than the goods cleared for home consumption— the
difference between the two sums being £892,614 in favour of exports. Last year this
difference was only £202,250 in favour of exports, or 8 per cent, only — the shipments
of staple products amounting to £2,754.657, and the value of goods introduced into
consumption being £2,562,407. It is somewhat significant that the increase in the
imports of 1865 (£429,484) is in amount not quite one-half of the preceding year's
excess of exports over imports (£892,614,) the balance — the remaining half-million —
■doubtless having been invested in such a manner as to augment the future productive-
ness of the colony. Nor should the fact be overlooked that a very considerable portion
of the imports are of such a character as to add materially to the value of the real
-estate of the community. With a view to convey a true idea how rapid has been the
progress of trade during the past 10 years, I append a statement showing the com-
|>ined import and export trade for each year since 1856 inclusive, the total imports.
Digitized by V^OOQlC
Sou]
Ths SoiUh Australian Gazetteer.
219
the imports retained for home consumptiou, and the imports re-exported, the aggregate
exports, the value of staple products exported, and the difference l^etween the latter
and the value of imports consumed: —
Year.
Combined
import and
export trade.
Total imports.
Imports re-
tained for
home
consumption.
Imports
re exported.
Exports of
Total exports, produce of the
Colony.
Balance pro-
duce ex-
ported over
imprtrtscon
sumed.
•
£>
£
£
£
£
£
£
1856
3,<U3.£69
l,36«j,.i29
i,«^iMr^)
267,373
3,«.^-\740
i,im,m
299,211
1857
3,r-^E,H24
1,G23,062
l,4fiHj;64
214,388
],ii.-.s,:.72
1J4^1,184
23.5,«20
1858
3,L '36
1,7<M),351
l,'nj,-()7
157,144
l,.lli,l85
1,305,041
-257,1^
1859
3,: 70
l,rK)7,49*
1, .^...-K3
153,711
i,r;.'.r»,H76
I,ri03,l65
148,:«2
1860
3,^ 07
l,63t>,591
l,'ii-.'.JUl
207,390
l,7S:i,7l6
1,570,326
144,125
1861
4,( 29
1,97M18
l,7^■.:;4^3
193,672
2,n:^L^-ill
1,838,639
56,293
1862
3,1 52
],830,a6(i
l,[.-:.:iJ7
225,309
2,11. ".,796
1,920,487
325,140
1863
4,; '«6
2,(yM/m
l,7il4,sis
263,461
2,:;:.s.sl7
2,nf>n.:inrj
330,538
1864
5,7 ■ -76
2,4V2,mi
2,y2J^ij:\*
290,008
3,:i>'.-'.'45
;-^-,'.i]:k:.:i7
892,614
1865
6,(M42
2,!]27,:^9G
2,r>:y±-yi7
375,189
•
3,rJ^'>46
:L:jvijr,7
202,250
'^ Looking back 10 years it thus appears that our combined import and export trade
has doubled — being now 6 instead of 3 millions— our imports and exports respectively
increasing in equal degree. The exports of produce have more than doubled, being 2f
millions instead of \\, whilst our consumption of imported articles has increased 150
per cent., being an advance from one to two millions and a half sterling. The export
trade in imported goods has also largely increased, especially of late years. The above
table furthermore shows that in the 10 years since 1856 our shipments of produce
have exceeded the imports retained for home consumption by £2,500,000 of which sum
mpre than three-fourths is to be credited to the account of the last 5 years. ' With
respect to the nature of our external trade of ^£6, 000, 000 and the countries with whom
we chiefly deal, it may be briefly stated that operations of any magnitude are confined
to those with the mother country, and the colonies of Victoria and New South Wales,
transactions with foreign countries being limited to imports of small extent. The
combined import and export trade with the United Kingdom amounted to £2,706,584,
or half a million more than in 1864. The imports amounted to £1,741,690 as against
£1,217,568, and the exports direct thereto advancing from £918,523 to £964,894 sterling.
The imports to this colony exceeded our exports to Great Britain by £776,796, as com-
pared with an excess of £299,045 in the previous year. The most noticeable feature
in these returns is the very large increase in the consumption of British goods. South
Australia imported goods in 1865 direct from home at the rate of £11 2s. 6d. per head
of the population — an advance of £2 17s. 6d. per head over the preceding year; our
markets, it must also be remembered, being further freely supplied with British manu-
factures by way of Melbourne. There is a slight decrease in the amount of business
done with Victoria. The large exports of agricultural produce to that colony in 1864
bad in the course of that year swelled the amount of the combined import and export
trade to £1,951,729, or double that existing the year before. Under such circumstances
a deficiency in the year 1865 was not unexpected, it proving small, however, being but
£86, 784, the trade amoilhting to £1,864, 945 sterling. The falling off* was almost entirely
in the import trade, being £620,301, as compared with £697,075; the amount of ourexporta
being only £10,000 less in 1865 than in 1864— the total value of shipments in either year
being £1,244,643 and £1,254,654 respectively. The balance of trade was in our favour by .
the sum of £624,342, as against £557,578 in th^ preceding year As exhibiting the
increasing magnitude of our commercial intercourse with Victoria, it may be stated
that the trade between the two places during the past 24 months has amounted to
nearly £4,000,000 or two-fold greater than existed in the preceding like period. The
transactions with New South Wales in 1864 had shown an increase of nearly 80 per
cent. This was not fully maintained during 1865. The total import and export trade,
however, of the latter year reached £797,505, as against £844,644 in the former ; the
deficiency was therefore £47,139 only. In 1864 the imports thence amourfted to
£212, 517, and the exports ta, £632,127; ii:\ 1865 we imported £239,820, and exported
£557,685 worth of produce, Bhowing a balance of trade in our favour in the latter
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dftO ' The South Australian Gazetteer. [Sotr
year of £317,864 as compared with £419,«609 in the formet. Although trade trith
the elder colony was not maintained to the same extent as in the preceding year, it
must be borne in mind that transactions were effected of two-thirds more value than
in 1863. With Queensland business was almost entirely confined to exports hence,
which advanced from £86,257 to £93,031; whilst with New Zealand, in trade of a
similar character, there was a diminution from £184,045 to ^£143,987. On the other
iiand, with Western Australia business intercourse has much developed, although the
traffic is at present small in amount; the imports increasing from £2472 to £1,1961,
and the exports from £12,221 to £28,490. With Tasmania, also, there is an increase
of both imports and exports, the former advancing from £21,877 to £36,438, and the
latter from £5226 to £10,641.
*' Our exports to the Cape and Mauritius fell to a nominal sum. The imports from
the Jatter place also diminishing, only amounting to £99,712, as compared with
£131,733 in the preceding year. The shipments to India, consisting principally of
fine copper and ore, amounting to £76,970, or £45,363 less than in 1864.
'* Among other imports direct from foreign countries were goods of the following
values, viz.:— From China, £54,069, as against £76,804; from the United States,
£47,462, as against £21,080; and from Sweden, £34,525, as compared with £11,744.
With these countries there is no direcp export trade in exchange for the commodities
supplied to this market.
**The following shows the total valu^of the exports of colonial produce, and of
^e three principal staple products in the years 1856, 1860, and 1865 respectively; the
beginning, middle, tfnd termin&tion of the past decade; also the aggregate value of
those exports during the quinquennial periods closing in 1860 and 1865; together
with the average annual shipments in the same periods, and the proportion which the
shipments of agricultural, pastoral, and mineral staples respectively bore to the total
exports of produce : —
**In the year 1856— Breadstuifs, grain, &c., £556,371; wool, £412,163; copper and
other minerals, £408,042; miscellaneous products, £21,791; total, £1,398,367. In
1860— Breadstuffs,igrain, &c., £499,102; wool, £573,368; copper and other minerals,
£446,537; miscellaneous products, £57,319; total, £1,576,326. In 1865— Breadstuffe,
grain, &c., £1,228,480; wool, £821,482; copper aUd other minerals, £620,112; miscel-
laneous products, £84,583; total, .<v2,754,657. Total in 5 years, 1856-60— Breadstuff's,
grain, &c., £2,890,976; wool, £2,395,861; copper and other minerals, £2,097,718;
miscellaneous products, £191,528; total, £7,576,083. Total in 5 years, 1861-65 —
Breadstuffs, grain, &c., £4,786,219; wool, £3,571,350; copper and other minerals,
£2,853,920; miscellaneous products, £413, 187 ; total, £1 1, 624,676. Average of 5 years,
1856-60, £578,195; wool, £479,172; copper and other minerals, £419,543; miscellane-
ous products, £38,305; total, £1,515,216. Average of five years, 1861-65— Breadstuffs,
grain, &c., £957,244; wool, £714,270; copper and other minerals, £570,784; miscel-
laneous products, £82,637; total, £2,324,935- Rate per cent, of average exports of
1856-60^ — Breadstuffs, grain, &c., 38*2; wool, 31*6; copper and other minerals, 27*6;
miscellaneous products, 2*6; total, 100. Rate per cent, of average exports of 1861-65 —
Breadstuffs, grain, &c., 41*2; wool, 30*8; copper and other minerals, 24*5; miscellai-
neous products, 35; total, 100.
" The above statement shows at a glance the relative progress of the 3 principal indus-
tries during the4>ast decade, whilst erroneous conclusions, which are sometimes drawn
from a review of only a few years' transactions, are entirely obviated. For instance, at
fbrst sight it would seem that the exports of 1865 were twice the^value of those of 1856
which was actually the case, but nearly the whole increase occurred during the last
half of the period; and further, tbe average exports of the 5 years ending 1865 were but
50 per cent, higher than the average shipments of the preceding like period. In 186&
^he total exports of produce amounted to £1,398,367, in 1860 they were valued at
£1,576,326, but in 1865 they reached £2,754,657 sterling. The average annual exports
of the quinquennial period ending 1860 were £1,515,216, the average for the next
period ending 1865 being £2,324,935. The aggregate exports for the whole decade
amounted to 19 millions sterling, of which 7i millions belonged to the first division,
and 114 millions to the second division of the period, or an augmentation of 4 millions
in the value of 5 years* shipments. A similar analysis to the above may be made from
the ffgjires given in the table, as regards each of the 3 staple products, from which
results of a like remarkable character may be deduced; but as a more precise view of
their development may be obtained from a xiomparison of the quantities rather than '
from the values of products exported — the latter fluctuating to a material extent-^- >
t
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Sod] The SoiUh*AustraUan Gazetteer. 921
reference thereto is deferred until later paragniphs of the report, where the suhject ig
tally discussed. That portion of the table showing the relative value of the 3 classes
at produce must here be considered, affording as it does important and interesting
information bearing upon the question of the employment of the people. Last year
breadstuffs, wool, and minerals were shipped in proportion to the whole exports, as 12,
8, and 6; the year before the proportion was as 14, 7, and 6. Both years were, however,
ezceptiona) in respect to agricultural produce, as on an average of 5 years (1861-5) the
shipments of wheat and flour were 41*2 percent., of wool 30*8 per cent., and of copper
24*5 per cent, of the total exports. Compffred with the previous quinquennial period
(1856-60) the following differences are observable—the agriculturists have increased
their share by 3 per cent., the squatters diminishing 0*8 per cent., and the mining class
3*1 per cent. Although the productions of our mines are annually increasing in value,
the rate of progression has been far less rapid than that oi either agriculture or wool-
growing, both of which have advanced during 4;he past 10 years with equal stride,
subject to occasional temporary retardment; at one period affecting the &rmer, at
another the squatter. More minute comparisons . may be effected by a reference to»
the following table, which has been carefully prepared, with a view of showing as correctly
as possiblejthe relative importance of each industrial class, based on an average of years :~
** Ratio of average of five years' exports of each class to total exports for five years
ending with 1856: — Breadstuffs, 37*1; wool, 29'Oj minerals, 28*5; miscellaneous,
5*4 per cent. Five years ending 1857 — Breadstuffs, 40 '4; wool, 30*8; minerals, 24*6;
miscellaneous, 4*2 per cent. Five years ending 1858— Breadstuffs, 40*6; wool, 30*7;
minerals, 25*4; miscellaneous, 3*3 per cent. Five years ending 1859— Breadstuffs, 39*3;
wool, 31*5; minerals, 27'1; miscellaneous, 21 per cent. Five years ending 1860 —
Breadstuffs, 38'2; wool, 31*6; minerals, 27*6; miscellaneous, 2*6 per cent. Five years
ending 1861 — Breadstuffs, 30*0; wool, 32*5; minerals, 26*7; miscellaneous, 2*8 per cent.
Five years ending 1862— Breadstuffs, 35*5; wool, 33*4; minerals, 27*2; miscellaneous,
3*9 per cent. Five years ending 1863 — Breadstuffs, 35*2; wool, 33*9; minerals, 27*0;
miscellaneous, 3*9 per cent. Five years ending ^ 864— Breadstuffs, 38*8; wool; 81*8;
minerals, 25*7; miscellaneous, 3*7 per cent. Five years ending 1865— Breadstuffs, 41*2,
wool, 30*8; minerals, 24*5; misceUaneoUs, 3' 5.
"Before leaving this subject, it will be well to draw attention to the desirableness,
made apparent in the above statement, of watching the progress of each industry
carefully, so as to avoid in the future the ill effects of the undue growth of one
of them. Still further to augment the production of wool and copper, so as to assimilate
moreclosely to the value of our breadstuffs, Jmust certainly tend to a sounder and more
lasting prosperity, should it even be necessary thereby to diminish the growth of wheat.
"Following upon the prolific harvest of 1863-4, which produced 4,691,919 bushels
of wheat, and enabled us to export 76,552 tons of breadstuffs, the shipments of flour
and wheat during 1865 show a considerable falling off in quantity, the harvest having
produced 4,252,949 bushels only, and the export^ being 60,513 tons, or 16,039 less than
in the preceding year. Owing, however, to the very large demand in the adjoining
colonies, from a second failure in their crops, and the uniformly higher rates at which
the price of wheat was maintained in 1864, the value of the shipments was brought to
£1,228,480, or within £236,113 of the previous year. In 1864 the average price of
wheat was 8s. 6d. per bushel, and of flqur £20 98, per ton; in 1865 the former averaged
8s. 7d. per boahel, and the latter £20 lOs. per too. • But whilst in the former year the
season opened with wheat at 4s. 3d. per bushel, and for the first quarter averaged
only 5s. Id. per bushel, and the price fluctuating throughout the year from 4s. 3d.
to 10s. 9d., the season of 1865 opened at 8s. per bushel, and was steadily maintained
throughout the year, never falling beV)w 7s. 8d., or rising above 9s. The whole benefit
of the enhanced value of our cereal produce was thus obtained^ and the deficiency in
the crop nearly mad^^p. The quantity of breadstuffs shipped in 1865 was, within a
few tons, the same as m the year 1863, namely, 60,000 tons; it was worth, however,
two-thirds more money. Sujbjoined is a statement showing the shipments of flour,
wheat, bran, and pollard, during the years 1856, 1860, and 1865, also the total exports of
those articles durmg the two quinquennial periods and the average for such periods: —
**Inthe year 1856— Flour, 22,372 tons; wheat, 69,120 bushels; total in flour, at
45 bushels to ton, 23,908 tons; bran and pollard, 3074 tons. In 1860— Flour, 21,166
toQi; wheat, 238,984 bushels; total in flour at 45 bushels to ton, 26,476 tons; bran and
poUard, 3352 tops. In 1865— Flowr, 36,251 tons;, wheat, 1,001,768 bushels^ total in
flour at 45 bushels to ton, 60,513 tons; bran and pollard, 4819 tons. Total in 5 y«a<s,
1856.^0r-^lQU}?, 118,973 toiMs wl|«A^ 1,088,320 hiubek; totAlin flour, at 45 bushels to
\
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S23 The South Australia^ Gazetteer. [Sou
ton, 143,158 tons; bran and pollard, 22,240 tons. Total in 5 years, 1861-65— Flour,.
188,405 tons; wheat, £4,868,240 bushels; total in flour, at 45 bushels to toy, 296,588
tons; bran and pollard, 31,935 tons. Average of five years, 1856-60— Flour, 23,794
tons; wheat, 217,664 bushels; total in flour, at 45 bushels to ton, 28,631 tons; bran and
pollard, 4448 tons. Average of 5 years, 1861-65— Flour, 37,681 tons; wheat, 973,648
bushels; total in flour, at 45 bushels to ton, 59,318 tons; bran and pollard, 6387 tons.
** It will bo observed that the total shipments, during the last 5 years, were double
those of the preceding; and a like increase appears in the average annual exports. The
exports of 1865, however, were nearly three-fold those of 1856; and whilst the ship-
ments of cereals advanced from 23,908 tons in 1856 to 26,476 tons in 1860, during the
next five years they advanced to 60,513 tons — and that with a harvest below the
average; that quantity having been reached in 1863, as above stated. With regard to
the markets open for the disposal of this large surplus, it has happened, fortunately
for South Australia, that our neighbours' necessities were so great; both Victoria and
New South Wales being compelled to purchase largely. The former took 15,537 tons
of flour, and 68,410 quarters of wheat — as compared with 16,537 tons, and 104,146
quarters in the previous year; and New South Wales* 14,322 tons of flour, and 35,040
quarters of wheat — against 15,532 tons, and 63,136 quarters the year before. To New
Zealand, 3875 tons of flour, and 17,234 quarters of grain were sent — being a decrease;
while the shipments to Queensland were slightly increased. These four coloniea
purchased within a fraction the whole of our surplus breadstuff's.
**The value of the minerals exported during the year amounted to £620,112, or
£71,512 less than in 1864; the quantity shipped, however, was not much below that
of the previous year — the reduction in the declared value being partly consequent
on the lower prices ruling in this market. A larger proportion of ore was shipped than
usual, and less fine copper. Of the former, 16,176 tons were exported, as compared
with 4545 tons, and of the latter, 100,196 cwts., as against 134,055 cwts. The
shipments of lead ore also much decreased, being only 86 tons as compared with
567 tons in 1864. During the past decade our mines have produced nearly 5 millions
sterling; of which 3 millions nearly has been raised during the past 5 years. In 1856
the shipments were valued at £408,042; from 'which year up to 1860, when we sent
away minerals of the value of £446,537, the average shipments amounted to £419,523^
per annum. Since 1860 the exports have steadily increased, showing an average
export of £570,784 yearly. More reliable information as to our progress in mining may
be gathered from the following comparative statement of the quantities of the several
ores and metals shipped during the past ten years: —
"In the year 1856— Copper, 44,980 cwts.; copper ore, 9468 tons; lead ore, 35 tons;
regulus, 71 tons. In 1860— Copper, 65,429 cwts.; lead, ^824cwts.; copper ore, 7097
tons; lead ore, 68 tons; regulus, 338 tons. In 1865— Copper, 100,196 cwts.; lead, 82r
cwts. ; copper ore, 16,176 tons; lead ore, 86 tons. Total in 5 years, 1856-60 — Copper,
271,843 cwts.; lead, 3085 cwts.; copper ore, 38,604 tons; lead ore, 2640 tons; regulus.
783 tons. Total in 5 years, 1 86 1-6S— Copper, 477,209 cwts. ; lead, 2098 cwts.; copper
ore, 40,097 tons; lead ore, 1216 tons; regulus, 899 tons. Average of 5 years, 1856-^0
— Copper, 54,368 cwts.; lead, 617 cwts.; copper ore, 7720 tons; lead ore, 528 tons;
regulus, 156 tons. Average of 5 years,- 1861-65— Cppper, 95,442 cwts.; lead, 42i>
cwts.; copper ore, 8019 tons; lead ore, 243 tons; regulus, 180 tons.
**From the above it seems that the production of fine copper has increased from
44,980 cwts., in 1856, to 100,196 cwts. in 1865 (in 1864, 134,055 cwts. were exported.)
The shipments of fine copper in 1865 were 100 tons a week, as against 130 tons the
year before. A fourfold quantity of crude ore was, however, sent away, namely,
16,176 tons, as compared with 4545 tons. The average yearly shipments of fine
copper, during the 5 years preceding the discoveries in the Wallaroo mineral district,
amounted to 54,368 cwts. Since that date they have averaged 95,4i2 cwts., an increase
of 80 per cent. ; whilst the average export of copper ore has also been maintained.
'' The following list shows the quantities and values of the different minerals shipped
during the past 5^ears: —
*' 1861. —Fine copper, 61,047 cwts., valued at £294,572; copper ore, 7817 tons^
valued at £133,749; lead, 1256 cwts, valued at £4426; lead ore, 15 tons, valued at
£300; regulus, 390 tons, valued at £19,125.
"1862.— Fine copper, 85,872 cwts., valued at £400,591; copper ore, 6216 tons,
valued at £124,263; lead, 426 cwts., valued at £981; lead ore, 97 tons, valued at
£226§; regulus, 418 tons, valued at £19,518.
" 1863.— Fine copper, 96,039 cwts., valued at £447,944; copper ore, 5343 tons, yalued-
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Sou] The South Australian Gazetteer. 923
at £83,262 ; lead, 271 cwts., valued at £525; lead ore, 450 tons, valued at £9007;.
regulus, 39 tons, valued at £1655. •
**1864. — Fine copper, 134,055 cwts., valued at £637,791; copper ore, 4545 tons,
valued at £38,125; lead, 63 cwts., valued at £121; lead ore, 567 tons, valued at £13,107;.
regulus, 52 tons, valued at £2480.
** 1865. — Fine copper, 100,196 cwts., valued at £433,795; copper ore, 16,176 tons,
valued at £184,677; lead, 82 cwts., valued at £133; lej^d ore, 86 tons, valued at £1507;
regulus, nil. •
" In connection with this subject it may be mentioned that the requirements of the
smelting works have necessitated a vast increase in the importation of coal, the imports
now reaching 57,980 tons per annum, as compared with 19,980 tons in 1860, and
13,573 tons in 1856, employing a large amount of shipping.
"During 1865, the number of bales of wool shipped was 56,182, showing an increase
of 5236 bales on the previous year's shipments; the total weight being 18, 945,426 tb. a*'
compared with 17,496,551 lb. in 1864. and 16,568,979 lb. in 1863. The declared value
amounted to £974,397 as against £849,125, and £776,545 in the 2 preceding years
respectively; this increase is, however, occasioned by the larger quantity of Murray-
borne and Western Australian wool transhipped at port Adelaide, the export of South
Australian wool being only 177,795 lb. greater than in 1864. The following shows^
the exports during each of the 3 past years, ending on 31st December: —
"From port Adelaide, 1863, 7,321, 137 lb.; port Wakefield, 2,799,000 lb.; port Robe,
1,218,400 lb.; port Augusta, 4,128,641 lb.; port Macdonnell, 39,309 lb. ; port Wallaroo^
60,300 lb. Total export of South Australian wool, 15,566,787 1b. Prodiifce of other
colyiies, 1,002,192 lb. Total shipment. 16,568,97^ lb. Total value, £776,545.
"From port Adelaide, 1864, 8,472,298 lb.; port Wakefield, 1,774,300 lb.; port Robe,
2,077,3001b.; port Augusta, 2, 990, 403 lb.; port Macdonnell, 771,656 lb; port Elliott,
6,138 lb, Total export of South Australian wool, 16,092,095 lb. Produce of other
colonies, 1,404,456 lb. Total shipment, 17,496,551 lb. Total value, £849,125.
"From port Adelaide, 1865, 9,734,297 lb.; port Wakefield, 1,908,678 lb.; port Robe,.
1,892,4601b.; port Augusta, 988,315 lb.; port Macdonnell, 1,217,013 lb.; port Wallaroo,.
137,007 lb.; port Victor, 382, 120 lb. Total export of South Australian wool, 16,269,890lb.
Produce of other colonies, 2,675,535 lb. Total shipment, 18,945,425 lb. Total value,
£974,397.
*'It has been suggested that as the wool season is at its height in December and
January the export returns made up to the close of the year do not show the actual
weight of any given clip, and that such information is not to be obtained except with
much trouble. I have therefore prepared the following statement showing the desired
particulars for the last 4 clips. The figures given are for the years ending 30th
June, respectively, a period comprising as nearly as possible* the aggregate weight of
the season's clip: — ^
»*Year ending 30th June, 1863-— Port Adelaide, 7,550,428 lb.; port •Wakefield,
2,282,400 1b.; port .Robe, 1,488,400 lb.; port MacdonneU, 55,395 lb,; port Wallaroo,
43,500 lb.; port Augusta, 2,798,673 lb.; total weight, 14,218,796 lb. Year ending
30th June, 1864— Port Adelaide, 10,112,815 lb.; port Robe, 1,816,300 lb.; port
Macdonnell, 541,380 lb.; port Wallaroo, 65,000 lb.; port Augusta, 4,294,400 lb.;
port Victor or port Elliott, 6,138 lb.; total weight, 16,836,033 lb. Year ending 30th
June, 1865— Port Adelaide, 10,381,539 Ib.f port Wakfefield, 1,833,800 lb,; port Robe,
1,760,400 lb.; port Macdonnell, 1,014,850 lb.; port Augusta, 2,206,325 lb.; port
Victor or port EUiott, 294,000 IK; total weight, 17,490,914 lb. Year ending 30th
June, 1866— Port Adelaide, 9,277,556 lb.; port Wakefield, 2,981,078 lb.; port Robe,
l,7J6,46oab.; port Macdonnell, 800,790 lb.; port Wallaroo, 77,507 lb.; port Augusta,
99^15 lb.; port Victor or port Elliott, 179,800 lb.; port Caroline, 72,383 lb.; total
weight, 16,123,889 lb.
" Comparing the above with the table previously given, it will be admitted that a
more correct view of the position of the pastoral interest as regards the annual
production of wool, is thus presented than has formerly been the case. The disastrous
effects of the prolonged drought in the N. are apparent in the falling off in the ship-
ments from port Augusta. That district contributed to the clip shipped during the
twelve months ended ^Oth June, t864, 4,294,400 lb., or to one-fourth of the whole;
in 1864-5 it fell to 2,206,325 lb., or one-eighth of the whole; but in 1865-6 only
998,315 lb; were shipped, or but one-sixteenth of the total exports. Again, the ship-
ments from ports Adelaide and Wakefield combined show no increase during the past
, season, in both years being aBout 12,000,000 lb. weight, and there is a slight decrease
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224
The South Australian Gazetteer.
[Sou
in the exports from the South-eastern district. The whole clip of the season 1865-6
amounted to 16,128,889 lb., or 1,367,025 .lb. less than the preceding one, and
712,144 lb..below that of 1863-4. Looking back upon the rapid progriess making in
the growth of vool antecedent to the drpught, the retrogression shown in these figures
indicates but a portion of the loss the community has sustained under this visitation.
Respecting this view of the subject, the following particulars will prove useful as
showing that notwithstanding the sudden check in the quantity of wool grown, the
shipments of 1865 were both in quantity and value double what theywere 10 years ago: —
"^n the year 1856,8,236,221 lb., value £412,168; in I860, 11,731,371 lb., value
£573,368; in 1865, 16,269,890 lb,, value £821,482; total in five years, 1856-60,
46,934,735 lb., value £2,395,861; total in five years, 1861-65, 74,322.172 lb., value
£3,571,350; average of five years, 1856-60, 9,386,947 lb., value £479,172; average of
five years, 1861-65, 14,864,434 lb., value £714,270.
, « The table briefly shows that whereas in 1856 we grew 8,236,221 lb. of wool, of
the declared value of £412,163, last year we produced 16,269,890 lb., worth £821,482.
When so much has been done in so short a period heretofore, it may be expected that
under more auspicious circumstances than have lately existed the progress of a class
producing nearly one-third of our staple exports will be again recorded.
*'In this trade a'Considerable increase appears in the returns of 1865 over those of
1864, the combined imports and exports amounting to £266,862 against £196,250, or
an advance of 40 per ctnt. The trade is almost exclusively confined to New South
Wales, very few goods being landed or shipped on the Victorian side. The down trafAc,
ri^arly all wqpl from stations on the Darling, amounted to £140,105 in value, and the
stores sent up to £126,677 — the former item showing an increase of nearly 100 per cent.,
and the latter of about one-fourth above that of the previous season. The exports
to Victoria by the river last year amounted to £15,595, this season to £80 only;
there have been no imports thence, river-borne, for several years. The number of
steam vessels entered at ports on the river Murray was 36, or 14 more than last
year, and the number of departures up river was 39, or 13 more, the total capacity
being 4620 tons.
** Owing to the reduction in the quantity of breadstuff's for export, fewer vessels
sufficed for the requirements of our intercolonial traffic. The shipping returns show
a diminution in the number of vessels cleared with cargoes, but in other respects they
exhibit a similar number of vessels arriving and departing, and a considerably greater
carrying capacity. In 1864, 617 ships arrived of 160,095 tons; in 1865, 619 ships of
183,102 tons—an addition of 2 vessels and 23,007 tonnage. The following tabular
statement shows how greatly the number and tonnage of vessels visiting the ports of
this province has increased during the past 3 years: —
Ships Inwards.
1863.
57
164
110
34
2
17
8
5
3
20
2
I
9
1
2
1
4
— I —
1864.
440
69
260
175
49
3
17
15
3
1
15
1
1
7'
1
7.
1865.
230
152
73
3
29
12
4
3
17
3
8
1
n
1 \
3
617
619
Goantries.
Great Britain
Victoria
New South Wales
Tasmania .!
Qaeensland
Western Australia
New Zealand
Cape of Grood Hope
India and Singapore
Mauritius
Bourbon
Hong Kong
Vancouver's Island
Sweden
Hamburg
United States
Batavia
China
Total inwards
r
Tonoage.
1868.
1864.
1866.
28,265
29,948
42,074
35,954
66,111
58,1^
30,903
46,636
43,022
4,427
6,684
8,690
368
671
356
6,253
5,246
8,940
2,873
3,234
2,516
1,444
1,604
1,028
472
^'fi^
4,368
3,370
8,746
—
369
—
1,575
216
—
1,152
—
1,276
5,331
3,671
4,267
120
188
160
1,521
3,788
6,484
352
>~
289
1.157
664
639
127,667
160,066
183,103
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Sou]
The South Australian Gazetteer*
225
** The above table relates to vessels arriving. Of the 619 therein stated, only 25
of 3639 tons arrived in ballast; and all but 31 were British vessels. The chief
increase will be seen in the arrivals from Great Britain, which numbered 69 against
59 in 1864; the tonnage being 42,074 as compared with 29,948. The intercolonial
arrivals were fewer in number but of a larger class than last year. One-sixth, or 104
out of 601 vessels, failed to secure loading, and cleared outwards in ballast; during
the previous year only 10 per cent, of the clearances were in ballast. The following
statement, showing to what countries shipping has been despatched during the past
3 y^rs will be found useful as indicating the direction in which our export trade
principally tends. The clearances in ballast were chiefly to Tasmania, Indian and
Chilian ports, and Guam; —
Ships Outward.
Ooontries.
Tonnage.
1868.
1864.
1865.
1863.
1864.
1865.
25
160
93
13
54
11
19
9
3
24
25
3
1
2
4
22
279
139
21
60
20
19
8
2
21
2
6
1
6
3
10
34
248
136
37
36
22
27
6
"23
2
4
12
2
12
Great Britam
14,465
34,469
24,873
1,570
13,739
1,968
6,926
2,568
1,623
13,717
7,315
1,097
327
676
2,493
,11,677
59,473
38,008
2,617
14,119,
3,662*
6,063
1,904
375
12,188
560
2,210
281
3,045
I95
3,856
17,867
62,402
39,092
4,629
7,706
3,751
8,469
1,517
12,692
237
2,104
5,437
1,389
6,896
Victoria
New South Wales
Tasmania
New Zealand
Queensland
Western Australia
Mauritius
Bourbon
Singapore
Cape of Ciood Hope
Batavia
Brazils
ChiU
Peru
China
Total outwards
446
619
601
127,826
161,293
174,188
In addition to the above, 39 steamers, of 4620 tonnage, and 327 men, cleared at ports
on the river Murray, as compared with 20, of 4090 tons, in 1864. The total number of
the crews of vessels entering ports in South Australia during 1865 was 9041 men, or
859 more than last year. 113 vessels of 15,946 tons capacity belong to port Adelaide
— an increase of 19 ships, and 3004 tons during the 12 months. The shipping owned
at this port has increased one-half during the past 5 years.
"During the year 1865 no less than 316,476 acres of country and suburban land
were alienated from the Crown — or 91,305 acres more than were disposed of during
the preceding 12 months— making the total area of purchased land in occupation on
the 31st December last, to be 3,210, 290 acres, or 20*5 acres for each individual of the
estimated population at that date, as compared with 2,893,814 acres on the Ist January
preceding, when the average was 19 '64 acres, or 0*64 acres more than at the commence-
ment of 1 864. 72,794 acres additional land were brought under cultivation during the
past season, an increase more than twice as great as that of the preceding one. In the
three counties of Gawler, Light, and Stanley alone, the additional quantity of tilled land
was 55,896 acres, and an increase of one-fourth is shown in county Grey, which has now
21,420 acres under the plough. The total area under cultivation is 660,569 acres, as
compared with 587,775 acres in 1864-5 — showing an augmentation amounting to I24 per
<^ent., whilst the increase during the previous year was only 5| per cent. In my last
report I stated that 20 per cent., or 1 in every 5 acres, of purchased land was under
cultivation, as was the case in 1863, and that notwithstanding the large purchases of
land for grazing purposes, the ratio of cultivated to untilled land continued as 1 to 4.
I am able to show that, unprecedented as were the land sales of 1865— 316,476 acres
having been disposed of by the Crown— the above proportions have not only been
maintained, but have become shghtly more favourable. 4 acres of tilled land continue
to be the rate per head for each individual of the population, or 12 acres for every male
df 14 years of age and upwards.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
dS6 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Sou
<< The total area under wheat was 410,608 acres, againit 390,836 acres last season, an^
increase of 5 per cent, only, or 1 per cent, less than in 1864*5. In the latter year^
two-thirds of the total land in cultiration were under wheat This season the proportion
is slightly under that, being only 62 per cent. Of wheat 2} acres are grown to each
person in the community. The aggregate produce of the harvest amounted to
3,587,800 busheb, or 665,149 bushels below that of 1864-5, the arerage yield p^ acre
being, so fax' as I am aware, less than in any preceding season, only amounting to
8 bushes 44 lb. per acre. During the previous 7 years the lowest yiekl recorded was
9 bushels 38 lb. (in 1859-60), whilst the average for the whole period was 12 bufhelSj
or 3 bushels 16 lb. above that of 1865-6. The following gives the total area of land
under cultivation, the acreage under wheat, the gross produce of the harvest, and the
ayerage yield per acre for each of the past 8 seasons : —
"Season 1858-9— Acres cultivated, 264,462; acres under wheat, 188,703; produce
wheat, 2,109,544 bushels; average per acre, 11 bushels 11 lb.
*< Season 1859-60~Acres cultivated, 361,884; acres under wheat, 218,216; produce,
wheat, 2,103,411 bushels; average per acre, 9 bushels 38 lb.
<* Season 1860-1 — Acres cultivated, 428,816; acres under wheat, 273,672; produce
wheat, 3,576,593 bushels; average per acre, 13 bushels 4 lb.
"Season 1861-2— Acres cultivated, 486,667; acres under wheat, 310,636; produce,
wheat, 3,410,756 bushels; average per acre, 10 bushels 59 lb.
"Season 1862-3— Acres cultivated, 494,511; acres under wheat, 320,160; produce,
wheat, 3,84^824 bushels; average per acre, 12 bushels.
<* Season 1863-4— Acres cultivated, 555,968; acres under wheat, 335,758; produce,
wheat, 4,691,919 bushels; average per acre, 14 busbels.
♦'Season 1864-5— Acres cultivated, 587,775; acres under wheat, 390,836; produce,
wheat, 4,252,949 bushels; average per acre, 11 bushels.
Season 1865-6— Acres cultivated, 660,569; acres under wheat, 410,608; produce,
wheat, 3,587,800 bushels; average per acre, 8 bushels 44 lb.
" From causes before mentioned, the extent of land upon which hay was cut was
increased from 66,570 acres to 101,996 acres— more than one-half; but as the crop only
yielded 17 cwt. to the acre, or nearly one-fourth less than in 1864-5, the gross produce
only resulted in an additional yield of 12,075 tons, being 88,731 tons in place of 76,656-
tons. In 1863-4, the yield per acre was 27 cwt., and the total quantity secured 102,29a
tons, off 75,590 acres — a fair average crop. It will thus be seen how serious a deficiency
has existed, during the 2 past years, in the supply of this article of fodder. Fewer
acres of barley and oats were sown, and the yield was poorer than in the previoua
imfavourable season. Of barley, 9362 acres were reaped, as against 12,585 acres — a
decrease of 3223 acres — whilst the gross produce was only 130,679 bushels as compared
with 2Q7,022 bushels; the average yield per acre being 13 burets 48 lb., or 2 bushels
24 lb. less than that of 1864-5. A decrease of 2221 acres appears in the quantity of
oats, only 2872 acres having been sown; and the yield only amounted to 42,642
bushels, a deficiency of 32,493 bushels; the average being but 14 bushels 34 lb. to the
acre. Many additional acres are returned under the head of green forage, the principal
increase being in the growth of lucerne and artificial grasses. Of the latter, 2962 acres
are returned as under successful cultivation in county Grey. The total area laid down
for green forage was 7576 acres, as against 2639 acres last year; the returns for the past
season giving 2514 acres of wheat, barley, and oats, 230 acres of sorghum, &c., 1424
acres of lucerne, and 3408 acres of grasses; showing the following increases: — 1702,
100, 568, and 2567 acres respectively. Peas are now cultivated to some extent, and
appear in the returns, for the first time, as covering 969 acres. Other minor crops, not
specified, show an aggregate of 1 272 acres,or 999 acres more than last season. They include
among others— rye, turnips, mangold-wurtzel, maize, cotton, tobacco, and hops. Fallow-
land appears as 110,037 acres, or 15,260 acres additional, being nearly the same extent
as was returned the year before last. The potato crop again proved a failure, only
4823 tons being taken firom 2775 acres planted, or but 35 cwt. to the acre. The -
vineyards now extend over 6629 acres, as will be noticed, a greater area than the
orchards and gardens together. The increase during the year was 265 acres. The
gross number of vines planted is 7,361,863, of which 5,255,889 are in bearing, and
2,105,974 are at present unproductive; 659,880 vines were added this season to the
former class, but as the diminution in the latter is greater by 66,000 than that number,
explanation became necessary, when upon inquiry it was elicited that, althougli the
area of the vineyards in some districts had been slightly augmented this season, in
others the cuttings planted last year had almost entirely Mled. The total quantity o£~
Digitized by V^OOQlC
Sov] The Scmth Australian Gazetteer. ^ ^7
wine made was 839,979 gallons, as against 798,647 gallons, or 41,332 gallons additional.
81,707 cwt. of grapes were returned as sold or disposed of otherwise than in wioe
making, or 1080 cwt. more than last year.
** Compared with the last returns, there is an additional number of horses — 73,993,
as against 62,899, or an increase of 11,094 — partly accounted for by the live stock in
towns being returned on the census papers this year, a remark applying also to the
following items, viz.: — Goats, which have increased from 9474 to 12,283; pigs, from
53,430«to 55,742; and poultry, from 327,881 to 377,001 — a not i nconsiderable or unim-
portant augmentation. The live stock statistics, however, exhibit but too clearly the
losses the pastoral interest and the country have sustained ^hrough the long continu-
ance of drought. This is the first occasion in which a dimmution in the number of
sheep depastured has been recorded; and although the number of cattle has been
lessening year by year, the falling off during the past season has been unprecedented.
Nine years ago we depastured twice the number of cattle that we now do— 310,460
head, as against 158,057 — then we counted three head of cattle for each individual of
the population, now but one. During the past year their number has been reduced from
204,892 to 158,057, or by 46,835 head. Within the county boundaries there is a decrease
of 10,978, whilst in the pastoral districts they have diminished from 62,527 to 26,670,
or by 35,857 head. A portion of this loss may have extended over 2 years, as last season
it was impracticable to collect the returns in 2 of the northern districts. The aggregate
number of sheep returned is 3,779,308, as against 4, 106,230, or a decrease of 326,922, or
nearly 9 per cent, less, as compared with an increase last year of 5^ per cent. ; the
increase in 1864 having been 134 P©' cent. Comparing the returns for the year 1864,
which were complete, with those for the past season, we find in the northern district
(viz., the country N. of port Augusta,) that where in the former year 455,085 sheep were
depastured, there are now only 133, 199, or 324,886 less. The whole number at present
within the pastoral districts is 970,812, as compared with 1,314,026 in 1864, or a decrease
of 343,214. Many flocks, however, were brought down within the limits of the pro-
claimed counties, as may be inferred by the increase therein, namely, from 2,577,616 to
2,808,496, or of 230,880; but if accounted for in that way, nothing would be allowed
for the natural increase of the flocks in those portions of the province. Instead of
exporting large numbers of sheep, as in several previous years, we had (in 1865) to pur-
chase largely in the neighbouring colonies, and our market has been regularly supplied
for some years with fat cattle from the Darling. In 1864 we exported 186,526 sheep
more than we imported; but in 1865 the balance was against us by 38,392, and during
the first quarter of the present year by 32,837 more. With respect to cattle, the excess
of imports has increased from 400 in 1864, to 6456 head in 1865, and 770 arrived
during the past quarter.
^ The traffic returns show a large increase in the number of passengers travelling
over the lines, but a falling ofi* in the goods receipts, owing to the diminished quantity
of wheat and flour for transport, on which the traffic on the north line chiefly depends.
In other respects the revenue from the carriage of mercl^andise showed an improvement
over the preceding year. The total number of passengers conveyed on both lines was
402,550, as against 359,035 in 1864, and the total goods traffic 261,183 tons; as com-
pared with 255,928 tons in the previous year. The aggregate receipts amounted to
£133,280, as against £129,246; the increase in the sum received from passengers and
sundries being j£4865, and the deficiency from goods £831 — showing a net increase of
£4034, as compared with an increase of £31,990 in the previous year. It must be
borne in mind, however, that the returns for 1864 were remarkably favourable, owing
to the abundant harvest of that year. It is, therefore, satisfactory to find that the
extension of the passenger traffic has been so large, and that the diminution in the
goods branch is not greater. In comparison with the receipts for 1863, there is an
increase of £11,228 in the passenger receipts, and of £24,382 in the goods traffic,
which, together with an addition of £414 in the miscellaneous receipts, shows a
total increase of £36,024, extending over a period of 2 years. Subjoined is a com-
parative statement of the gross receipts and expenditure in each branch during the
3 past years;—
GROSS RECEIPTS.
"Number of passengers, 1863, 309,898; passenger receipts, £25,788; tons of goods,
200,831; goods receipts, £69.192; other receipts, £2276. Total receipts, £97,256.
**Kumber of passengers, 1864, 359,035; passenger receipts, £32,274; tons
of goods, 255,928; goods receipts, £94,405; other receipts, £2567. Total receipts,
£I129,S46.
Digitized by V^OOQIC
S28 The South Avstralian Gazetteer, [Sotr
*'Namber of passengers, 1865, 402,550; passenger receipts, £37,016; tons of goods,
961,183; goods receipts, £93,574; other receipts, £2690. Total receipts, £133,280.
QB088 BXPANDITDBB.
''Management, 1863, £1600; locomotiye department, £18,353; maintenance of line,
iC 1 7, 1 34; other working expenses (including goods agency, ) £42,389. Total expenditure,
£79,476.
"Management, 1864, £1540; locomotive department, £19,366; maintenance of line,
£22, 358 ; other working expenses (including goods agency,) £56,328. Total expenditure,
£99,593.
''Management, 1865, £1375; locomotive department, £18,824; maintenance pf line,
£22,334; other working expenses (including goods agency,) £71,936. Total expenditure,
£114,469.
" With regard to the expenditure side of the above statement, which shows a very
large increase in the total payments as compared with former years, the comparison as
re^trds the charges for management, locomotive department, and maintenance of line
if of a favourable character, but some explanation is necessary with respect to the item
' other working expenses (including goods agency.') With this view the following is
inserted, showing the net earnings (after deducting 'goods agency ' from either side ot
the account,) the working expenses, the percentage the latter bore to the net receipts,
and the annual profits returned into the Treasury: —
"In the year 1856, miles open, 7 J ; revenue, 4' 15,873; expenditure, £15,236; percentage
of expenditure, 95*4; profit, £537. In 1857, miles open, 24^; revenue, £39,528; expen^
diture, £37,774; percentage of expenditure, 92*0; profit, £1754. In 1858, miles open,
32}; revenue, £51,582; expenditure, £44.981; percentage of expenditure, 85 5; profit,
£6601. In 1859, miles open, 32^; revenue, £48,068; expenditure, £39,871; percentage
of expenditure, 82*5; profits, £8197. In 1860, miles open, 45; revenue, £55, 588; expendi-
ture, £43,636; percentage of expenditure, 78'6; profit, £11,952. In 1861, miles open,
56; revenue, £64,935; expenditure, £53,808; percentage of expenditure, 821; profit,
£11,127. In 1862. miles open, 66; revenue, £67,483; expenditure, £54,400; percentage
of expenditure, 80-7; profit, £13,083. In 1863, miles open, 56; revenue, £70,420; expencU-
ture £52,639; percentage of expenditure, 74*7; profit, £17,781. In 1864, miles open, 66;
revenue, £95,490; expenditure, £65,837; percentage of expenditure, 690; profit, £29,663.
In 1865. miles open, 56; revenue, £98,919; expenditure, £80,108; percentage of expendi-
ture, 80-9; profit, £18,811.
" From the above it would appear that the profit on the working of the lines fell
from £29,653, in 1864, to £18,811 in 1865, or by £10,842, the working expenses
increasing from 69 per cent, to 80 i>er cent, of the earnings. Such, however, was not
actually the case, owing to large sums expended in the purchase of additional rolling
stock having been debited to working expenses under an altered system of account.
This outlay would, in the case of a company, be charged to capital account, and could
that course have been adopted here, the profit accruing in 1865 would have exceeded
that of 1864, instead of showing the large diminution above mentioned. Altogether
the railway returns for 1865 are of a very satisfactory nature, for they show that,
whilst of breadstuff s there were nearly 12,000 tons less transported than in the previous
exceptional year, the augmented passenger and general merchandise traffic made up the
deficiency — thus indicating a great development in the general trade of the country.
" The central road board constructed 54 miles of main road during 1865, making a
total length of 348 miles of metalled road completed under its superintendence, of
which 267 miles have been formed during the last 10 years. In addition to these main
lines, road communication has been immensely extended and improved through the
agency of the several municipalities and district councils. There is not, however, any
record of the total length of road formed under their direction; but some idea may be
obtained from the amount expended by those bodies during the past decade, out of rates
and the Government grant-in-aid, which have reached to an aggregate sum of nearly
half-a-million sterling. Their expenditure on public works has latterly averaged
£45,000 per annum. The central board of main roads has expended in the same
period £766,000, of which £111,129 was paid last year, the whole being provided out
of the general revenue. In the absence of any direct receipts from persons using them,
(the cost of keeping in repair such extended lines of metalled road entrenches largely
on .the funds at the board's disposal.
" Further postal facilities were provided in 1865 by the opening of 16 new post
•offices, and by an extension in the length of mail routes from 3053 to 3337 miles.
•The total number of post offices now open is 221, and the distance travelled by mails
Digitized by LjOOQIC
1864.
1865.
2,189,474
1,457,914
733,526
&
2,444,207
1,760,415
790,155
&
22,001
21,485
25,023
23,417
Sou] The SoiUh Australian Gazetteer, 229
during the 12 months was 790,155 miles, or 56,629 more than in 1864. A large
increase also appears in the number of letters and newspapers transmitted, as will be
seen from the following figures, relating to the postal business of the past three years:
1863.
Number of letters 1,817,379
Number of newspapers ... 1,254,893
Distance travelled hy mails... 657,772
£
Income 19,019
Expenditure 19,694
Ten years ago the income of the post office barely met one-half the cost; now the
receipts exceed the expenditure, as shown above. In both cases the English and
branch mail services are excluded. Forty money order offices are now in operation,
in connection with both the post office and telegraph departments, and corresponding
with all the offices in the Australian colonies, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.
'^The year 1865 completed the first decade since the introduction of the telegraph
into South Australia, during which period lines have been opened connecting 45 of the
principal townships within the colony, and establishing instantaneous communication
with all the more important cities, ports, and towns throughout the whole continent of
Australia, now linked together by a chain of telegiaph wire 8500 miles in length.
Within tljis colony 855 miles of telegraph have been opened, the length of wire erected
amounting to 1 173 miles. During 1865 four new stations were opened. The number
of messages transmitted was 112^344, exceeding the number sent in the previous year
by 5470. The receipts likewise shoiT an excess — £11,735 as against £11,341. There
is a falling off in the revenue from the intercolonial line, but this«s more than made up
in the augmented local business. On the intercolonial line, however, the receipts show
a large increase over those of 1863, with which year it may be more fairly compared,
as the augmentation in 1864 was owing to exceptional causes. The facilities afforded
by the telegraph, both within the province and in the quick communication with the
neighbouring coldfiies, are every year becoming more largely availed of, and, notwith-
standing the moderate tariff of charges, are secured to the public without any additional
cost beyond the original outlay. The total sum expended on telegraph lines and
stations (completed and in progress) since its inauguration amounts to £99,178,
including the erection of substantial buildings, 12 of which also afford accommodation
for the transaction of post office business." ,
The Church of England is represented by a bishop, the Right Rev. A. Short, D.D.,
Christ church, Oxon, who was consecrated Lord Bishop of Adelaide, 1847, and who is at
present in England, 34 licensed clergymen, and several lay readers, and haS/56 churches
and 34 rooms and school houses, with church accommodation for 13,124 persons, and 47
Sunday-sbhools with 338 teachers and 3399 scholars. The Roman Catholic Church is
represented by a bishop, the Right Rev. Lawrence B. Shiel, and 16 clergyman. One of
the clergymen of this church, the Rev. Julian E. T. Woods, late of Penola, but recently
appointed Dean of Adelaide, is well known in the literary world, and has done very
much for Australian literature. His work» on the exploration of the continent, or the
geology of the S.E. part of South Australia, and on the N. territory of South Australia,
having attained an almost world-wi^e celebrity. This talented gentleman is at present
engaged on a work on the physical features of Australia. The Wesleyan Methodists
are the most numerous body in the colony, having 16 circuits, 23 stated ministers, and
194 local preachers, 114 chapels, and 45 other preaching places, 248 class-leaders, 115
Sunday-schools, 1202 Sunday-school teachers, and 7634 Sunday scholars, 3604 accredited
church members, and 446 on trial for membership, and 21,985 attendants on public
worship. This body is a self-sustaining one, and is governed by a colonial conference,
assembling annually in one of the chief cities of the various colonies, the conference of
1866 having been held in Adelaide. The Congregational! sts have ^7 ministers, 37 lay
preachers, 32 chapels, and 10 preaching rooms, providing accommodation for 8979
persons. There are 34 Sunday-schools, 339 teachers, and 2804 Sunday scholars. The
Presbyterians, including the Old Kirk, the Free church, and the United Presby-
terian church, have 8 clergymen, 13 churches, and several other places of worship, having
accommodation for 4588 persons, 16 Sunday-schools, with 84 teachers, and 937 scholars.
Besides these numbers there are^ al§o congregations at Morphett vale, Aldinga, Inver-
brackie, and Yankalilla. The Baptists have 17 ministers, and 22 chapels, and
preaching places, with sittings for 3050 persons. The actual members of Baptist or
Union churches number about 817. They have 15 Sunday schools, 122 teachers, and
Digitized by LjOOQIC
930 The South Australian Ghizetteer. [Sou
about 1150 scholars. The Baptist chapel ia Flinders-street, Adelaide, is a sabstantiai
and ftriking edifice. The Bible Christians hltve 9 circuits, 17 ministers, and 90 local
preachers, 67 chapels, and 17 preaching rooms, containing accommodation for 10,550
persons, and 56 Simdaj schools with 486 teachers, and 3057 scholars. The members
of church in communion is 1244. The Methodist New CJonnexion hare a fine church in
Adelaide, erected at a cost of j£5000, and baring one of the finest spires in the city.
The PrimitiFC Methodists have 18 trayelling preachers and 143 local preachers, 96 class-
leaders, 74 chapels, and 29 rented rooms, 63 Sunday-schools, with 530 teachers and
2901 scholars, and 1504 church members. The Christian Brethren haye 3 regular
preachers and 7 local preachers, with chapels in the city and coantry districts, having
accommodation ibr 2190 persons, and 9 Sabbath-schools, with 57 teachers and 578
scholars. The Disciples of Christ have 5 places of worship, but do not employ any
regular minister, the various congregations being governed by elders. The Society
of Friends have a meeting-house at mount Barker and one at N. Adelaide, the totsd
number of members being about 200. The German Evangelical Lutheran congre-
gations have 17 ministers, 42 places of worship, with accommodation for 6611 persons,
and 9 Sunday-schools, with 10 teachers and 443 scholars. The New Church has a
building for public worship in Adelaide with accommodation for 70 persons. The
Moravians have a church at the German township of Bethel with accommodation for
200 persons. The Unitarians have a pretty church in Adelaide containing 270 sittings,
and a Sunday-school with 6 teachers, and 57 scholars. The Hebrew congregation have
a synagogue in Adelaide containing 120 sittings, there being 65 subscribing members,
3 Sabbath-school teachers and 62 scholars. Referring to the state of the religioos
community in South Australia, a gentleman writihg on J;he subject, and having been
largely and influentially connected with its affairs, remarks that the various religious
bodies occupy, more so, perhaps, than in any of the other colonies, pretty nearly the
same relative positions as they do in America.
'* The educational institutions of the colony are of two classes; namely, those which
are entirely self-supporting, and those aided by funds from the Government. About
two-fifths of the whole are of the former, and three-fifths of the latter class. At the
head of the former is the Collegiate school of St. Peter, at Stepney (see Stepney;) next
is the Adelaide educational institution, and the College of St. Aloysius (Roman
Catholic,) at Sevenhills. There are also others in Adelaide, Port Adelaide, Glenelgr,
Glenosmond, Angaston, Eooringa, and other townships.
" The sulyidised system of education is founded on an Act of the Legislature
passed in 1851, and comprises a central board of education, consisting of seven mem-
bers, with a secretary, and a chief inspector and second inspector of schools. District
councils are empowered to act as district boards of education, to guard the interests of
schools in their respective localities, and to correspond with the central board in
Adelaide. These councils have also authority to recommei^d the erection o*f district
school-houses, one-half the cost of* which is contributed by the Government, the
ratepayers subscribing the other half. Teachers examined and approved by the
board, after having been recommended by memorial from persons desirous of availing
themselves of their services, are licensed to teach in specified localities, and are
entitled to a stipend varying from £40 to £80 per annum, according to the estimated
efficiency of their schools, and the number of scholars attending them. In addition to
this stipend, they are authorised to charge school fees, not exceeding Is. a week
for each scholar, for teaching the ordinary branches of an English education, namely,
reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, geography, and history. An extra charge may
be made for other subiects of instruction. . The fees of destitute children are paid by
the Government, at the rate of 6d. per head per week. Teachers are supplied
with school-books and other school requisites from a depot kept at the offices of the
central board.
'* The Act requires that the Scriptures shall be read daily in the schools, but no
religious teaching of a denominational character is permitted during school houm. It
has been found necessary to enforce this provision somewhat rigidly, lest the grant in
aid of education should be turned into a substitute for the grant in aid of religion."
" There is no country more interesting in its formations or more varied in its
mineraloglcal productions than South Australia: lofty mountains, extensive plains,
sandy deserts, and inland seas are all included in its |ar-stretching boundaries. With
a climate like that of the south of Spain it possesses the scenery of the Highlands in
some places, while in others, deserts like those of Arabia, and vying with them for
bleakness, aridity, and burning heat. There are chains of salt lakes which render
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Soti] The South Australian Gazetteer. 231
'^profitable a larger area than England ; there are marshes and salt swamps more
-dank, unwholesome, and extensive than any in the United States; there are rocky
precipices, and chasms, and waterfalls, to rival almost the Alps; there are extinct
volcanoes of large dimensions, almost as numerous as those of Auvergne; and finally,
there are caves which exceed in magnitude the Guachero caves of Humboldt, or in
stalactites the Antiparos of the ^gean sea. The principal chain of mountains in the
colony is one known as the Main, or Flinders range, which runs from cape Jervis in
a line with the coast of St. Vincent's gulf, at a distance varying from 3 to 14 or 15
miles, nearly to lake Blanche, in the K. part of the extreme N. The highest points of
tiiis ralige are mount Lofty, near Adelaide, and Benbonyata, near the copper workings
at Yudanamutana, in the N.
" This chain of mountains is supposed to have been, at a time when the continent was
separalbd into two parts by a sea extending from the gulf of Carpentaria to St. Vincent's
gulf, a chain of islands whose further upheaval caused the rivers to take a S. course to
tibie sea, which flowed between them and the mountains on which Adelaide now stands.
This chain commences at cape Jervis, and continues with varied height in a northerly
direction, until it reaches the bend of lake Torrens, throwing off" in its course spurs to
the right and left. The range is very detached and broken in many places, attaining
its greatest general altitude near Adelaide, where mount Lofty, one of its peaks, reaches
the height of 2100 feet above sea level, but it may be remarked that it is totally discon-
nected with the E. Corderilla, and with the mountain systems of the other colonies. It
is not improbable that this chain was of far greater height than at present, there being
distinct marks of snow, and of the action of glaciers. No fossils have been found, with
the exception of one about 30 miles S. of Adelaide, of a Fentamenus Oblong^s, charac-
teristic of the lower divisions of the upper Silurian rocks ; and one found by Mr. T. A.
Woods at Nuriootpa, to the N. of Adelaide, which the Rev. J. E. Woods recognises as a
Cruziana Cucurbita. With these exceptions, there is nothing to show the age of the
rocks on the range. They are highly metamorphic, and consist principally of slates,
quartzites, and schists. Gold has rarely been found, but its absence is amply made up
by the immense quantities of copper, iron, lead, and silver, besides marble and various
other building stones. No range of hills was ever richer in beautiful varieties of
minerals, and even diamonds and other precious gems have occasionally been disco-
vered. It is supposed by some geologists that there was formerly a separation of the
continent into two halves during one of the recent tertiary periods, and that this sepa-
ration was between the gulf of Carpentaria on the N., and Spencer's and St. Vincent's
gulfs on the S. The following few facts seem to point to such a conclusion. At
<jape Jervis a mountain range commences which runs nearly N. and S., and this is
bounded on its eastern and western sides by a recent tertiary deposit. To the
westward of the same ranges, the beds have been traced through the greater por-
tion of the Great Australian bight until they are terminated by the primary rocks
of Western Australia, which do not appear to have ever been covered by a tertiary sea.
Then we have the eastern and western sides of the continent occupied by primary rocks,
and the centre by tertiary beds, enclosing an abundance of recent shells. This is pretty
strong presumptive evidence of their previous separation. Again, it will be mentioned
in the course of this work, that Spencer's gulf bears most unmistakable signs of having
been much larger, or rather to have been better filled by the ocean than it is at present.
To the N. of Spencer's gulf there is an uninterrupted tract ot waste marshy lowlands,
continuing as far due N. as the explorer ha^ hitherto ventured. This has been found,
wherever examined, to consist (with some small exceptions) of limestone, with recent
marine shells and salt water. Many parts of this desert are sandy, while other parts '
are immense plains of shingle, without any shells, probably portions of the ocean bed
which were too deep for the support of any animal life. Geographers are not well
acquainted with the exact nature of the rocks round the gulf of Carpentaria, but it is
not unlikely that they are tertiary. The high lands of cape Yorke, on the eastern side,
is known to be primary, as also the highest lands in Arnheim^s land; and this would
certainly seem to correspond with the opening for the tertiary beds at the southern
gulfs. It is not, therefore, hazarding too much to say that a sea has at no very distant
period rolled between the eastern and western halves of the continent. It may be men-
tioned that Yorke's peninsula, which divides the southern gulfs, Spencer's and St.
Vincent's, is composed pa^ly of tertiary rock, and therefore shows its origin to have
been coeval with the continent itself.
" The colony is subject to severe periodical droughts, from the effects of one of which
it is only now just beginning to recover. This one has lasted for nearly 3 years, and
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Sdd The South Australian Gazetteer, [Sou
^ .
the coDseqaences to the squatters in the N., where there has been no rainfall for
nearly all that time, has been disastrous in the extreme. Immense blocks of pastoral
country have been totally unstocked, and the lessees in many cases reduced from
aflSuence to comparatiye poverty from the great loss of cattle and sheep which they
have experienced. The Government have, however, remitted the rents and assess-
ments for a term in the districts which have suffered most severely. These droughts^
which appear to occur at nearly regular intervals, are most severe in the extreme N.
and along the W. coast. The latter place is, however, generally dry; and, speaking
on this subject, Jevous says, in his ^ Essay on the Climatology of Australia," *'From
Streaky bay to cape Arid (Western Australia) is a country devoid of any known
water courses whatever, and certainly possessing no rivers which fall into the sea»
The coast alone, or at most for a few miles back, has been seen by civilised men, and
presents an unbroken line of cliffs of almost uniform height. It was traveled by
Eyre, who made 3 successive journeys of 7 or 8 days each, with only so much water
as he could carry on horseback, the supply being procured in general by digging in
the sand at the base of the cliffs. At cape Pasley (Western Australia) the W. head of
the great Australian bight he found ' a few drops of water trickling down a huge
granite rock abutting on the sea shore.' This was the only approximation to running
water which he had found since leaving Streaky bay, a distance of 600 or 700 miles.
Nevertheless, water courses might exist unseen by Mr. Eyre if the land sloped gently
inwards. Mr. Babbage has recently found hereabouts several wide lakes.*' This
wonderAil journey, the description of which reads more like an extraordinary and
sensational romance than a narrative of facts, is minutely and geographically described
in the Rev. J. E. T. Woods* ** History of the Discovery and Exploration of Australia,'^
voL ii, p. 1 to 2. That extreme dry weather of long continuance prevailed somewhere
between the years 1782 and 1792 upon the coasts of South Australia may be inferred
from some remarks of Captain Flinders on the vestiges of extensive bush fires on
Kangaroo and other islands. In February, 1830, also Sturt, who was then exploring
this part of the continent, speaks of the suffering from a long drought, although it doea^
not appear to have been so severe as the one then existing on the E. coast. The dry
lagoons and the withered vegetation were the criterion. The quadrupeds peculiar ta
Australia are but few in number, and are chiefly marsupial, and nocturnal in their
habits. The chief are the kangaroo, wallaby, kangaroo rat, native cat, wombat^
opossum, flying squirrel, bandicoot, porcupine, and platipus. The latter is an aquatic
animal, with the bill of a duck and webbed feet ; it is oviparous, and suckles its young.
The native birds chiefly worthy of notice are the emu, turkey, pheasant, cockatoo,
parrot (in variety,) laughing jackass (gigantic kingfisher,) mawpork, wattle bird^
bronze-winged pigeon, mountain duck, robin, bower bird, curlew, crow, hawk, eagle,,
owl, ibis, wild goose, black swan, pelican, mutton bird, penguin, fiamingo (on the
northern coast,) and the lyre bird, found only in the dense Murray scrub. Among
the most striking objects in the vegetable world are the grass trees, which are found
in rocky places, poor soils, and open situations. The first appearance of a young tree
exhibits its head merely — a bunch of long, narrow and sharp leaves, which grow erect
for about 2 feet and then spread over. As the tree grows, a trunk is produced, 10
or 12 inches in diameter, and attaining a height of 6 or 8 feet. From the centre of its
fibrous head a long slender stalk shoots up of about 1 inch in diameter, and 8 or 10-
feet high. This forms the fire-stick of the natives, and is also used for kangaroo
spear-shafts. At the end of the stalk are the seed vessels. It is of a very resinous
nature, and attains its full growth only after a fire.
SOUTH CREEK [Co, Adelaide) is a stream fiowing on the S. side of the township
of Gumeracka.
SOUTH EASTERN PASTORAL DISTRICT is a territory lying between the
Victorian border on the E., and the river Murray on the W. Its extent is about 290
miles from N. to S., and an average of 70 miles from E. to W. The entire district is
level, and may almost be called a plain, the only exceptions to its fiatness being some
ridges, not exceeding 200 feet in height, and seyeral detached extinct volcanoes, and
some hills, caused by dykes of trap rock. The latter lie in the S., and in the N.
are two or three ranges of porphyry, running E. and W. into Victoria. In the S.,
and just above the Ctaters spoken of, are immense swamps, one of which, the Dismtd.
swamp, is of vast magnitude, stretching about 30 miles fA)m E. to W., and 10 from
K. to S., and which being continually run through by spurs of scrub-covered land, is
rather a series. of marshes than one large morass. This plain is an immense levA
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SoxT — Spr] The South Australian Gazetteer. 23B
sandy flat, about 9000 square miles in extent, heavy and dusty in summer, and boggy in
winter, supporting trees of a stunted and worthless character, but with occasional
belts of crooked stringy bark bush, and one or t^fft narrow lines of lightly-grassed
honeysuckle country, and being one vast uninterrupted prairie of fJuccUpptus dumosa
or mallee scrub, a small shrub, something like a dwarf bushy willow in appearance.
There are numerous swamps, densely overgrown with rushes, reeds, and a thick wiry
grass scattered over this plain, having ridges, some of which are 100 feet long and 50
feet high, on the E, side, caused by the W. winds, whch prevail in the wet season, and
drift the loOse vegetation to that side. See also Tattiaba Pastoral District.
SOUTH RHINE RIVER ((7o. Sturt) See Rhine S. River.
SOUTH STONY CREEK {Co. Frome) is a watercourse, usually dry, lying Ij mile»
S. of Beautiful valley.
SPALDING COVE {Spencer^s gulf) is a bay or branch of port Lincoln —
which see.
SPEAR CREEK {Flinders district N,) is a stream flowing within a few miles of
the township of Stirling N. There is a copper mine upon this creek, lying 12 mUes Ef
of that township, and copper, bismuth, cobalt, manganese, &c., are found all ovSr the
neighbourhood.
SPENCER, CAPE ( YorJce'a peninsula,) the E. point of entrance to the gulf of that
name, is the S.W. extremity of a peninsula nearly 40 leagues in length, and from 3 to
9 leagues across, which separates Spencer's gulf from the gulf of St. Vincent, and is
called Yorke's peninsula. It is composed of 3 cliffy points, the southernmost of which
is in 35° 18' S. lat., and 136° 55' E. long., and its northern extremity 6^ miles from it to
the N.W. by N.j near which is a cluster of black rocks lying near the shore.
SPENCER, CAPE N., ST ATIOl^ {Yor};e' 8 peninsula;) lease. No. 1162; occupier^
T. W.Rogers; area, 42 square miles; grazing capability, 4000 sheep in summer, but
it it necessary to remove the flocks in winter, as if not, they are subject to coast disease.
The nearest post town is port Adelaide, and the communication is by water or over-
land, via Moonta. Part of this station lies near Corny point.
SPENCER, CAPE, ST ATlOl^ (Yorkers peninsula,) is the name given to 2 bloclss
of land taken up under sepaiate leases (leases, Nos. 314 and 412,) but forming 1 run.
The area of the flrst block is 17 square miles, and the rent and assessment £24 15s. lOd.;
the area of the latter block is 39 square miles, and the rent and assessment ^£57 15s.
The occupier is W. Fowler.
SPENCER'S GULF {Yorkers peninsula and Flinders district) is a wide inlet of
the sea, running in a N. direction into the main land from the sea at about the middle
of the coast of the colony. Its W, shore is known as the port Lincoln district, and its-
E. as the W. eoast of Yorke's peninsula. The N. part of the gulf is shallow, and has
many sandy flats, dry at low water. At the head of the gulf is the township and
luarbour of port Augusta, and on its E. side are the harbours known as port Wallaroo,
port Peri, and port Ferguson. On its S.W. coast import Lincoln. The entrance to this
gulf is from 45 ^o 48 miles wide between cape Spencer, its E. and W. heads, but this
space is partly occupied by clusters of islands, of which Thistle island, near the W.
shore, is the largest. Thorny passage on the W. side of this island is safe and free
from danger, except in its E. part. Another cluster, lying near to the W., is called the
Gambler isles. With respect to the tides in the gulf, it has been remarked a8»some-
-what singular, that at port Lincoln there is only one tidal flood in 24 hou^, whereas in
all otheriparts of the gulf there are two.
SPZLSBY ISLAND, {Spencer's gulf.) See Sib J. Banks's Gboup.
8PZLSBY ISLAND RUN, ( W. district.) See Rbevbsby Island Hun.
SPZTBEAD (Flinders district IF.) is a capacious roadstead with excellent anchor-
age in Streaky bay.
SPRING BANE {Co. Adelaide) is a small agricultural hamlet lying near Mitcham,
and inhabited by a few farmers and gardeners.
SPRING CREEK {Co. Frome) is a stream fed by a permanent spring of fine clear
-water, and flowing about 6 miles S. of Beautiful valley.
SPRING CREEK MINE(i\r. district) is a copper mine situated 152 miles N. by
W. of Adelaide, and U miles from the township of Melrose. Austin, speaking of this.
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234 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Spr — Sta
mine in 1863, says—" The mine is about 35 miles from port Augusta, and is, as its name
imports, on the banks of a fine perennial creek of excellent water. The hills on either
side are from 300 to 400 feet in hAght, and very steep, ^so much so, that in an ordinary
dray— which, by-tke-bye, is a heavy vehicle— 8 bullocks can only draw 15 cwt. of ore
to the top. Notwithstanding this difficulty at the outset, parties offered to contract to
«art all the ore from the mine to port Augusta, at 30s. per ton ; but with a trifling
outlay a better road could easily be cut. The mine itself is on the E. side of the creek.
A bold reef of rocks running up the face of the hill contains numerous stains of copper,
and on breaking off portions of the rock where these stains occur, ore is almost
invariably found; in some cases blue and green carbonates, but more frequently the
richest red oxide and ruby ore, and sometimes a little native copper. A small drive of
about 2 fathoms has been made about 120 feet above the level of the creek into the hill,
and shows several veins of red oxide from one to six inches in thickness and running
down, as if to a main lode. From this place 5 tons of ore were sent to England as
a sample. The appearance of the 'country,' where the ground has been opened, is
favourable for copper; there is a good deal of ironstone on the back of the reef of rocks,
tnd a^o fine gossan, and several tons of rich ore might be quarried from the face
of the hill. Opinions differ as to the probable permanence of this mine, some asserting
very positively, that no continuous lode will be found, and that when what is now
visible on the surface is removed, there will be an end to the mine. Others, on the
contrary, are as confident in their belief that the mine will pro^e both rich and lasting.
It is situated in a decidedly mineral country; the other end of the range, or mount
Bemarkable proper, containing deposits of copper ore, at a direct distance, it is true,
of 8 or 9 mUes from the Spring creek mine; but beyond Spring creek, about three
quarters of a mile to the W., and over the next range, another discovery has been made,
and a claim taken out by Messrs. Nott and others. This claim consists chiefly of grey
oxide in thin veins, but little h&s been done as yet to prove the ground."
SPBIITG CREEK (Co. Victoria) is a stream flowing into the Broughton ri^,
and watering the Bundaleer run in its S.E. part.
SPMNGFIELD {Co, Adelaide) is a vineyard in the New Tiers valley of the
mount Lofty range, belonging to Mr. J. Cobbledick. This property is more an orchard
than a vineyard, as it is mostly taken up for the growth of apples. There is a public
pound in the district.
SFBING, MOUNT (Ch. ffindmarsh,) is a peak and survey point in the rugged
ranges, lying to the N. of the hundred of Encounter bay. It is situated about 10 niiles
N.W. of port Elliott,
SPBINGS CREEK {Co. Stanley) is a stream flowing through the township of
Rhynie, and receiving the waters of the Woolshed creek about 2 miles N.W. of that
place. It then curves round, and falls into the Wakefield river.
SPRZNGTON (Co. Sturt) is a postal township in the hundred of S. Rhine,
and in the electoral district oi Gumeracka. It is situated to the S.W. of Flood's creek,
tlie Springs creek adjoining it on thi N. The district is an agricultural one, the chief
product being wheat, which grows well in the neighbourhood. On thel)oundary of the
township lies a tract of pastoral country suited to the depasturing of sheep. Eden
valley lies 6 miles distant N.N.W., mount Crawford 6 miles W.N.W, and mount Pleasant
S milea S., a mail running to those places thrice a-week. With Adelaide, 40 miles
S.W., there i»a daily communication by coach from mount Pleasant. Springtbn has a
post-oflace, and 1 hotel— the Springton. It has a population of about 40 persons- The
surrounding district is elevated, with open and rather stony rises, having reefis running
generally in a N. and S. direction.
STAXlfS HILL (Co. Burra) is a peak in a spur of the main range. It lies about
4 miles S.E. of the township of Kooringa, to the E. of the Burra creek, and marks the
division line of the South Australian and the Princess Royal mining companies.
STABEFOllD HILL (Flinders district W.) is a small woody hill situated on
Boston island, so called by Flinders the discoverer.
STANXiST COUNTY lies on the W. side of the main range, and is bounded on
the N. by the county Victoria, from which it is separated by the river Broughton; on
the S. by the counties Gawler and Light, from which it is separated by the river
Wakdfteld; on the E. by the county Bmya; and on the W. by the county Daly. The
S.E. part of this county consists to a great extent of purchased land, and is divided
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Sta — SteJ The South Amtralian Gazetteer, 235
into the hundreds ot Andrews, Ayers, Anne, Milne, Hanson, Clare, Stanley, Hart,
Blyth, Goyder, Stow, Hall, and Uppei' Wakefield. The chief towns of the county are
Clare, Auburn, Penwortham, and Watervale. The N. and N.W. portions of the
county are taken up for pafttoral purposes. This county forms part of the electoral
district of Stanley. The area of this county is 1420 square miles, or 908,800 acres, the
purchased land being 418,710 acres, the extent of land held by freeholders 312,805
acres, land enclosed 130,650 acres, land under cultivation 46,378, and land enclosed
but not cultivated 84,272 acres. The live §tock numbers 4536 horses, 7310 horned
cattle, 337,758 sheep, 1119 goats, 3313 pigs, and 21,422 head of poultry. Of the land
under cultivation 26,863 acres are ujider wheat, 236 acres under barley, 38 acres under
oats, 6104 acres under hay, 152 acres under green forage, 6 acres under peas, and 2
acres under other crops, 12,420 acres are fallow, and 16 acres under potatoes. There
are 114 acres of orchard, 179 acres of garden, and 248 acres of vineyard, the latter
having 113,267 vines in bearing, and 120,245 vines not in bearing. The crops for the
year ending 31st March, 1866, were 220,999 bushels wheat, 3277 bushels barley, 535
bushels oats, 4583 tons hay, 10 tons potatoes, 15,538 gallons wine, and 1631 cwt.
grapes. The population numbers 6936, being an increase of 2101 since 1861. The
number of dwelling-houses is 1319, against 924 in that year.
STANLEY ELECTORAL DISTRICT comprises the counties of Gawler and
Stanley, consisting of the district councils of Clare, Mudla Wirra, port Gawler, Stock-
port (portion in county Gawler,) Upper Wakefield, and hundreds of Alma, Inkerman,
Balaklava, and Dalkey. It has a population of 11,735 i>ersons, and an area of 2627
square miles, or 1,681,280 acres, of which 130,524 acres are under cultivation. The
voting places for this district are at Clare, Auburn, Mudla Wirra, and Baker's springs.
Stanley is represented in the House of Assembly by the hon. G. S. Kingston (Speaker)
and H. E. Bright, Esq. The number of registered electors for 1865 in the district was,
for the legislative council 927, and for the house of assembly 1539.
STANLEY (Go. Stanley) is the S.E. hundred of the county, consisting principally
of purchased land, although there is some country taken up as pastoral country in the
N. part of the hundred. The area of this hundred is 58,880 acres, the cultivated |land
being 10,700 acres, with a population of 677 persons, mostly farmers.
STANLEY MINE {Flinders district N.) is a Ibpper mine, lying 328 miles N. ^ E.
oi Adelaide, and to the S. of the Freeling heights. It is the property of the Northern
mining association, and has not been worked lately. The prevailing ore is grey oxide;
with blue and green carbonates, and some malachite. A branch lode from the S.E.
'runs into the main lode, and contains a large percentage of bismuth in combination with
the copper.
STAUGHTON^Co. Sturt) is the name of a small mining village lying 3 miles S..
of the township of Kanmantoo. The population consists mostly of miners.
STEEL'S RANGE {Co, Ilindmarsh) is a spur of the main range lying to tllB S. W.
of Fianiss flat.
STEELTON (Co. Light) is a postal township in the electoral district of Light,
hundred of Saddle worth, sind under the control of the central board of main roads
and the district council. It is situated on the Light river, Tothill's creek being 3
miles E., and the Gilbert river 5 miles W. The district is an agricultural one, wheat
being grown in large quantities. The nearest places are Marrabel, 6 milts S.; Waterloo,
5 miles N. ; and Saddleworth, 5 miles W. No public conveyances run to these places,
• and the nearest route for passengers to Adelaidfe, 72 miles S. W., by horse or private
conveyance to IVlkrrabel, and thence by Rounseveil's mail coach. Steelton has a post
office and I hotel — the Steelton, The surrounding country is mountainous, consisting
of hills and fertile valleys, in which the agriculture of the district is carried on. The
'population numbers about 60 persons.
STEPNEY {Co, Adelaide) is a suburban township, lying adjacent to Norwood,
and forming part of that township. There is 1 hotel in Stepney — the Maid and Mag-
pie. See also Norwood.
The collegiate school of St. Peter lies to the N.W. of this township, and is
connected with the Church of England, but receives also the children of parents of
other denominations. This school was established in 1848, and is under the direction
of a board of governors, of whom the Lord Bishop ot Adelaide is president.' The head
jtnaster is- the Rev. G. H. Farr, M.A., of Pembroke college, Cambridge. A good
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286 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Ste — Stt
classical and mathematical education is afforded to the pupils, some of whom have
succeeded in talking very creditable positions at English universities. One of them,
the son of Mr. Stuckey, of Adelaide, came off as fifth wrangler at Cambridge, a year
or two ago; and with reference to others, Mr. Farr sud, at the examination, in
December, 1865: — " He was glad to communicate the worthy deeds of those who had
left them. They would all be pleased to see that Bagot had succeeded so well in
England. He had taken the highest place at Woolwich in English, beating no mean
competitors by 200 marks out of a thousand. That showed that English was not
neglected in the collegiate school, and tlfcir boys who went up to compete with boys
from schools in the mother country need not be afraid to meet them. If he was afraid
of anything it was not with reference to the English, but to their Latin and Greeks
Another boy who had been at St. Peter's had taken a good position at the college in
Ireland where Sir R. G. Macdonnell was educated, and at Queen's college he had
carried off several prizes: so that both in England and in Ireland their boys had
done well. **
STEVENSON MVER {Flinders district) is a fine broad stream, discovered by
Stuart in March. 1860. It lies near the N. border of the colony, and flows at the foot
of a low volcanic range of hills in an E. direction, being fed by the Boss and Lindsay
creeks. The main stream is broad, and its banks splendidly grassed, whilst the mussel
shells and the small fish and crabs found in its bed seem to indicate its permanency.
It rises in the table land of that part of the continent, and most probably flows down
into lake Eyre. Stunted scrub and saltbush abound in the neighbourhood of this
creek.
STETENTON, or Tea-tree Gully {Co. Addaide) is a postal township in the
electoral district of Gumeracka, and under the control of the Tea-tree gully district
council. It is situated on the Tea-tree gully creek, the Little Para river being 3 miles
N.E. of the Tea-tree gully, which is situated at the foot of the Gawler ranges. The
district is an agricultural one, wheat being the chief product, whilst the culture of the
vine is particularly attended to. The farmers are also in the habit of grazing sheep
and cattle, but only in small numbers. There is an iron ore mine about 1 mile S,E. of
the township, and 5 good freestone quar4es in the neighbourhood. There is also a
flour mill (Mahon's.) The nearest places are Modbury, 2^ miles distant S.W.;
Houghton, 2i miles E.; Golden Gr^e, 4 miles N.W.; Hope Valley, 3 miles S.W.; and
Inglewood 3^ miles E. With Modbury, Houghton, and Inglewood, as also with
Adelaide, 12 miles S.W., there is communication by means of Rounseveirs daily maii
coaches. Steventon has a post office, a district council chamber, used also as a local
court, a Wesleyan and a Baptist chapel, each containing 150 sittings, a licensed day-
school, a lodge of the M.U. of Oddfellows* (the Highercombe,) and a Foresters' court
(the Tea-tree gully). The hotels are the Highercombe, and the Tea-tree gully. There
is a licensed carrier in the town, and a booking-office for Rcftinsevell's coaches t9
Adelai^ or port Mannum. The township is very prettily situated, and commands a
fine view of the gulf and the plains. It is elevated about 500 feet above the level of
the sea, and a view for 70 miles N. may be had on a clear day. To the E. <tf the
township there is a range of mountains, whilst to the N.W., and S. the country is of a
gently undulating character. The population is small and scjtttered.
STZGKNEY ISLAND {Spencer's gulf,) See Sir J. Banks's Group.
STZ&LZl^G EAST {Co. Adelaide) is a small postal village, lying 2} miles W.
of Bridgewater. It is situated in the midst of an agricultural district, celebrated for
its wheat and other cereals. The population is scattered over the neighbourhood, and
in the immediate vicinity are 2 hotels— the Halfway house, and Attwei's hotel* *
STUtliZNGy NOKTH, or Minchin's Wells {Co, Frome) is a postal township ia
the hundred of Davenport, and electoral district of Flinders. It is situattd on the
Saltia creek, about 7 miles W. of the township of Saltia, and 6 miles E. of port*
Augusta, in the midst of a pastoral (sheep and cattle) district. At a distance of 1^ miles
from the township are the Government brick manufactories, tend 12 miles S.E. is the
Spear creek copper mine, in the immediate neighbourhood of which are found copper^
bismuth, cobalt, manganese, and several other minerals. The nearest places to Stirling^
N. are Saltia, 7 miles E.; and port Augusta, 5 miles W.; the latter being the seaport for
the entire district. With these places there are no regular means of conveyance except
by bullock and horse teams, and by camels, which are used for the transport of produce
to the port. With Adelaide, 234 miles S.E., the communication Is from port Augusta
Digitized by V^OOQlC
Sti — Sto] The SoiUh Amtralian Gazetteer, 237
by the steamer Lubra, and a mail route has been lately opened, by which the mails are
conveyed overland twice a-week. Stirling North has a post oflBce, a public school,
3 hotels- the Travellers' rest, the Stirling, and the John Bull, and a few shops and
stores. The township is supplied with water from the Government waterworks at
Woolundinga, about 9 miles S.E. There are 2 wells, 70 feet deep, in the township, but
the water is not fit for domestic use. There is a public pound at this place. The
surrounding country is flat, but about 7 miles E. commences the Flinders range.
The soil is' sandy, with occasional patches of limestone. The population is small, and
scattered.
STIBXZNG'S HILL (Go, HindmarsK) is a point in a S.W. spur of the mount
Barker range, lying on the S. bank of Kodwell's creek, and about .6 miles N. of the
township of Strathalbyn.
STOOKPO&T {Go. Oawler) h a postal township in the electoral district of Stanley,
hundred of Alma, and under the control of the district council of Mudla Wirra. It is
situated on the Gilbert river in an agricultural district, of which wheat is the staple
product. Thei'e is a post office in the township, a good store, and a flour mill, and the
Eapunda mines are 12 miles distant E. Stockport has a good mechanics' institute which
is well attended. There is 1 hotel — the Stockport — and a public pound, an^n aboriginal
station in the township. * The nearest places are Gilberton, 6 miles N. ;Wd Lin wood,
3 miles S.E. The communication is by horse and dray. With Adelaide, 67 miles S.,
the communication is by horse or private conveyance to Kapunda or to Freeling, and
thence by rail. The surrounding country is undulating, and the soil good for agriculture.
It consists generally of alluvial drift overlaying ferruginous sandstone. The population
• numbers about 93 persons.
STOOBLPO&T (Go. Gawler and Light) iB&diatnct council in the electoral districts
of Light and Stanley. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being
Mr. J. Watts, and 4 councillors. The population numbers 797 persons. The area is
88 square miles, or 56,320 acres; land under cultivation, 19,002 acres; and number of
dwelling-houses, 171.
STOGKWiBLIi (Go. Light) is a postal township in the electoral district of Barossa,
and hundred of Moorooroo. It is situated in an agricultural district, lying 4} miles fron^
the township of Truro, 5 miles from Nuriootpa and- 5 miles from Angaston, near the
North Para river, and on the main road from Freeling to Went worth (New South Wales.)
The communication with Truro is by Rounsevell's daily mail coach, and with the other
places by horse or private conveyance. With Adelaide, 56 miles S.W., the communi-
cation is by Rounsevell's daily mail coach to Freeling, 18 miles, and thence by rail.
Stockwell has a post office, and I hotel-— the StockweU. The surrounding country is
flat. The population numbers about 150 persons.
STOCKYARD CREEK {Co. Hindnmrsh) is a stream rising in the Stockyard
hill in the Yankalilla range, and flowing N.W. past mount Rapid Into the sea about
6 miles N.N.E. of cape Jervis.
STOCKYARD HILL (Go. ffindmarsh) is a prominent hill in the S. part of the
Yankalilla range. The Stockyard creek has its rise in the W. slope of this hill.
STOCKYARDS (Co. Hindmarsh.) See Glenbubn.
STONE CHIMNEY CREEK (Co. Burra) is a small creek flowing in the pastoral
coTintry to the S.E. of the township of Kooringa, and through the Baldina run.
Undulating, well-grassed, and scrubby land.
STONE HUT (Co. Robe) is the name of a roadside inn on the Stone hut range,
and on the main road from Robe to Gambler town, 12 miles from the lormer place.
BTONE HUT RANGE {S.E. district) is the N. part of a low range of hills which,
without exception, runs from 2 to 12 miles all round the coast, from the Coorong to
the boundary of the colony, the space between it and the sea being taken up by low,
undulating hills and flats, with salt and fresh water lakes. These flats and hills are
coTered with recent shells, but there is no limestone, except in patches here and thereon
the edges of the lakes, or on some low hills, and the shells (for they can scarcely be called
fossils,) consisting mostly of the Trochus, the Oonus^ and the Littorina, lie in loose sand ,
or in thick beds with little or no sand. The soil is soft black or whitish clay, with
patches of limestone caked into the surface. In the range itself is a gap, occupied by
the morass or lagoon called lake Hawdon.
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238 The South Amtralian Gazetteer. [fto — Sir
STONY CREEK (Co. Bwrra) is a snmll W. tributary of the Burra creek, rising
in the E. slope of the main range to the N. of Apoinga, and crossing the road £com that
place to Eooringa, near the Tillage of Sod hut.
STOmr CREEK RUN (Go. Frame;) lease. No. 56; area, 12 square miles (the
correct area of this lease is 15^ square miles;) grazing capability, 2480 sheep, or 160
per square mile; Goyder's valuation, £105 12s. 2d. ; deducting improyements valued at
£372. This run lies in the Flinders range N.N.W, of mount Reiparkable, about 27
miles S.E. of i>ort Augusta, and 180 miles N. of Adelaide. The occupier is the
hon. J. fl. Angus. This run also includes leases, Nos. 110, 579, 561, and 121, which
have respective areas of 45, 15, 10, and 72 square miles.
STONT DESERT {Flinders district N.E.) is the name given to the vast tract
of perfectly level desert, without a tree, a blade of grass, or the slightest sign of
vegetation, crossed by Sturt in 1845, and by the Burke and Wills party in 1860. It
is described by Sturt as a stony desert, into which fhe sand-hills abut like cliffs upon
the ocean. The ground is strewn as thickly as possible with rounded fragments
of quartz and sandstone, just like a shingle beach. This tract of desert, as described
by Sturt, however, has been found by subsequent explorations to consist of dotted
patches, or a series of plains rather than one vast desert, and is not all equally strewn
with stones 411' destitute of vegetation. Howitt found in 1862 a part where it was not
more than 17 miles wide, of which 8 miles only were bad travelling, and all more or lesa
grassed. The stones, again, are not in every place, of equal size. They are very
small in some localities, and in others as large as boulders. Whether small or large
these patches of stony desert appear only dotted here and there amidst the plains for a
considerable distance N., S., and W. of the Barcoo river. Many theories have been
advanced to account for these singular tracts of sterile desert, the favourite one
of which is that they are the remains left by some long continued current of water
flowing through the centre of the continent. The Rev, J. E. T. Woods, however,
gives as his opinion that they are the remains of a decomposed highly ferruginous
tertiary sandstone, which abounds in other parts of the continent. Where the strata
contained a great deal of iron, they formed siliceous concretions which resisted
decomposition, while the rest of the rock fell away. Or it may have been that the
trata was itself composed in places of a sandstone breccia like that found on the
^. coast, where each ferruginous nodule is glazed round with quartz. The red sand is
certainly derived from a ferruginous sandstone, and if it be asked how the ridges
should be so high and uneven, and the plains so low and fiat, he answers that when
the strata decomposed, the lighter portions drifted away into ridges, leaving the
heavier remains scattered below on the plains.
STONT FELL VINEYARD {Co. Adelaide.) See Beaumont.
STONT GAP {Co. Burra) is a postal village in the electoral district of the Burra,
and hundred of Apoinga, lying on the main South road from Kooringa to Kapunda^
and on the Stony Gap creek, the Sod Hut ranges running from N. to S., and the Burra
creek being 4 miles distant N. The district is a pastoral one, sheep being depastured
in considerable numbers. Copper and iron ore are found all over the neighbourhood,
and the Earkulto mines lie 3 miles distant, the great Burra mines being 10 miles N.,
and the Black springs 6 miles S. With these places the communication is by mail
coach, and with Adelaide, 90 miles S.W., by coach to Kapunda, and thence by rail.
There is 1 hotel 2 miles from Stony gap, known as the Sod Hut hotel ; there is a post
office in the village, also a Government school, with an attendance of 30 children. The
surrounding country is mountainous, the ranges running N. and S. The population
numbers about 60 persons.
STONT POINT {fio. Adelaide) is a peak in the main range, lying in the hundred
of Kuiipo, about 3 miles N. ot Bull's creek. It is a survey station.
STONT RANGE Go. Stanley) is the name given to a low range of hills lying^
about 1 mile to the E.N.E. of the township of Clare.
STO&TFOaD, MOUNT {Flinders district N. IF.,) is a peak in the E. end of the
Gawler ranges, lying to the S.E. of lake Gairdner, and named by Hack in 1857.
STOW ((7o, Stanley) is a S. hundred of the county, containing a small quantity cf
purchased land. The remainder of the hundred is taken up for pastoral purposes.
STRAHBHOKE {Co. Adelaide) is a suburban settlement, lying a^acent Uy
the township of Magill, a few miles rom Adelaide,
<
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Str] I7te South Awtralian Gazetteer, 239
STRAHGWAYS SPRINGS, 29° W S. lat. , 186'' 30' E. loDg. (Flinders dUtrict,) i»
the name given to a batch of fresh water springs, lying in the pastoral coantry to the
W. of the S. end of lake Eyre, and in some low hills on the S. bank of Warriner's
oreek. They were discoyered by Warburton, in October, 1858. In a small stream
at these springs a singular fish, not more than 3 inches long, and resembling the-
gudgeon is found. The resident magistrate for this district is S. Jeffreys, Esq., J.F.
BTRANOWAyS SPRINGS STATION {N. district) is the name of a station,
situated on some springs which lie in the craters of small knolls, in an undulating,,
lightly grassed and saltbush plain, 60 miles S.E. of mount Margaret, the nearest postal
station, and 240 miles N. of Nuccaleena. It is stocked with sheep.
STRATHALBYN, 85"" 20' S. lat., 138° 57' E. long. {Co. Hindmarsh,) n a postal
township in the electoral district of mount Barker, and hundred and district council of
Strathalbyn. It lies in an agricultural district, and has a post and money order office,
a telegraph station, a local court, a public pound, a yolunteer rifle corps, branches of
the National bank and the South Australian and Adelaide insurance companies. The
hotels are the Strathalbyn (Gosling's,) and the Commercial (Linn's.) The resident
magistrates are J. Walker, W. Rankine, and fl. Lloyd, Esqs. Strathalbyn lies 35
miles S.E. of Adelaide, on the main road from that place to Wellington— the commu-
nication being by daily mail coach. The nearest places are Macclesfield, 8 miles N.W.;^
and Langhorne's creek, 5 miles S.E. — the communication being also by daily mail
coach. The population of Strathalbyn and the neighbourhood numbers about 200
persons, chiefly agriculturists.
STBATHA&BYN {Co. Hindmarsh) is a district council in the electoral district
of mount Barker. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being
Mr, R.^ooper, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district
council for 1865 were as follow:— Assessment, £9328 12s. 6d.— rate, 9d. in the pound;
rates collected, £349 138. Ud.; total receipts, ^986 5s. 9d.; office expenses and salaries,
£93 10s. 2d.; expended on public works, £789 18s. 4d. The population numbers 1572
persons; the area is 75 square miles, or 48,000 acres; land under cultivation, 7584
acres; and number of dwelling-houses, 316.
STBATHAIiBYN {Co, Hindmarsh) is a N.E. hundred of the county, containing
a large tract of agricultural land, and being nearly all purchased. It lies on the W.
side of the Bremer river, and has some copper mines in its N. part. The township of
Strathalbyn lies on the S. W. of ihe hundred.
AtBATHALBYN mine {Co. Hindmarsh.) The Strathalbyn mine Comprises a
property of 635 acres of low hilly land, fit for agricultural purposes. The mines were
opened in 1848, and a considerable quantity of copper ore raised and smelted from them,
but for a considerable time they were allowed to remain idle by an English company who
had purchased them, and have been for a long time but irregularly worked. A fine lode
of silver lead has been opened on another section, and several hundred tons of ore taken
out, and another fine lode of solid galena, 18 feet wide, has been exposed.
STRAWBERRY HILL (or Yalluna) RUN {W. district;) leases, Nos. 97, 532,
73a, and 739 ; occupier, W. R. Mortlock. The head station lease. No. 97, has an area
of 21 square miles, a grazing capacity of 2200 sheep, or 105 per square mile, and is
valued by Mr. Goyder at £59 per annum, deducting improvements valued at £180. It
lies 14 miles N.W. of port Lincoln, 25 miles S.W. of Tumby bay, and 200 miles by
water, and 380 by overland road from Adelaide. The areas of the other leases on this
blodc are respectively 10, 30, apd 80 square miles; and on the entire block are 18,000
sheep and lambs, and 50 head of cattle and horses.
STREAKY BAY, 32° 32' 35" S. lat., 13,n° 48' E. long., and 32° 44' S. lat., 134°
1' E. long. {Flinders district,) is one of the finest harbours on the W. part of the coast,
aad lies between point Brown on the N., and cape Bauer on the S. It has 3 entrances,
— the inshore passage between the Olive island reef and cape Bauer; the S. channel,
and the Dashwood channel, the latter being the safest, and is 14 miles wide in its
narrowest part, with from 3^ to 5 fathoms water at low spring tides. A remarkable
white sand-hill lies on the coast, in which are several wells of excellent fresh water in
the hollow ot the sand-hills, it is however necessary to clean them out in order to obtain
water, care being taken not to dig so deeply as to penetrate the clayey substratum
which holds it. A small rocky island, called Olive island, lies off the S. head of the bay,
and a small island, called Eba island, in the roadstead. There is a fine deep indentation
Digitized by LjOOQIC
240 The South Avstralian Qnzetiter. Str— Tal]
in tiie S. part of the bay known as Blancheport, and on the £. side of the bay is the
newly-formed postal township of Flinders. (See Flinders.) There is a rocket apparatus
at this place. The back country consists of a low level waste of barren scrubby land,
with salt lakes near the beach, and here and there granite ridges rising like solitary
signals amidst the brown expanse of foliage. A considerable tract of country
is, however, taken up for pastoral (sheep grazing) purposes. There is an aborigmal
station at this place; and the resident magistrates are J. Foster, J. O. Carlyle, and H. A.
Orawford, Esqs.
STBIMGT BARE HILL {Co. Adelaide) is a rugged and scrubby peak in the main
range, lying about 4 miles W. of the township of Lobethal. The Kangaroo creek rises
In the W. side, of this hill.
8TBXE&E0XZ CREEK {Flinders district) is the name of a fine stream of water,
the S. branch of the Barcoo river. This creek, which has played an important part
in the exploration of Australia, flows from the Barcoo about 27° 45' S. lat., 140° 30' B.
long., and after a course of about 100 miles in a S.S.W. direction, empties itself into
lake Blanche in about 29° 25' S. lat., 139° 55' E. long. It was discovered and named
by Sturt, in his expedition to the N., on the 18th Aug^ist, 1845. It is described by him
as a fine creek, with large reaches of water, and many huts of natives. Its channel
evidently contained constant supplies, for there were large mussel shells in it similar
to those found in the Lachlan and Darling rivers (New South Wales.)
STUART {Co. Young) is a hundred lying on the N. bank of the Murray river
at the N.W. bend, and taken up for pastoral purposes.
STUART, MOUNT (Flinders district N,,) is a peak in the main range, situated
on the Sliding rock creek, on the W. side of the main N. road, and between Blinman
and Angipena. There is a copper mine at the foot of this mountain, not worked at
present, and known as the mount Stuart mine. 2 shafts have been sunk, and ore found
on the floors, blue and green carbonates, but appearances were not favourable.
STUARTS COUNTRY (Flinders district) is a name applied to the tract of
country lying to the W. and N.W. of the known portion of lake Eyre, more particularly
to the part of it lying to the N. of the Denison or Davenport range, and so called on
account of Stuart having explored it. The portion to the S. of the range had already •
been traversed by M^jor Warburton when Stuart started for that part of the country.
This country is covered with low hills, in many of which fresh water, sometimes hot,
are found « The principal of these springs are the Blanche cup, and Petamortf^ and
Welcome springs, the 2 latter being impregnated with soda; i
STUA&TS CREEK {Flinders district,) the name given by Babbage to Chamber^s
creek — which see
STUA&TS RANGE {Flinders district) is a low range of hills on the table land
to the N.W. of lake Torrens, extending from about 29° 45' S. lat., 135° 50' E. long., to
28° 20' S. lat., 134° 10' E. long., the furthest point N., and discovered by Stuart who
explored the country on both sides of it in 1858. The range is not of great elevation,
and although the creeks on the N. side run down plain gullies, the dip on the S. side
is not so perceptible. The range seems in fact to be the highest point of the vast table
land which occupies this part of the continent, and the slope to be the gradual slope of
that table land. The country on the S., or more properly speaking on the summit, is
good yet stony. The refraction is very great. There is no timber and very little water
on this range. To the N.W. and beyond the termination of the range there is a tract
of good country known as the Arundel plains; to the N.N.E. and S. W. lies an immense
stony plain, and to the S. and S.E. lies a thick scrubby forest.
STUGKET'S CROSSING, 29° S. lat., 139° 15' B. long. {Flinders district,) iB the
name given to a crossing place over the bed of the waters connecting Strzelecki creek
with lake Eyre, and lying to the N. of Blanchewater. It is the main crossing on the
road to the postal district of lake Hope.
STU&T BAY (TorFs peninsula) is an indentation on the S. side of the peninsula,
lying between Troubridge hill on the E. and point Davenport on the E.
STU&T {Co. Adelaide) is a postal village in the electoral district of Sturt, hundred
of Noarlunga, and under the control of the Brighton district council. It is situated on
the Sturt river in the midst of an agricultural district where wheat and other cereals
are grown largely. Marion lies half-a-mile N,, Darlington 1 mile S,, and Brighton 2
Digitized by VjOOQIC
3tu] The SotUh Amtrfdian QazettMr, 241
miles W., there b^ng no regular commnnication with any of these places. With Adelaide
6i miles N.E., the commanication is by mail conveyance daily. Start has a post office,
ft store, and I hotel— the Farriers' arms— and a flour mill. The country to the S.E. is
hilly, and that to the N.W. flat. The resident magistrates are W. H. F. Sumner,
P. Gumming, and B. H. Babbage, Esqs. The population is small and scattered.
STV&T COUNTY lies between the main range on the W. and the lower part of
the Murray river on the £., and forms part of the electoral districts of Gumeracka,
Onkaparinga, and Mount Barker. It is bounded on the N. by the county Eyre, on the
8. by lake Alezandrina, on the W. by the counties Adelaide and Hindmarsh, and on
the E. by the Murray river. This county is divided into the hundreds of S. Bhine,
Angas, Ridley, Tungkillo, Finniss, Eanmantoo, Monarto, Mobolong, Freeling, and
Brinkley. The W. part of the county consists mostly of purchased land, used for
agricultural purposes; but the E. portion is more adapted for, and taken up as pastoral
country. The principal stream in the county is the Reedy creek, although it is watered
on its E. and W. sides by the Murray river and the Bremer river respectively. In the
W. part of the county and in the hundred of Tungkillo are some productive copper
mines, known as the Reedy creek mines. The E. part of the county, although lying
within the settled pastoral districts, is, except in scattered patches, almost unavailable,
as it lies within the belt of dense mallee brush known as the Murray scrub. The area
of this county is 1343 square miles, or 859,520 acres, the purchased land being 224,287
acres, the land held by freeholders 125,223 acres, land enclosed 140,438 acres, and land
under cultivation 34,940 acres, leaving 105,498 acres enclosed but not cultivated. The
live stock numbers 3292 horses, 10,418 horned cattle, 106,800 sheep, 245 goats, 2944
pigs, and 15,397 head of poultry. Of the land under cultivation 24,067 acres are under
wheat, 637 acres under barley, 151 acres under oats, 3813 acres under hay, 135 acres
under green forage, 87 acres under peas, and 48 acres under other crops; 5365 acres
are fallow, and 123 acres under potatoes. There are 108 acres of orchards, 155 acres
oi gardens, and 251 acres of vineyards, the latter having 201,053 vines in bearing, and
97,591 vines not in bearing. The crops for the year ending March 31st, 1866, were
266,377 bushels wheat, 9159 bushels barley, 1529 bushels oats, 3768 tons hay, 145 tons
potatoes, 23,158 gallons wine, and 195 cwt. grapes. The population numbers 5861
persons, being an increase of 1315 since 1861. There are 1339 dwelling-houses, at
against 1015 in that year.
STir&T ELECTORAL DISTRICT is bounded by a line commencing at the S.W.
angle of the Park lands; thence in an easterly direction by the S. boundary line oi the
Park lands to the main South-eastern road; thence by the S.W. side of the said roAd,
to the boundary between the hundreds of Adelaide and Noarlunga; thence westerly by
the boundary between the hundreds of Adelaide and Noarlunga to its intersection with
the N. boundary of section 81; thence westerly to the South road, passing through
section 123, hundred of Noarlunga; thence southerly by the South road to its inter-
section with the N. boundary of section 524; thence westerly to the road along the E.
side of section 572; thence northerly to its N.E. angle; thence westerly by the boundary
between sections 569 and 572 to the sea coast; thence N. by sea coast to the Bay road;
thence by the Ba;^road to the point of commencement. It comprises the corporations
of Glenelg (8. pan| and Brighton, and the district councils of Brighton and Mitcham.
It has a population of 6030 persons, and an area of 60 square miles, or 40,787 acres, of
which 12,234 acres are under cultivation. The voting places for this district are Unley,
Brighton, and South road. Sturt is represented in the Legislative Assembly by R. B.
Andrews and J. Peacock, Esqs. The number of registered electors for 1865 in this
district was, for the Legislative Council, 594; and for the Legislative Assembly, 775.
STU&T LIGHT (Kangaroo island.) See Willouohbt Capb.
STURT LIGHT {Kangaroo island,) 35' 51' 33" S. lat., 138° 10' 50" E. long., mag.
rar., 6° 28" E., is the name of a lighthouse erected on cape Willoughby, Kangaroo
island. It has 1 catoptric revolving light, which may be seen at a distance of 24
miles, within an arc included from N. 14*^ 30' W. to S. 48° W. round by E. It
exhibits a flash every 1 1 minutes. The lighthouse tower stands on a bold rocky head-
land, elevated 228 feet above low water -mark, and 67 feet above the gropnd it is buMt
on. See also Cape Willouohbt.
STU&T, MOUNT (Flinders district,) is a S. peak cf the Gawler range, passed
by Eyre on his exploration journey from Streaky bay to the head of Spencer's gulf i^
B
Digitized by LjOOQIC
fU2 The South Amtralian Oazetteer. [Sxu— Swi
1839. It lies in a wilderaest of dense mallee scrub, and has a few salt lakes lying at a
little distance to the S.
STV&T POINT (^Co. Hindmargh) is a promontory in the S.W. part of the coast
of lake Alexandrina, being the point where the Goolwa, or lower Murray, commences
from lake Alezandrina. There is a good landing at a reserve about 2 miles, and again
about 5 miles N.W. of the point.
STU&T BIVER (^Co, Adelaide) is a stream rising in the main or Adelaide ranges
and flowing in a W. and N.W. direction, past the Goyemment fkrm. Flagstaff hiU,
and the Tillage of Marion into the sea at Glenelg, by a wide estuary known as the
Thames. The Light flows through a tract of fine agricultural country, most of which
is taken up 'lor the growth of wheat and hay. It is crossed by means of a good
wooden bridge by the Adelaide and Glenelg road, at a distance of about 5 miles from
the former place.
STV&'T S DESERT {Flinders dietrict.) See Stont Desert.
STV&T'S (or Burtt's) CROSSING, 32** S. lat., 137° A(/ E. long. {Flinders
district,) is a crossing place over the depressed sandy and stony plain forming the
channel between the S.end of lake Torrens and the head of Spencer's gulf.
STU&T SWAMP {Yorhe*s peninsula) is a tract of swampy country lying in the
S. part of Yorke's peninsula, to the N. of Sturt bay, and to the N.W. of Troubridge
hill. This swamp extends in wet seasons nearly from the coast of Sturt bay on the S.
to Uiat of Hardwicke bay on the W. In summer it dries up to a great extent, and is
coTered with reeds and salsolaceous plants.
SUMD AT LAKE ( Yorhe*s peninsula) is a waterhole on the W. side of Yorke's
peninsula, near Hardwicke's bay. There is an aboriginal station on this lake,
SUMDAT, LAKE, RUN ( Torhe^s peninsula.) See Lake Sunday.
SUMDEBXAMD, MOUNT (N. district,) is a peak in the main range lying near
the Appenilla mine, and on the E. side of the main N. road, N. of Wilpena.
SUNNT CREEK (Flinders district) is a small stream flowing into lake Eyre at
its S.W. end, through a sandy plain country, with scattered limestone drift.
SU&FLEET POINT (Co. Flinders) is a projecting point on the S. side of port
Lincoln, to the S.E. of the entrance and opposite the S.E. extremity of Boston island.
SWAHVORT {Co. Sturt,) native name Konoorono, is a name lately given to
Thompson's crossing on the Murray river, and is a place where the Murray steamers
call with supplies for the neighbouring settlers, or take in produce for shipment. It
lies about 18 miles N.N.W. of Wellington, and 16 miles E. of Callington, and is a small
Sostal township in the electoral district of Onkaparinga and hundred of Mobilong. It
es in a pastoral district in which both cattle and sheep are depastured, the nearest mines
being at Callington, and there being but little agricultural country nearer than that
place. The communication is by horse or dray only, and with Adelaide, 62 miles W.,
from Callington or Wellington, by Hounsevell's mail car; the communication with
Wellington being by horse, boat or Murray river steamer. The surrounding country-
is hilly and of limestone formation, and the population of the neigS>ourhood numbers
about 150 persons.
SWAN REACH RUN, (Murray district;) leases. No. 834, 765, 1140, 1019, 1012,
833, 1020 and 1021; occupier, the hon. J. Morphett; respective areas of leases 10, 20,
25, 15, 21, 30, 14 and 67 square miles. This run lies on the Murray river, near Moo-
runde, the next post town being Blanchetown.
SWEDES' FLAT {Co. Macdmndl) is a tract of flat country in the Tattiara
district, taken up as pastoral runs. The overland road from Wellington to Border town
passes over this flat.
SWEDES' FLAT RUN {S.E. district;) lease. No. 163; occupier, P. Kelly; area^
23 square miles; grazing capability, 3000 sheep, or 130 per square mile; Goy dor's
valuation, J£l05 8s. per annum, deducting improvements valued at £473. This run lies
170 miles, S.E. by S. of Adelaide, and 85 miles N.E. by N. of Guichen bay. On this,
and runs at the Monster held by the same lessee, are 8000 sheep, 20 head of cattle, and
30 horses.
SWXHDEXI'S COUNTRY, native name Andemorka {Flinders district,) is a
tract of generally sterile country, but having some patches of good pastoral land, mu^
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Swi — Tal] The South Australian Gazetteer. S43
of which is taken up, lying on the W. side of lake Torrens, and discovered by Swinden
and party, in 1858. It is watered by several good springs and creeks, and is bounded
on the W. by the salt lakes lying to the £. of lake Gairdner. The sand in this part
of the country is red; the scrub, acacia; and there is a considerable quantity of spinifez
grass.
SWnrDEirS (or Sheep's) CROSSING, 31° 58' S. lat., 157° 40' E. long.
{Flinders district,) is the name given to the northernmost of the crossing-places over
the depressed sandy and stony plain forming the channel between lake Torrens and the
head of Spencer's gulf.
TALXA (Flinders district W.) is a postal station in the electoral district of Flinders
lying near Wedge hill, and about 2 miles N. of the salt lake Newland, on the £. coast
of Anxious bay. It is the central post office for a large pastoral district, the surround-
ing country being taken up exclusively for the depasturage of cattle and sheep.
The nearest place is Venus bay, where is also the nearest hotel, 15 miles' W. The
communication is by mail car, horse or dray; and with Adelaide, by the schooner
Daphne, or overland to port Lincoln, and thence by steamer. The surrounding
country is low, flat and thickly scrubbed, with occasional belts of good pastoral country
taken up as cattle and sheep stations. Water is obtained by digging wells in the sand,
and the geological formation is chiefly limestone. The population numbers about 12
persons.
TAUA AND Chbriroo run (TF. district,) leases, Nos. 453, 754, 514, 363, 659,
638, 482, and 808; occupier, J. C. Marchant; respective areas of leases, 54,8, 13, 30, 8,
22, 12, and 6 square miles. This run lies near lake Newland, and Wedge hill, to the
N. W. of port Lincoln, and has a post office upon it.
TAUA E. RUN {W district;) leases, Nos. 727, 856, and 935; occupiers, Bishop
and Baird; respective area of leases, 31, 23, and 10 square miles. This run lies near
lake Newland, the next post office being on the Talia run.
TAIiZSKER [Co, Hindmarsh) is a small postal mining village, lying near cape
Jervis, in the hundred of Yankalilla, and electoral district of Encounter bay. The
next township is Yankalilla, and the district, although an agricultural one, is chiefly
celebrated for its silver lead mines, the principal of which, the Talisker mine, is situated
at cape Jervis, about 2 miles from a small shipping port, known as " The Fishery."
It is situated in very mountainous country, the hills being steep, rocky, and rugged,
and is on the side of one of these hills. Silver lead ore was first found here about 4
years ago by the Messrs. McLeod, whilst searching for a payable gold reef. The
company's claims consist of 4 sections of land, held on a mineral lease, on which there are
14 parallel lodes known to exist, although operations are confined to the 3 only— the
Talisker, Price's, and Sinclair's lodes, from each of which splendid ores are being
raised. The ''country" through which these lodes run is composed of argillaceous
slate, the caps or backs of the lodes themselves being of fine-grained sandstone, which,
at a depth of 5 or 6 fathoms, is replaced by micaceous slate. Rich carbonate of lead,
in large quantities, has been obtained near the surface ; but at a few fathoms sinking
it was superseded by galena, which, on sinking deeper, was found to contain a quantity
of mispickel. In some parts of the mine, before the 20 feet level was reached, this
had completely taken the place of the galena; but on sinking deeper (to 33 feet.) the
mispickel was superseded by a beautiful milk-white quartz, intermixed with galena of
extraordinary richness, in which silver is visible to the naked eye.
The following report of a meeting of the shareholders in this mining company, held
in Adelaide, June 27, 1866, fairly shows the state of the mine: — "The object of the
meeting was to receive the directors', auditors', and captain's reports, to consider
the balance-sheet, and elect a director in place of Mr. John Richardson, who had sent
in his resignation. The secretary (Mr, A. Abrahams) read the directors' report, and
then the captain's, from which we make the following extracts: — * Sanders's shaft— I
have 6 men driving south on the course of the lode at the 33-fathom level. The lode
in this end is at present fully 3 feet 6 inches wide. Its composition at present is quarts,
micaceous slate, and a very small quantity of mundic intermixed throughout with
exceedingly rich galena, in which sulphide of silver is perceptible to the naked eye.
I sent on the 23rd of this month a box of specimens obtained from this drive as a
sample of the lode at the 33-fathom level I am highly pleased with the prospects at
this level, and I hope that the sinking of the shafts will be at once resumed. From
present appearances, I can say that at the 45-flathom level we may expect to cut a lode
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944 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Tal
of extraordinary richneM. The fact of finding ore of such a rich qoalitj — silver
actually perceptible to the naked eye, and the galena being of such a high percentage
that these are the best features ever seen in the mine — isproof of its permanency ana
actual value. 22-fathom level, north of engine-shaft.— We are doing nothing here at
present. Lode in end is composed of quartz and mica intermixed. This drive
has gone through a shoot of orey ground 20 feet, which is whole fi*om the 33
to surface, and would pay well for working if stamps were erected for facilitating the
dressing of it. There is also a quantity of orey ground S. of Englishes shaft, from the
22-fathom level to the surface, which would pay if the above-mentioned plans were
adopted for dressing the ore. Tapley's shaft.~I intend sinking this shaft as soon as the
33-fathom level has been driven for enough to drain it. I am sorry to say that jny plans
which I had laid down some 8 months ago, have been greatly retarded by the influx of
water at the 33-fathom level, which was so great as to completely master our small
engine, in consequence of which I was forced to stop operations in the lower levels until
the large engine pumped the water out, which was completed on the 13th of the present
month. The reason I discharged so many hands was simply from a pecuniary con-
sideration.' A motion for the adoption of the reports was made and carried
nnanimously. The auditor's report and the balance-sheet were likewise adopted.
The chairman said, after the ordinary business had been disposed of, that the
Aareholders had now to take into consideration one of the most important ques-
tions that had arisen during the progress of Uie mine. It was possible that if
operations were to be prosecuted with vigour, increased capital would be re-
quired. In answer to a question put by Mr. J. Porter relative to the expec-
tations of Captain Price not being realised, and asking for information as to
bow he was disappointed, the chairman said that Captain Price, in driving
at the 14 an<^ 22 fathom levels, found a quantity of rich ore; but between these a
quantity of galena, mixed with mundic, which, of course, greatly deteriorated the
quality of the ore, and this accounted for the false impression that had been created in.
the captain's mind. He must still say that according to present appearances there was
every prospect of the mine becoming increasingly remunerative on the proper
appliances being obtained. The probability of this opinion being correct was con-
firmed by the fact that the captain now finds the mundic is beginning to decrease in
quantity, and consequently the galena is found to be purer in quality. In son^e of the
specimens found recently galena had been entirely free from mundic. He further
remarked that they greatly required stamps at the mine, for with their assistance the
low ores could be brought to market much more expeditiously and economically thaii
they were enabled to do at present. It was evident that all that was^ required to
properly develop the resources of the mine was the increase of funds. The mine
Aad now been worked for a considerable period, and had not yet paid a divi- .
dend. This circumstance was, bfe believed, due solely to the mine being imper-
fectly worked, owing to the want of funds. For nearly two years larg^ quantities of
galena had been lying idle in Smclair's shaft. He had also learned that a large
quantity of poor ore was in reserve at the mine, and available at any time for dressing.
If they had had a number of stamps at work for some months past, he believed that
they would now be standing on a much better pecuniary footing. He was sorry
to say that they were paying 12^ per cent, on borrowed money when they should
be expending their own. He thought if they intended carrying on operations they
could have recourse only to two expedients to surmount the difficulty under which
they laboured. They were either to increase the amount of calls or to issue fresh
shares. Mr. L. Glyde, M.P., said that he had only been a director during the last six
months, and from what he bad seen during that time he could fully endorse the remarks
of the previous speaker. He had paid two visits to the mine during his term of office^
and had made himself thwoughly acquaintedVith the actual state of affairs there. He
believed that it was absolutely essential to alter the deed of settlement so as to enable
the working capital to be increased. Mr. Glyde concluded by propoising * That the
directors take such steps as may be necessary for altering the deed of settlement, so as
to give them the power to make calls of 10s. per share instead of 5s. per share as at
present.' The motion was put and carried uijanimously. Subsequently a proposition
was made by Mr, W. Eay, * That the directors take into consideration the desirability
pf increasing the capital of ihe company by the issue of fresh shares,' which was. second€4
})y Mr. Everard and carried. Mr. J. Perryman was then proposed as a director in the
room of Mr. Richardson, who had resigned. The motion was carried. The proceedings
dosed with a vote of thanlqi to the chairman.— A special general meeting of the shar^
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Tal — Tan] The South AmtraUan Gazetteer. S46
holders of the company was held at the office of the compaDy on l^arsday, July 19^
chiefly for the purpose of altering the deed of settlement in several particulars. But fe*-
shareholders were present, and Mr. J. S. Sanders occupied the chair. Mr. Bruce, solicitor
to the company, attended, and pointed out that as the advertisement calling the meeting
was not sufficiently specific the principal business for which they had met could not be
proceeded with, and another meeting would, therefore, have to take place on the subject.
A report from the superintendent of the mine was read, in which it was stated that
the 33-fathom level south of engine-shaft had improved wonderfully since the secretary's
Tisit, the lode having taken a sudden heave to the W., and that the mine was looking
much better than it had for the last 12 months. The secretary read a detailed report
of the operations of the mine, founded on personal inspection. We extract the following
from it: — * Prospects of the mine, — Of these I am able to report most favourably as to
the probable yield of ore being larger and richer in quality than it was above the
22-fathom level. I arrive at this conclusion from the simple facts that the ore now
produced from Collin's shoot at. the 22>fathom is vastly richer than it was above, and
the ore in the 33-fathom is superior to anything ever previously discovered in the mine,
or probably in this colony. Next, the quartz, in which the ore is found, is a new and
promising feature; then the country is getting more settled, and Ftice's shaft at the
31 -fathom also indicates an approach to settled country; but above all is the
great fact of the very little mundic being perceptible, and that little of so
totally a different character, that I believe you are now underneath it, and that
something extremely valuable will be met with. Such advantages having been -
gained by sinking to the present depth, why may not the sinking another lift,
to say 45 fathoms, reveal something extraordinarily rich, as far surpassing that at
the present workings, as they do those in the upper ones. I would especially direct
your attention to the important matter that the 22-fathom level is now completed
tiirough from end to end^ a distance of 120 fathoms — that is, from 15 fathoms north of
engine-shaft to 3U fathoms south of Price's, intersecting both those shafts as well as*
Tapley's. The advantages derivable from this afe such that you will be enabled to
work the lower levels with as much facility as you would the upper levels from the
surface.' The chairman stated that the only disadvantage to the mine was the want,
of stamps, which, if provided, he thought would ^a]^«e twice the present quantity of
ore to be put into the market. After some conversation on this matter, in which the
diefects of South Australian castings were largely expatiated upon, Mr. Brakell mov^d,
Mr. Porter seconded, and it was resolved unanimously, that the company obtain a set
of English-made stamps as soon as convenient. Some specimens of ores were
exhibited ; after which the nieeting concluded. The Talisker mining company exhibited
at the Melbourne Exhibition of 1866, 11 specimens of silver lead ore in native state,
and 1 1 specimens in various stages of preparation for rendering it marketable."
TA&VN0A (Co. Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral district of
Gumeracka. It is under the control of a chairrhan, the present one being Mr.
Alexander Forrest, of Forreston, Gumeracka, and 4 councillors. The receipts and
expenditure in this district council for 1865 were as follow:— Assessment, £15,756
— rate. 9d. in the pound; rates collected, £550 15s. 64d.; total receipts, £1158 13s. O^d.;
office expenses and salaries, £245 5s. 4d.; expended on public works, £639 14s. Id. The
population numbers 20,974 persons; the area is 92 square miles or 58,880 acres; land
imder cultivation 11,243 acres; and number of dwelling-houses, 567.
TAIiUlfGA (Cb. Adddide) is a hundred lying in the N.E. part of the country.
About half its area is purchased land, much of which is under cultivation, producing
^ain and growing fine grapes on the sides of the hills.
TANK HILL RUN (Flinders (Ustrici N,W.;) leases, Nos. 1131 and 1132;
occupier, J. Waller; respective areas and rentals of leases, 72 square miles, £36; and
76 square miles, £3S. This run lies to the W. of port Augusta, near a hill whence
It takes its name.
TANVKDA, 34° 35' S.lat., 138° 58' E. long. (Oo, Light,) is a postal tpwnship m
the electoral district of Barossa, hundred of Moorooroo, and under the control of the
Tanunda. district council. It is situated on the North Para river, the Tanunda creek
joining that river at the S. extremity of the town. The Elaiserstuhl (a mountain sa
called by M. Menge, the geologist, from its resemblance to a mountain hi the Black
fbrest of Germany) stands 3 miles S.E. Tanunda is situated in tlie midst of an
agricultural^ district, wheat being being the staple product. The cultivation of %h»
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d46 The South Australian Oazetteer. [Tan— Tar
Tine is alto attended to with excellent results. Copper mining is represented by the
Wheal Nitschke mine, which lies about 3 miles to the N.W. of the township. Gawler
lies 17 miles W., the communication being by Rounseveirs 4- wheel conveyance. With
Adelaide, 43 mifes S. W., the communication is by coach to Gawler, and thence by train;
and also for goods once a week by a carrier's dray. Tanunda has a post and money
order office, a telegraph office, a public pound, a local court, and branches of the South
Australian bank, and the Adelaide assurance and guarantee company. The resident
magistrate is J. Sandiland, Esq., J.P. The hotels are the Tanunda (Fischer's,) and
the Victoria (Williams's.) The surrounding country is mountainous towards the
8.E., with large undulating plains highly grassed and tolerably well timbered to the
N. and N.W. The population numbers about 600 persons. There is a large number
of small vineyards in and about the township of Tanunda, about 7 miles nearer
Adelaide than Angaston, varying in extent from 1 rood to 6 or 8 acres, and comprising
in the aggregate about 100 acres. Almost all these vineyards are owned and cultivated
by German colonists, most of the grapes being purchased by M. Soebels, ot Tanunda,
who manufactures the wines, and has established an export trade with Victoria. There
is a German newspaper published in Tanunda.
TANIFNDA (Co. Light) is a district council in the electoral district of Barossa.
It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr. F. Busedow, and 4 coun-
cillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district council for 1865 were as follow:
Assessment, £55 13s.;— rate, Is. in the pound; rates collected, £285 18s. 9d.; total
receipts, £525 8s. Id. Office expenses and salaries, £83 Os. 2d. ; expended on public
works, £431 10s. Id. The population numbers 1231 persons; the area is 14 square
miles, or 8960 acres; land under cultivation, 4065 acres, and number of dwelling-
houses, 234.
TANITMDA CREEK (Co. Light) is a stream rising in the Barossa range, to the
E. of Tanunda township, and flowing into the Para river at the S. extremity of that
township. This creek is known as Schlinker's creek daring the upper part of its
course.
TAPIiET'S HILL {Co. Adelaide) is a high hill in the main S. road, lying about
10 miles S.E. of Adelaide. There is a small agricultural hamlet at this place, with 1
hotel— the Victoria. There is a cutting in the road at this hill, about 1000 feet above
sea level, which shows a stratum of limestone about a foot thick, lying unconformably
on highly inclined slates.
TAPLEY'S SHOAL {St. Vincent's gulf) is a bank of considerable extent, lying
N. 84° £., 3^ miles from the Troubridge light, and extending about 4 miles in a E.N.K
direction. It has very irregular soundings, varying from 3 to 7 fathoms, over an
uneven bottom of sand and seaweed.
TAB.GOWZS STATION {N. district) is a sub-head station on the Fekina ran,
occupied by Frice Maurice. See Fekina Run.
TA&PESNA, 37'' 50' S. lat., HO"" 40' E. long. {Co. Grey,) is a postal township in
the hundred of Young and electoral district of Victoria. Lake Edward and lake
Leake are distant 8 miles W. They are beautiful sheets of water, but have no fish in
them, although, if fish were placed there, they would do well. Mount M*Intyre and
mount Edward, in well-timbered and grassy country, lie to the N.W. There are no
creeks or rivers; but the Dismal swamp lies 1 mile S. « The district is mostly pastoral,
well-grassed, and good for cattle and sheep. But at Kalangadoo, 5 miles N.W., is some
fine agricultural land, growing wheat, oats, and potatoes. The nearest places are New
Tarpeena, 2 J miles E., a Government township, with only 1 house, which is an
hotel; Kalangadoo, 5 miles N.W, with a few settlers' houses; mount Gambler 17 miles
S.; and Penola, 20 miles N. The communication with Penola and mount Gambler is
by mail car, and with Adelaide, 308 miles S.E., by the same means. In the township
is a depot, where the aborigines are supplied with rations and clothing at the expense
of Government. There is 1 hotel — the Tarpeena, in old Tarpeena; and another —
the Halfway House, in New Tarpeena. New Tarpeena is under the control of the dis-
trict road board. The surrounding country is rather flat, but is about 90 feet higher
than mount Gambler. The soil is sandy, with limestone bottom. The population
numbers about 120 persons. There are a post office and a public pound in Tarpeena.
There are two mails a week up and down from Adelaide, through Narracoorte and
Penola, and to mount Gambler and Macdonnell bay. There is also a school and a
f mall stote.
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Ta'b— Tea] The South Amtralian Gazetteer. 247
TA&PESNA RUN {S.E, district;) leases, Nos. 338; occupiers, R. R. and
£. J. Leake; area, 11 square miles; rent and assessment, £28 Us. 8d. This run lies
near the township of Tarpeena, the next post office.
TATTAWAPPA AND YANTA RUN (N, E. district;) leases, Nos. 303, 581,
657, 680, 944, 945, and 1151; occupier, J. Chewings; respective areas of leases 10, 93,
41, 8, 47, 45 and 64 square miles. This run lies in the Eastern plains pastoral district,
near Weekeroo, the next post office being at Outaalpa, and Tetulpa.
TATTZA&A or South Eastern Pastoral District, is the name given to the
tract ot country, lying in the S.E. part of the colony, and in the electoral district of
Victoria, excluding the hundreds of the counties Albert, Russell, Cardwell,Macdonnell,
Bobe, and Eyre, and bounded on the N. by the Murray river hundred, on the S. by
the sea, on the E. by the E. boundary of the colony, and on the W. by the Murray
river and the sea. It consists for the most part of swampy country, with belts of scrub,
the S. portion being volcanic, and the N. being nearly covered with dense mallee scrub.
There are numerous salt lagoons, bounded by swamp and fossil limestone hills in the
district, and but few permanent streams — the squatters relying for water on the numerous
swamps, lagoons, or wells, which are found in all parts. The swampy country consists
generally of swampy flats, with heath of rushes, dwarf oak, honeysuckle, tea- tree, ferns,
grass-tree, bushes, herbs, and a little grass, of stringy bark and gum ranges, and of
sloping rises, covered with oak, gum, honeysuckle, box, cherry, grass-tree, ferns, and
grass, and much of it is covered by water in winter. The postal townships and post
offices in the district are Wellington E., Kingston, Robe, Narracoorte, Border town,Penola,
Gambler town, port Macdonnell, Allandale E., M'Grath*8 flat, Coolatoo, Tarpeena and
mount Burr. The country taken up for pastoral purposes lies principally in the S. centre,
and along the bank of the Murray river, there being a large area of unavailable country
in the N. and N.E. In this district there are 1507 acres of purchased land, 64,765
acres enclosed, and 69 acres under cultivation. The live stock numbers 387 horses,
2200 homed cattle, 106,922 sheep, 134 goats, 9 pigs, and 606 head of poultry. Ot tiie
land under cultivation there are 57 acres under hay, 1 1 acres fallow, and 1 acre of
garden, in which are 52 vines in bearing and 3 vines not in bearing. The crop for the
year ending 31st March, 1866, was 80 tons hay. The population numbers 322 persons,
and the number of dwellings is 82. The resident magistrates in this district are
F. J. H. M*Leod and H. Jones, Esqs.
TAVRAGAIi, 35° 30' S. lat., 139° 57' E, long. {Victoria district^) is the name of
a hill lying in the pastoral country S.E. of Wellington, and about 10 miles N.E. of
Binnie's lookout, on the road from that place to Border town.
TATLO&'S CREEK (Flinders district) is a mountain stream rising near Burt's
hill, and flowing in a S.E. direction past Benbonyata, into lake Blanche on its W. side.
It waters the pastoral district known as the Eastern plains. Shales, slate, and cal-
careous rocks.
TAYLOR'S ISLAND (Co. Flinders) is the largest island in the N. part of Thorny
passage, and lies 2^ miles N.W. ^N. from Grindal island. It is 1| miles long, and has
a small islet ofi* its N. and another off its S. end. It lies 2 miles E. of the main land,
the depth between being from 7 to 10 fathoms, with a sandy bottom. This island was
80 called after Mr. Taylor, a midshipman of Fiinders's ship, the Investigatory that gentle-
man having been one of the boat's crew who were lost near Thistle island on February
18th. 1865. (See Thistlb Island.)
TEA-T&EE GULLY (Go, Adelaide) is the name giyen to a fine tract of agricul^i
tural land in a high state of cultivation, lying 12 miles N.E. from Adelaide, at the
foot of the Gawler range. The growth of wheat and the culture of the vine are
particularly attended to in the district, and a few sheep and cattle are kept by the
farmers on the sides of the hills. The Tea-tree gully creek, a small stream of fine
water, flows through the bottom of the gully, and past the township of Steventon,
which lies in the district. There is communication with Adelaide by Rounsevell's
coach. Tea-tree gully lies 3 miles E. of Modbury, and has 2 hotels— the Tea-tree
gully, and the Highercombe. There is a local court, a public pound, a volunteer
rifle corps, and a Foresters' court in the district. See also Stbyenton.
TEA-TREE GULLY (Co. Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral districts
of Gumeracka and Yatala. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one
being Mr. Charles Smith, of Golden grove, and 4 councillors. The receipts and
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fiiS The South AustraUm Gazetteer. [Tea— Tbt
expenditure in thia diatrict coancil for 1865 were as follow:— Assessment, £9420 —rate^.
6d. in the pound; rates collected, £235 7s. 6d; total recdpts, d£910 15s.; office
expenses and salaries, £45 48; expended on public works, £776 9s. 6d. The population
numbers 1021 persons; the area is 34 square miles, or 21,760 acres; land under culti-
ration, 5500 acres ; and number of dwelling-houses, 195.
TIUUTRES SPRINGS RUN (N, district;) leases, Nos. 626 and 629; occupier,
J. H. Angas; respective areas of leases, 75 and 159 square miles. Tiiis run ties to the
N. of mount Chambers. The next post town is Nuccaleena.
TZA-TRES SWAMP (8,B, diatrict.) See German Flat.
TSSTAPPENim: CREEK {Co, Victoria) is a small stream watering the B.
purt of the Bundaieer run.
TSLOWZE RUN NEW {Co, Frome;) lease, No. 138; occupier, Mr. Forster; area^
28 square miles; grazing capability, 4600 sheep or 164 per square mile. Gk>yder'»
▼aluation, £84 per annum, deducting improvements valued at £1217. This run Ilea
45 miles S. of port Augusta, 12 miles N. of port Peri, and 150 miles N.N. W. of Adelaide.
TEXiOWXE RUN, OLD (Qo. Frome;) lease. No. 137; occupier, Mr. Forster; area,
15 square miles; grazing capacity, 2400 sheep, or 160 per square mile. Goyder'a
valuation, £148 128. per annum, deducting improvements valued at £82. This ruii
lies 45 miles S. of port Augusta, 12 miles N. of port Peri, and 150 miles N.N.W. of
Adelaide.
TSflflEPLE&S (Co. Oawler) is a small postal township lying about 4} miles N. of
Roseworthy, and having 2 stores, a post office, 1 hotel — the North Star, one of the
best family hotels in the colony — and a few private dwellings, llie surroundmg
district is a wheat-growing one. The population is small and scattered.
TBMFUBTON MOUNT RUN N. (Co. Staidey;) lease. No. 133; occupier,
G. Bowman; area, 4 square miles ^rental area, 7 square miles;) grazing capability,
700 iheep; Gtoyder's valuation, £51 4s. per annum, deducting improvements valued at
£24. This run lies 15 miles N.E. of port Wakefield, and 75 miles N. from Adelaide.
TSNEF ATS CREEK {Co, Adelaide) is a small tributary of the South Para river,
rising in the N. part of the hundred of Para Wirra, an d flowing in a N. direction into
the main stream, near Gawler town hill, after a course of about 6 miles.
TEHT HILLS {Flinders district N.W,) is the name given to a cluster of hills,
lying in tolerably good pastoral country on the W. side of the head of Spencer's gull
TSNT HILL, 29° 52' S. lat, 137° E. long. {Flinders district N,,) is a low detached
hill, lying in sandy scrubby country, to the N. of the N. end of lake Torrens, and near
the head ot Chambers's creek.
TJBITT HILLS RUN {Flinders district N. W.;) leases, Nos. 1029, 1099, and 1 159;
occupier, H. J. Riehman; 32, 72, and 26 square miles. This run lies to the W. of
port Augusta, the next post town.
TE&ZrWOO& RUN {S,E, district;) occupier, P. Roberts; area, 14 square miles;,
grazing capability, 4000 sheep, 100 horses, and 10 head of cattle, which are shifted
occasionally to the hundred of Waterhouse. This run lies 5 miles E. of the new bridge
at Reedy creek, half-a-mile S. of the main road from Kingston to Narracoorte,. and 17
miles from Kingston, the nearest post town.
TSRIUNATION HILL, 30° 10' S. lat., 138° E. long. {Flinders district,) is the
name given to a lofty peak of the N.W. end of the main or Flinders range, lying in a
tract of tolerably good pastoral country.
TSRBmiATIOK MOUNT ( Victoria district,) is a hill lying to the N.of Bord^
town, and near the E. boundary of the colopy.
TZIItOWZS CREEK {N. E, district) is a small drainage creek running on tiie
Woorkongarie station, about 30 miles N. of Kooringa, through oak-timbered gullies and
patches of scrub.
TE&BIBUB, MOUNT {Co. Adelaide,) is a lofty and rugged hill in the coast ratige.
It is situated in the S.E^ part of the hundred of Willunga, and forms oneof thepointi
of division between Co. Adelaide on the W., and Ca Hindmarsh on the £.
TSnr&PA {Co. Flinders) is a postal station in the pastoral district of Eastern'
]|^&f. It is situate on the Tetulpa creek, about 30 miles N. of mount Victor, in tho
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Tee — Tho] The South Australian GazeUeer. 24^
Bridst of a pastoral (sheep) district. Copper has been found in small quantities in the
neighboorbood, but no mines have been opened. The township of Kooringa lies 108
miles S., the communication bang by Rounseveirs mail coaches. With Adelaide, 211
miles S., the communication is by coach to Kapunda, and thence by rail. The sur-
rounding country is undulating and poorly watered. The population numbers about
30 persons.
TETDLPA RUN (N,E. distnct) see Woobkonoorib.
THBBARTOK (Co. Adelaide) is a postal suburb of the city of Adelaide, in the
Sectoral district of W. Torrens, hundred of Adelaide, and under the control of the
district council of W. Torrens. It lies 1 ^ mile W. of Adelaide, on the main line of
road to the reedbeds, the Torrens river being half<a-mile to the N. The district is an
agricultural one, crops of hay being the principal produce. There is a fellmongery
and a tannery (Peacock's) in Thebarton, and a considerable number of the population
are engaged in gardening pursuits. Thebarton has a racecourse lying in a flat to the
S.E. of the village, and having a good grand stand, saddling paddock, and other appli-
ances. It has been for some time the course upon which the Adelaide races were run; .
but it is intended in future to run them on the old course (where a neir stone graiid
stand has been erected,) on the Park lands, near Norwood. Thebarton has 2 hotels —
the Wheatsheaf, and the Squatters' arms. The surrounding country is flat, and c^
limestone formation. The population, including that of the surrounding agricultural
neighbourhood, numbers about 450 persons, Thebarton has a public pound, a Foresters'
Court, and a Druids' lodge.
THBTXVA&D, CAP£ {Flinders district W.,) is the name of a promontory in
Denial bay.
TBZ&D CREEK {Co, Adelaide) is a small creek rising in the Addaide ranges, to
the S.E. of Woodford, and flowing ina N.W. direction past that village, and through
those of Payneham and Glynde into the main stream, at the village of Demzig, about
5 miles above Adelaide.
-SIGHT MILE WELL {S.E. district.) See Cold and Wbt.
TRmTT-TWO MILE WELL (-S^.^. district.) See Binnibs' Look-out.
THlSBlr, MOUNT (Kangaroo island,) is a prominent peak, covered with scrub
and dwarf trees, in the mainland of the island.
THISTLE ISLAND, 35° 6' S. lat., 136** 11' 30" E. long. (Co. Flinders,) is a tole-
rably large island lying from 4 to 6 miles E. of cape Catastrophe, and forming the E.
side of Thorny passage. It is 12 miles in length N.W. by N. and S.E. by S., and from
half-a-mile to 2 miles wide, its S. part, where the latitude and longitude are taken,
being the narrowest. Off this point lies a small islet surrounded by breakers. Near
the middle of the island the land rises to such a height as to be visible at a distance of
10 or 12 leagues from a ship's deck. At the N.W. extremity are some white cliffs, with
a shoal bight between them and a sandy beach at the bottom of it. This island
was discovered by Flinders on the 17th February, 1802, in his exploration voyage along
the S. coast. He at first mistook it for the E. coast of the inlet (Spencer's gulf) into
which he was sailing, but on landing upon it the following morning he discovered his
error. Its name was given firom a melancholy circumstance which occurred at the
time. A number of small islands having been seen to the N., a boat's crew, in charge
of Mr. Thistle, was sent to search, for an anchorage, but were lost by the upsetting of
the boat, caused by the strong ripple. Flinders therefore called the island after his
unfortunate officer. On anchoring here in 7 fkthoms, sandy bottom, about half-a-mile
from the N.W. side of the island, Flinders found 2 tides in 24 hours, the flood making
at the rate of 2 knots to the N.N.E., and rising 7i feet in the night, ebbing with equal
Telocity.
THISLTE ISLAND RUN {W. district) lease. No. 227a; occupier, J. Pollitt;
area, 18 square miles; grazing capability, 780 sheep, (unstocked at present}) Goyder's
mtlaatioo, £13 per annum. This run lies in Thistle island, 30 miles S.E. of port
Lincoln, and 160 miles W. of port Adelaide.
THMCAkS, GAPE {Co. Robe,) is a headland lying in the N. part Gt Guichen bay.
There is a rocky island lying off this cape, known as Godfrey island.
THOMAS, MOUNT, 30*» 5' S. lat, 139** 3' B. long. {MinderB district N.,) is a
peak ki the N.E. end of the main range lying at the head of the Tudanamutana creek,
and about 5 miles N.W. of the township of Tudanamutana.
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360 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Tho— Tip
THOttEPSOirS CREEK {Flinderg district) is a creek, flowing through good
country near the N. boundary of the colony and on the route of Stuart's explorations.
THOB»SOirS CROSSING (Co, Sturt) See Swanpobt.
TKOBJnr PASSES {Go, Flinders) is the name of the W. entrance into
Spencer's gulf, lying between cape Catastrophe on the W. and Thistle island on the £•
It is from 4 to 6 miles wide, but in this space there are several small islands, which bo
much contract the S. entrance of the passage, that 1} miles of its breadth between
the main land and the S. isle is alone safe for ships, the depth being from 20 to 22
fathoms. This isle is called Smith islet, 1^ miles from which is Lewis islet, of smaller
extent, and Little islet, still smaller, upwards of half-a-mile N.N. W. of it. To the E.
of these is Hopkins's isle, which is larger, and lies half-a-mile from the white cli£& on
the N.W. part of Thistle island. There are strong tide ripples amongst these islands
which have often proved fatal to boats. The tide rises 6 to 8 feet, flows to the N.N.E.
at the rate of 2 knots, and ebbs to the S.S.W. with like velocity.
TH&SE LAKES {Flinders district) is the name given to 3 salt-water lagoons,
lying in good pastoral country, about 18 miles N.W. of lake Hamilton.
THU&K RUN {Murray district;) leases, Nos. 1119, 378. 347, 812, 813, and 68;
occupier, J. Whyte; respective areas of leases, 12, 24, 37, 21, 35, and 44 square miles.
This run is situated on the Murray river, near North West bend, the next post office.
TIGKARA STATION AND HUNTER RUN ((7o. Daly;) lease, No. 49;
occupiers, Bowman and Parnell; area, 63 square miles. The grazing capability of this
station, including that of the Winter run and Parrana station, occupied by the same
firm, is 4000 sheep, and 20 head of cattle. Tickara station lies 12 miles N. of Kadina,
the nearest post town.
TILIiET, MOUNT, 30° 65' S. lat., 138° 45' E. long. (Flinders district N.,) is a
massive dark looking hill in the main range, lying about 20 miles N. of Blinmau on the
main N. road.
TILIiET'S SWAMP {S,E, district) is a tract of swampy land lying to the
N.E. of Kingston (Lacepede bay,) and running along the E. side of the Coorong lake.
TILLEY'S SWAMP RUN, {S E district;) lease. No. 199; occupier, J. Brown;
area, 52 square miles; grazing capability, 4,500 sheep or 90 per square mile; Goyder'a
valuation, £138 per annum, deducting improvements, valued at £410. This run lies
on Tilley's swamp, 1€0 miles S.E. by S. of Adelaide, and 15 miles N. of Kingston. On
this and other runs held by the same lessee are 24,000 sheep and lambs, and 60 head of
cattle and horses; the entire area representing 183 square miles.
TILLEY'S SWAMP RUNS (S,E, district) are a number of runs lying on and
round the swamp of that name, near the Coorong lake. The leases, areas, and
occupiers, are as follow : — lease, 199; occupier, J.Brown; area, 52 square miles —
leases, 694 and 695; occupier, R. P. Boucaut; areas, 60 and 10 square miles — leases^
493 and 778; occupier, J. Foot; areas, 27 and 29 square miles — ^leases, 696 and 697;
occupier, D. M*Allum; areas, 30 and 30 square miles — lease, 912; occupiers, A. S. and
J. H. Clark; area, 8 square miles— and lease, 1001; occupier, E. Stark; area, 46
square miles. The next post towns to these runs are Kingston and Robe.
TZMOTHY, MOUNT (Victoria district,) is the name of a hill lying in the flat
pastoral country to the S.E. of Wellington, and due E. of Binnie's Look out.
TZNDZLPA CREEK (Flinders district N.) is a creek rising in the N. part
of the Flinders range, and flowing through pastoral country about 15 miles W. of
Blanchewater. It passes the foot of mount Weatherhead on its E. side, and is supposed
to fall into lake Gregory. It is fed by numerous unnamed tributaries.
TZNIiZNE POINT (Kangaroo islamd.) See D'Estreb Bat.
TZNTINABJIA RUN {8.E. district;) leases, Nos. 1070, 826, and 998; occupiers, '
T. W. and J. H, Boothby; respective areas of leases, 12, 25, and 36 square miles.
This run lies on Salt creek, the next post towns being Kingston and Robe. There are
on this and other runs held by the same lessees, comprising 165 square miles of country,
12,000 sheep and 200 head of cattle.
TZPA&A ( Co. Daly) is a S.W. hundred, lying on the E. shore of Spencer's
gulf^ and being taken up as pastoral country. There are some good springs in this .
hundred but no running streams. '
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Tip — Tor] Ths South Amtralian Gazetteer. 261
TIFA&A (Co. Daly) is the name given to some remarkable springs lying abont
12 miles S. ot Moonta. It lies in a singular sand-hill, or rather group of hiUs, not high
but coyering a considerable area, in the centre of which is a hollow like the crater of a
Yolcano, in which are met with springs of fresh clear water, within a short distance
of the coast. To the S. of the Tipara springs lie a similar series known as the
Currowa springs. Dunes of drift-sand oyerlying loose sandj soil, with blocks and
nodules of limestone.
TIFA&A RUN (^YorkeU pmirmda;) lease No. 1063; occupier, T. W. Rogers;
area, lO square miles; rental, £5 per annum. This run lies near the Tipara springs
to the S. of Moonta.
TOBB'S HILL (Co. Hindmarsh) is a small eleyation lyingf on S. side of the town-
ship of Milang, and on the N.W. shore of lake Alexandrina.
TOBSL RIVER (Co. Flinders) is the name of a stream rising in the Liyerpool
ranges, and flowing E. into the W. side of Spencer's gulf, about 15 miles N. of port
Lincoln. This stream runs dry in summer.
TOOLZJEE HILL RUN (W, district;) lease. No. 1081; occupiers. Wilson and
Featherstown; area, 12 square miles. This run lies to the £. of lake Hamilton, the
next post office.
TOORAaZNGANA CREEK, 27'' 27' S.lat., 139'' 30" E. long. {Flinders district,)
is a small creek flowing a few miles S. of Lake M'Einlay.' This creek was discoyered
by M*Einlay. It is bounded on the N. by a large grassy plain, and on the S.by a
chain of irregular sand-hills.
TOPGALZiANT ISLES {Flinders district W.) is the name giyen to a small
high island, and 3 rocks ofi" its E. side — the whole being connected by a reef. The 3
rocks much resemble ships under sail. The island lies about 3 miles E. from the
nearest part of Flinders island, and the whole form part of the Inyestigator group.
TORRENS E. (Co. Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral district of
£.^ Torrens and Onkaparinga. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one
being Mr. Thomas Flayf ord, of Drysdale, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expendi-
ture in this district council for 1865 were as follow: — Assessment, Jb6382 178. 6d. —
rate. Is. in the pound; rates collected, £309 68. 2d.; total receipts, £1330 9s.; office
expenses and salaries, £96 Us. 5d; expended on public works, £1105 16s. 6d. The
population numbers 984 persons; the area is 38 square miles, or 24,320 acres; land
under cultiyation, 712 acres; and number of dwelling-houses, 177.
TORRENS E., ELECTORAL DISTRICT, is bounded on the S. by the main
Bouth-eastern road, commencing at the point of intersection of the N. side of the said
Toad with the S. boundary of the Park lands, and continuing by the said road to the
boundary between the hundreds of Adelaide and Onkaparinga ; thence northerly by
the said boundary to the Torreps; thence westerly by the centre of the river Torrens
to its intersection with the eastern boundary of the Fark lands; thence southerly and
"westerly by the eastern and southern boundaries of the Park lands; to the point of
commencement. It comprises the corporations of Kensington and Norwood, and the
district councils of Burnside, Crafers (W. portion,) E. Torrens (E. portion,) and
Payneham. The area is 44 square miles, or 29,043 acres, and the population numbers
9108 persons. The land under cultiyation is 6755 acres. The yoting places for this
district are Kensington and Norwood. Torrens E. is represented in the Legislative
Council by N. Blyth and C. H. Goode, Esqs. The number of registered electors for
this district in 1865 was, for the Legislative Council, 827; and for the Legislative
Assembly, 1228.
TORRSNS ISLAND {Co. Adelaide) is a large sandy island lying in the channel
of port Adelaide, and dividing that channel into two parts, viz., the N. and S. arms.
The latter is the one used for navigation. On this island is situated the quarantine
station.
TORRSNS LAKE {Flinders district N.) is a vast inland salt lake, discovered by
Mr. Eyre, about 90 miles N. of Spencer's gulf. It was at first supposed that this lake
extended in a horseshoe form all round the N. side of the E. part of the colony, but
more recent discover^s have dispelled this illusion, and it is now known that good
pastoral country lies to the N. of the lake, and between it and another similar sheet of
water, known as lake Eyre.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
96^ The South AmtraUan Gazetteer. [Ton
\ W. ipo, Adelaide) is a difltrict council in the electoral dklriet of
W. Torrent. It \» under the control of a cbairman, the present (me being Mr. W. EE;
Gray, of Frogmore, Reedbeds, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this
district council for 1865 were as follo«r. — Assessment, £9951;— rate. Is. in the pound ;
rates collected, £496; total .receipts, £1575 9s. lOd ; office expenses and salaries,
£83 lOs.; expended on public works, £1499 10s. 4d. The population numbers 1521
persons; the area is 14 square miles, or 8960 acres; land under cultivation^ 2432 acres ;
and number of dwelling-houses, 344.
TOamSVS W. electoral district is bounded on the W. by the sea
coast, between the Bay road and the N.W. angle of section 1006; thence by the district
of port Adelaide as far as the N.E. corner of section 360; thence S. by the North road
to the Park land^ between sections 2064 and 460; thence W,S.W. and S., by the
N.N.W. and W. boundaries of the Park lands, to their S. W. angle; thence S.W. and
W. by the Bay road to the sea coast, at the point of commencement. It comprises the
N. portion of the corporation of Glenelg, and the district councils of Handmarsh
(exclusive of towns,) Hindmarsh, (towns of Hindmarsh, Bowden and Brompton,) W.
Torrens, and portion of Tatala. It hat an area of 35 square miles, or 23,073 acres,
aad a population of 6402 persons, of whom 1386 are adult males. The voting places
for this district are at Hindmarsh, the lower N. road, and Hilton. There are 9366
acres under cultivation, as against 10,749 acres in 1861. Torrens W. electoral district
is represented in the Legislative Assembly by J. Pickering, Esq., and the hon. H. B. T.
Strangways. The number of registered electors for 1863 in this district were, for the
Legislative Council, 563; and for the Legislative Assembly, 1021.
TOBJtSlfS, MOUNT {Co, Adelaide;) is a pretty little township on the main
eastern road from Adelaide, from which it is distant 30 miles. It is in the hundred of
Talunga, and electoral district of Gumeracka. A small creek, which rises in the
eastern hill, runs through the township, in which a handsome stone bridge has been
lately erected. The hill from which the township takes its name — mount Torrens—
rises to the height of about 700 feet, and is covered with several varieties of the
eucalyptas to its summit. There is a very fine steam flour mill (Dunn's) and a tannery
in lull work in the township. The country round is nearly all agricultural ; but
latterly, in consequence of the blight attacking the wheat crops in their early growth,
the farmers are getting more into the style of mixed farming, instead of devothig aU
their attention to cereals. There are no mines in the immediate neighbourhood ; but
some years since the Reedy creek mines, 13 miles E.N.E., were opened up, and showed
very favourably; the Victorian diggings breaking out at the same time increased the
price of labour so much that these mines were abandoned. The company still hold
20,000 acres of land, on which the mines are situated, and called the Reedy creek specii^
survey. It is the opiniun of many practical miners that these mines are nearly, ii
not quite as rich as any in the colony; but the means of communication are very
bad On the main road to Adelaide, 7 miles from mount Torrens, is Woodside; S.W.,
5 miles, the German township of Lobethal, N.W., 4 miles, Blumberg; and N.N.E., 11
miles, mount Pleasant. A coach runs daily between mount Torrens and Adelaide,
between which places there is also a daily mail. In the township there is a mechanics'
institute, a public school, a very handsome Episcopalian church, and a chapel in
connection with the Bible Christians. The telegraph wires also connect mount Torrens
with Adelaide. There are 2 good hotels in the township, one — the mount Torreos
hotel — being of old standing, a handsome stone structure ; the other— the Mill inn,
built recently. There is also a coach office, belonging to Mr. W. Rounsevell, where
passengers may book every morning for Charleston, Woodside, Lobethal, mount
Barker, Nairne, and Adelaide, and where horses and conveyances may be obtained
for any part of the countrv. The surrounding country is hilly, with valleys of great
fertility, on which some of the finest wheat and barley in South Australia have been
^own. The geological formation is a grey sandstone, with conglomerate quartz, and
m a part of the district near mount Torrens, some fine beds of limestone have been
worked, keeping two kilns constantly at work to supply the demand The populatioii
U 224, and the number of dwellings, many of which are of a superior chsracter, 42.
TOB.&BKS, MOUNT {Co. Adelaide,) is a lofty peak of the main or Adelaide
range of mountains, lying near the township of mount Torrens.
T8, MOUNT {Kcm^aroo hland,) is a Biountain lying in the sorubfa^^
pastoral country, in the middle of the island .
Digitized by VjOOQIC
ToB— Tri] The South Australian Oazetteer. 268
T0&RS1T8 PABE'(C'o. Adelaide) is a beautiful yineyard lying on the S. tide of^the
Brown hill creek, near Mitcham. There U also a fine orchard, orangery, and banana
plantation on the grounds.
TOBJUBMS RIVER (Co. Adelaide) is a fine stream rising near mount Pleasant,
and flowing in a generiU W.S.W. direction, until it loses itself in the large swampy
flat near port Adelaide, known as the Reedbeds, whence, however, it drains by seyeral
mou ths into the sea, between port Adelaide and Glenelg. The city of Adelaide is
built on the S. bank of this river, the road between South and North Adelaide crossing
it by a fine iron bridge of singular construction, and similar to one of wood, which
formerly crossed the Rhine at Schaffhausen, in Switzerland. The roadway of the
bridge, instead of being carried over the top of the arch, is suspended from it, the
arches being formed of hollow iron cylinders. The banks of the river near Adelaide,
which are frequently washed away by fioods, have very recently been sloped on the
higher or N. side, the base of the slope being planted with willows. Besides the
bridge spoken of, there are several others crossing the river — one at the N.E. end df
the town, the city bridge, a wooden hand-bridge only, in a line with Morphett strcMet,
and the Hindmarsh bridge on the Fort road. Near the city bridge is a ford with
stepping stones for foot passengers, available, however, only when the water is low.
During its course the Torrens flows through a fine agricultural district, its lower end
meandering over the richly grassed plains surrounding the metropolis. It passes
through and by several townships and villages, the principal of which are Blumberg
and Gumeracka; and is fed by numerous tributary streems, known as the Cudlee, Chain
of ponds. Kangaroo, Morialta, Sixth, Fifth, Fourth, Third, Second, and First creeks.
The formation of the bed of the river is generally of the Adelaide limestone rock,
with deep clayey alluvial deposit and sandy gravel in the bed of the stream. During
the dry ^ason, the river dwindles down to a mere rivulet, having, however, some deep
•and wide reaches and waterholes, but in wet weather it rapidly swells into a fine stream,
rushing with great force in a vast volume of thick yellow water, the peculiar colour
being caused by the clay on its banks.
TO&RSN8 VALE (Co. Hindmarsh) is a postal village in the electoral district
of Encounter bay and hundred of Yankalilla. It is situated on the Dairy fiat creek, in
an agricultural (wheat growing) district, and is 4 miles distant from the township of
Yankalilla. The communication is by horse or private conveyance, and with Adelaide
61 miles N. by Kounseveirs daily mail coach from Yankalilla, at which place is the
ileares^ hotel. The surrounding country is mountainous, with fertile valleys inter-
vening, most of which are under cultivation by an industrious body of small farmers.
■The population of the neighbourhood numbers about 200 persons.
TOTHHiIi'S creek (Co. LigU.) See Horsham.
TOU&TZI^IJB BAY is the name given to a small bight afibrding secure anchorage
and lying in the W. part of Denial bay. Its shores are lined with mangrove bushes,
and it has a fine sandy bottom. On the E. side of this bay there is some good country
with tracts of grass laud, but water is scarce, idthough it may be obtained by digging
In some of the sand-hills on the coast line.
TOIT&TIXiIii: BAY RUN, No. 1 (W. district;) leases, Nos. 853 and 1002;
occupier, R. Love; respective areas of leases, 22 and 81 square miles. This run lies at
Denial h^j,
TOIT&VUiXiB BAY RUN, No. 2 (fT. district;) leases, Nos. 906, 1073, 1043 and
918; occupiers. Smith and Swan; respective areas of leases, 54, 32, 36, and 51 square
miles. This run lies at Denial bay.
T&ATSXiXERS' VALLEY (Flinders district) is the name of a gully containing
water, and lying near Gray's creek to the N. of Sturt's stony desert.
TBJSTILLA {Co. Adelaide) is a small agricultural settlement on the little Para
river to the N. of Adelaide, and in the wheat growing district of Yatala. It is taken
up by small feurmers.
V&miTT {Co. Adelaide) is a vineyard, the property of Dr. Kelly, lying 2 miles
W. ef Morphette vale, 1 mile from the E. shore of the gulf of St. Vincent, and 2 miles
N. of port Noarlunga and the mouth of the Onkaparinga. This vineyard lies about
100 feet above the level of the sea, the soil is of a reddish loam, Intermixed with
limestone; the subsoil being a stiffish clay. Capital wine is made from the Roosillon
grape, mixed with a small quantity of Shiraz and Malbeo,
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254 The SoulK Australian Gazetteer. [Tbo — Tun
T&OUBKIDOS HILL, 35° 8' S. lat., 137° 41' 30" E. long. {TorJ:e*8 peninsula,)
on the northern shore of Lives! igator strait, is an inconsiderable hummock standing
alone on low sandy land, and makes like an island. It is about 1 mile from the shote
to the S. of it, and 4| miles to the W. of the S.E. extremity of Torke peninsula, off
which lie the Troubridge shoals. To the W. of Troubridge hill there is a large bight
in the coast, extending 6 miles N. towards Hardwicke bay, from which it is distant
only 8 or 9 miles. This bight is 4 leagues across, and is formed by low sandy land,
which cannot be approached within 2 or 3 miles, on account of a shoal flat which fronts
it, and which extends between 3 and 4 miles off a very low sandy point at its western
extremity. Eight and 10 fathoms are found 1} mile from this flat, but the bottom is
not good; and the situation is too much exposed to S. winds to admit of its being
considered safe anchorage, unless with the wind blowing from the opposite direction.
There is a large swamp to the N. W. of the hill.
T&OUBBXDGS SHOALS {Chdf of St, Vincent) extend in an E. direction nearly
4 miles from the land, and are dry at low water. They consist chiefly of hard sand,
with rocks in the centre and on their S. part, and on the E. shoal, which is separated
from the main or W. shoal by a narrow channel, is a sandy island nearly half-a-mile in
length, and visible 5 or 6 miles. There is also a dangerous detached reef lying about
hali-a-mile from the rocks on the S. side of the W. shoal, and S. 4 W. 2 miles from the
sandy island. Great caution is necessary in approaching these shoals, as the tide runs
Tery strony:ly over them. There is a narrow passage inside the shoals, about a quarter
of a mile wide, and close to the shore, usefUl to coasters. A lighthouse is erected on
these shoals, known as the Troubridge light, which lies in 35° V 32" S. lat., 137° 50' 37^
£. long. It has a revolving light without colour, and may be seen from all sides every
half-minute at a distance of 16 miles.
T&17&0, 34° 20' S. lat., 139° 10' E. long. (Go. Eyre,) is a postal township in the
electoral district of Flinders and hundred of Button. It is situated on the White hut
creek, St. Kitt's creek flowing about 6 miles N.E., and mount Rufus being about 7
mUes N.E. The district is an agricultural and pastoral one, the former industry being
represented by the culture of wheat and vines, and the latter by the depasturage of
sheep. There is no doubt that gold is to be found in the neighbourhood, but it has not
yet been obtained in sufflcient quantities to pay for the working. The Wheal Barton
copper mine lies I mile to the S.E. (see Whbal Barton.) The nearest township is
Stockwell, 5 miles S.W., the communication being by mail coach daily. With
Adelaide, 61 miles S.W., the communication is by Rounsevell's daily mail coach to
Freeling and thence by rail. Truro has a post and money order office, a public pound,
an Independent chapel, and a school, with an average attendance of 50 children, and St
hotels— the Crown (Chanter's ) and the Truro (Bennett's.) The surrounding country
is elevated, consisting of high hills; the mount Rufus range, to the N.E. is lofty and
i^fi>ged, and afibrds a fine view of the surrounding country from its summit. The
geological formation is red or brown sandstone and limestone, with quartz reefa running
in every durection, The population numbers about 150 persons, mostly £Ekrmers. The
resident magistrate is J. Thomson, Esq.. J.P.
T&U&O CREEK (Co, Eyre) is a small creek, rising in the range to the W. of
Truro, and flowing E. into the Murray river. It is fed by the Bason and Blue creeks.
TirCOCS, COWIE RUN (Torifec'^ Peniywru/a;) lease, No. Ill; occupiers, J. GU-
bert; area, 104 square miles; grazing capability, 17,500 sheep, or 168 per square mile;
Goyder's valuation, £833, deducting improvements valued at £2335. This run lies at
Black springs, 12 miles from Sturt bay, and 180 miles by road from Adelaide. The
woolshed is at Tucock-Cowie, near Sturt bay, and 72 miles from port Adelaide, as the
crow flies. This run also includes leases Nos. 261, 1042, 684, 410, 257, and 687, having
a total area of 200 square miles, and carrying 17,000 sheep, 600 head of cattle* and
400 horses.
TULSSA RUN (W. district;) lease. No. 98; occupier, T. Magarey; area, 2|J
square miles; grazing capacity, 3000 sheep, or 109 per square mile; Goyder's valuation,
£84 per annum, deducting improvements valued at £120. This run lies on Sleaford
bay, 14 miles N. of port Lincoln by the Duckponds road, and 415 miles overland from
Adelaide.
TULITB&A STATION {N. district;) occupier, Price Maurice. See Pbkika Eoif*.
TUMBT BAY (Flinders district) is a small bay, affording good ancborage^ and
forming part of Harvey's bay, on the W. side of Spencer's golf. See Habybt's Bat.
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TuM — ^Tun] The South Australian Gazetteer. 265
BAY (Flinders district, W.) is a postal village in the electoral district
frf Flinders. It lies on the W, coast of Spencer's gulf, and is known as Tumby bay —
there being a boat harbour of that name to the E. of the Tillage. It is situated on the
Mine creek, mount Liverpool being 6 miles distant S. W. The district is a pastoral and
mining one, although wheat is grown to some extent in the neighbourhood by the
tettlers who have taken* up land. The pastoral interest is represented by stations
upon which both sheep and cattle are grazed. There are several copper mines in the
neighbourhood — the principal being the mount Liverpool mine, 5 miles W. ; the port
loncoln mine, 8 miles N.; the Tumby bay mine, adjoining the latter; the Flinders mine
and the Copperer mine, both to the N. The Tumby bay mine is a mineral claim whose
ores are yet in embryo; it employs 12 hands. With regard to the Tiimby mine,
the following extract from a letter, written by Captain James Fairly, shows the state of
the workings: — ** Tumby Mine. — The following is an extract from Captain James's
letter: — 'I arrived on the mine on the 20th inst., and am pleased with the appearance
of the mine. I measured Stuckey's shaft. It is sunk from surface 6 fathoms 2 feet 6 in.
There is about 4 tons of splendid ore at grass at Stuckey's shaft. As soon as the sieves
arrive I shall get a further quantity dressed of what is now at surface. I intend on
Tuesday to commence to sink another shaft 20 fathoms to the north-east of Stuckey's
on the same lode/ Captain Heukell says: — * Stuckey's shaft is now 6 fathoms 24 feet
deep. The night before I left I again struck ore, specimens of which I beg to hand over
to you.' The following extract from a letter written by Captain James respecting the
condition of the Tumby copper mine was posted at the Exchange subsequently —
* Stuckey's shaft is sunk 9 fathoms. The lode is 3 feet 6 in. wide. It is composed
of blue and green carbonates, gossan, and spar. I intend at 2 fathoms deeper to
begin to drive east towards the new shaft which is 23 fathoms east of Stuckey's. There
is a good course of ore between the 2 shafts f^om which a large quantity will be raised.
We have dressed 4 tons of ore. The new shaft is sunk 7 feet deep. The lode is 4 feet
wide, consisting of spar and gossan, intermixed with carbonates. The lode is improving
as we sink.' " — Port Lincoln, the next money order office, is 35 miles distant S., the
communication being by horse or dray. With Adelaide, 238 miles E. , the communi-
cation is from port Lincoln by fortnightly steamer. The surrounding country is varied,
there being several hills and numerous large plains, on which are found 30,000 to
40,000 acres of good land, available for the growth of cereals, but not yet surveyed.
The formation is chiefly of granite and limestone. The population is small and
scattered.
TUBEBT ISLAND (Oo.Flinders) is the North-westernmost of the Sir Joseph Banks's
group of islands, and lies about 2 miles off the beach to the N. of Bolingbroke pomt,
N. of port Lincoln.
TUNGAPA, DISHER'S PLAINS, AND ROSEBANK STATIONS (Co. Eyre;)
occupier, G. Melrose; area, 60 square miles; grazing capability, 6000 sheep. These
stations lie 10 miles N.E. of Springton, the nearest post town, and to the N. of the
Bhine river.
TTTNGKZLLO {Co. Stun) is a postal township in the hundred of Tungkillo. The
river Murray is distant about 18 miles E., and the principal creek is Reedy creek, which
empties itself into the Murray river between Wall and Mannum. The district is
agricultural and pastoral, chiefly the latter. The Reedy creek copper mine lies about
8 miles distant, but is not working at present. The nearest places are mount Pleasant,
4 miles N.W., and Blumberg, 9 miles W, the communication being by horse or dray
only. With Adelaide, 36 miles S.W., the communication is by Rounsevell's daily
conveyance from mount Pleasant. Tungkillo has a public pound and 1 hotel — the
District hotel. The country is undulating, and the population numbers about 40
persons. The township lies on the main road from Adelaide to Mannum.
TVNGSXLXiO {Co. Sturt) is a district council in the electoral district ot Gume-
racka. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr. P. O'Dea,
Bald hills, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district council for
1865 were as follow:— Assessment, £6199 15s. 6d.— rate, 6^d. in the pound; rates
coUected on £169 18s. lOd,; total receipts, £493 2s. Id.; office expenses and salaries,
Jtl04 4s. 2d.; expended on public works, £256 Os. 9d. The population numbers 600
persons. The area is 120 square miles, or 76,890 acres; land under cultivation, 3390
acres; and number of dwelling-houses, 112.
TVirGKXXiLO (Co. Sturt) is a hundred lying in the W. part of the country, con-
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356 The South Australian Gazetteer. [Tub — U^iD
listing, for the most part, of purchased land, mach of which is under agriculture, 'Hie
Beedjr creek flows in the E. part of this hundred, and on it copper ore has been found
in considerable quantities, and mines have been opened in various parts of the netgli*
bourhood. Thej are generally know as the Beedy creek, Bremer, and Eanmantoo
mines.
TmUtST RANGB (Flinders district) is a range of low hills lying along the W.
fide of Chambers's creek to its junction with Margaret creek, and forming the souroe
of numerous small streams, those on the N. flowing into Margaret, and those on tbe
8. into Chambers's creek. The country consists of a scrubby desert, with a few
patches of toleraUy good pastoral land.
TWIGXEHKASi or Nbtlet {Co, Adelaide) is a small agricultural hamlet
lying to the 8.W. of the city of Adelaide, and inhabited by a few farmers and
gardeners.
TWO BROTHEBS [Flinders district N.) is a peak lying in the N. district, and a
copper mine of the Great N. mining company, lying 271 miles N. of Adelaide;
Operations have been stopped for some time, on account of the late drought.
TWSZiTS-MIX.S WELL [Ch. Russell. ) See Fbrkindoo.
TWO WELLS (Co, Gawler) is a postal township in the electoral district of Stanley
and hundred of port Crawler. It is situated about 4 miles N. of the Gawler tiver, and
6 miles S. of the lower Light river, and lies about 6 miles E. of the N.E. coast of the
gulf of St. Vincent. The district is partly a pastoral and partly an agricultural on^
sheep and cattle being grazed in large numbers, and wheat grown in considerable
quantities. In the township is a post office, a council chamber, a school-house, a
Primitive Methodist chapel, a literary institute and circulating library, a steam flour
mill, and blacksmiths', wheelwrights', and carpenters' workshops, also 2 stores ^n^
the usual shops. There is 1 hotel — ^the Two Wells (Cowan's) — and a coach office.
The nearest places are Virginia, 6 miles S.; Redbanks, 9 miles E.; and Lewiston, 5
miles. To these places there is conveyance by horse and dray only« With Adelaide
the communication is by coach to Salisbury, and thence by mail conveyance, or by
coach, the whole way once a week, the total distance being 29^ miles. The surrouad-
ing country is level for a distance of about 14 miles E., 20 miles S., 30 miles N., and 6
mSes W. to the sea. It is a thriving locality, and the government having granted
£6000 for the purposes of road making and of erecting a wharf at port Gawler, tj^
£Eirmers and settlers in the neighbourhood are able to send their farm and gard^en
produce to market in the small craft which visit that port. The population numbers
about 130 persons.
TWO WELLS (Co, CardweU) is the name given to two springs lying 73 miles
S.E, of Wellington, on the road to Border town. They are also known as the Seventy-
three mile wells.
TWO WELLS RUN {S,E. district;) leases, Nos. 732, 782, 783, 820, and 846;
occupiers, Harding and Bunn; respective areas of leases, 12, 15, 24, 15, and 33 square
miles. This run lies near Tilley's swamp, to the S.E. of the Coorong lake. The next
post towns are Kingston and Kobe.
ULALOO CREEK {Flinders district N.) is a stream flowing in the W. part of tke
pastoral district of East plains j about 12 miles S. of the Gottlieb's Wells station.
ULOOLOO (or Witta) CREEK (N,E, district) is a small creek running on the
Wookongarie station in the rugged country about 30 miles N. of Kooringa, through
oak-timbered gullies with patches of scrub.
UBKBERATAir A (.Flinders district N.) See OoMBERATAMii.
UN AW UKTIN A RUN (^N, district;) lease, No. 631; occupier, H. C. Gleeson;
area," 26 square miles; rent, £14 per annum. This run lies to the N.E. of mount Serle.
UNDALTA, or Watebholes, (Cos. Gawler and Stanley) is a postal township^
situated on the river Wakefield, and lying in the midst of an agricultural district hi
which wheat is grown in large quantities. The nearest places are Auburn, 4 miles N.,
and Rhynie, 5 miles S.; there being communication by mail car daily. With Adelaide^
76 miles S., the communication is by mail coach to Kapunda, and thence by raU.
Undalya has 1 hotel—the Undalya — a post office, and a fine church. There is a bridge
over the river Wakefield at the township, by which the main North road crosses.
The surrounding country is elevated and somewhat hilly at a little distance from ifans
river. The populatiim numbers about 80 persons.
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Ule — ^Val] The South Australian Gazetteer. 267
ULST BUN (W, district;) \esMe, No. 70; occupier, J. Sinclair; area, 35 square
miles;, grazing capability, 3600 sheep, or 103 per square mile. Oa this and private
land, and other leases held by the same lessee, are 11,800 sheep, and 45 head of cattle
and horses; Goyder's valuation, £104 per annum, deducting improvements valued at
£130. This run lies 15 miles W.S.W. of Port Lincoln, and also includes lease No.
757, which has an area of 10 square miles.
ULZBBZS RUN ( W, district;) occupiers, Crawford and Linklater ; area 63
Cfquare miles. This run incluiies the Filleroo and mount Jane runs; the grazing
capability has never yet been properly tested. It lies near the township of FUnders,
Streaky bay. •
VJXUSY {Co. Adelaide) is a postal village suburban to Adelaide, in the electoral
district of Start, hundred of Adelaide, and ugder the control of the Mitcham district
counciL It is situated on the Brownhill creek, which flows through the village and
through Unley park, the mount Lofty ranges being about 3 miles distant in an E.
direction. The district is an agricultural one, the population (exclusive of gentlemen
having business in the metropolis, and residing in this picturesque and saljibrious
suburb) consisting principally of persons engaged in farming or gardening pursuits.
Corn, hay, vegetables, and hay of excellent quality are grown, together with fruit of
various kinds. The nearest placed are FuUarton, 1 mileE.S.E.; Goodwood park, 1 mile
W.; lower Mitcham, 2 miles S.; Unley park, 1 mile S.W.; Goodwood, 2 mUes N.W.;
and Parkside, 1 mile E.N.E.; the whole of these places are studded with suburban
residences, and are rapidly improving, they are all included in the Mitcham district,
are picturesquely and healthily situated, and are surrounded by vineyards and gardens.
The communication with these places, as with Adelaide, 2 miles distant N., is by
omnibuses^ which run throughout the day. The hotels are the Unley and Cremorne
Unley has a post office, several stores and tradesmen's workshops, and numerous weH-
built residences. The surrounding country is flat, and the soil alluvial and of good
quality, there being abundance of water near the surface.
UPPSR WAKEFIELD {Co.Stanley.) See Wakbpield Upper.
U&O BLUFF {Flinders district} is a lofty hill lying in the pastoral district to the
W. of the channel leading from lake Torrens to the head of Spencer's gulf, and near
Harris's crossing. It takes its name from the numbers of uro (a species of small kan-
garoo) found in the neighbouring scrub.
URO, (or HuRo) MOUNT, 30° 48' S. lat., 138° 59' E. long. {Flinders district,) is a
high rugged hill lying in the main range, about 5 miles E. of Angipena. There is a
copper mine on this hill, a heavy reef of quartz and ironstone on a low range gradually
rising from a creek being found to contain strong stains (green and blue) of copper, with
occasional small pieces of ore and good specimens of grey oxide. Nothing has, as yet,
been done to develop this mine, and from its position and distance from a shipping
port, it would require to be very productive in order to pay.
U&O, MOUNT, MINE {N. district,) lies 3 miles from Pernunna and has not been
developed, as its distance from any shipping port and the difficulties of transporting
the ore would necessitate its being highly productive in order to pay. It consists of a
strong reef of quartz and ironstone on low hills gradually rising from a creek, and
containing strong stains (green and blue) of copper. It is not now worked.
▼AZiZiET, LAKH) {Co. Grey,) is a lake in one of the craters of mount Gambier. It is
of almost circular form, but the bottom is only partially covered with water, very deep at
the E. end, but shallow on the W. Those parts which are left dry are always connected
with the sides (which are lower there,) though in one instance by a mere strip of land,
and the ground is very undulatory, rising at ^mes into hillocks which are some little
height above the water. The water is at each end and the ground in the middle, but by far
the larg^t lake is on the eastern side. In the dry part there are 3 ponds which, being
circular, appeai^at a distance like wells sunk side by side. The view from above
them would incline one to call it the Valley lake crater, a basin with strips of land*
which are covered with little ponds and have a very uneven surface. The crater walls
surrounding this lake are very remarkable. At the festern end they are lowest, rising
gradually till about a third of the way round on the northern side, and then rising
suddenly into a peak, and descending again for a short distance again mount up by a
yery abrupt elevation to nearly double the previous height, from which point there is a
gentle slope upwards to the highest part of the mount where a trigonometrical station
s
Digitized by LjOOQIC
358 The 8mah Australian QopuUmr. [Vek^Vio
is erected. From this there is a still more abrupt descent to the usual height of the
sides, which is continued round to the starting point at the £. side. That part of the
wall which is considerably higher than the rest is what is properly termed moimt
Qambier. It is the higher wail of the crater and gives a better key to the kind of
eruption that has taken place than any other pare of the mount
TSmOMS CAFE {Kangaroo Uland) is a promontory on the coast of. Nepean
bay.
f JBIIUS BAY or Habboub {Flinders diHrtctW.) is the "Lagoon— seen from the
^past-head," — of Flinders. It has a rocky bar at its entrance, which lies to the E. <^
point Weyland. The rise and fall of water is 6 feet. The entrance is very dangerous
in bad weather. The bay Inside is extensive, forming itself into 3 branches, all of
which are navigable only for boats or smi^ craft at high water. Good anchorage may,
however, be found in the middle of the bay, in from 3 to 4 fathoms, and the sandspits
are easily avoided. In the vicinity of the harbour there are fine pastoral districts, and
a small township called Parkin has recently been established on the coast, where there
is a post office and 1 hotel (Syme's.) This place lies 15 miles S.W. of Talia. There
is an aboriginal station on this bay.
TSMVS BAY or Kukana Run, {W. district;) leases, Nos. 625, 931, 975,999,
1010, 1156 and 1157; occupier, J. Geharty; respective areas of leases, 10, 16, 10, 10,
11, 10 and 36 square miles. This run lies on the coast of Venus bay, and has a post
office.
VXGTO&, MOUNT, 31° 56' S. lat., 139° 55' E. long. fFlinders district N.E.) is a
detached hiil lying in the pastoral district of the Eastern plains, near Tetulpa.
VXGTOa, MOUNT, RUN {N.R district;) lease. No. 1135; occupiers, Freeman and
Afurray; area, 98 square miles; rental, M45 per annum. This run lies on tile Eastern
plains, the next post office being Tetulpa.
VICTOR FORT or Habboub {Co, Hindmarsh) is the name of a postal
seaport township in the hundred and electoral district of Encounter bay, and
under the control of the district council of Encounter bay.- It is situated on
a point of land lying between the Hindmarsh river on the N.E. and the Inman
river on the S.E., and on a small bight known as Victor harbour. There is
a copper mine at the Blnfij about 3| miles distant in a S. direction, and a saw-nrill
(Spark's) in the township. The nearest places are Encounter bay, 2 J miles S.,
and port Elliott, 4 miles N.E. With the former place there is no regular commu-
nication, but to the' latter there is a tramway and a good road. With Adelaide
the communication is by the coasting vessels which trade between the two places, and
by mail coach ih>m port Elliott, the distance being about 64 miles by land, and 9(1^ miles
by water. There are 2 hotels in the townsliip — the Victor harbour and the Crown, an
office for the transmission of goods per tramway to port Elliott, Middleton, and Goolwa,
and several good buildiogs — the principal of which are the government store,
Messrs. Acraman, Main, and Lindsay's, and Messrs. Bowman's stores, and the Australian
banking company's branch bank. There is a Wesleyan chapel, a post office, the usual
shops, and about 15 private dwelling-houses. There is also a telegraph station, a
harbour-master's residence, and a number of private dwellings in course of erection.
Victor harbour has an Oddfellow's lodge and a Forester's court, and branches of the
South Australian bank, and the South Australian and New South Wales insurance
companies. The surrounding country is somewhat mountainous. The population
numbers about 150 persons. For the physical description of this part of the country
see HiNDMABSH COUNTT.
VICTORIA {Ck). Light) is a small township on the Light river, lying near the
town of Hamilton. It is a farming distuict, and is rather an agricultural village than
a township, although surveyed Und laid out as one many years ago. There i^ public
pound in this township.
VICTOB.IA COUNTY is a large county lying in the N. part of the settled
districts, and forming part of the electoral district of Flinders. It is bounded on the
N. by the county Frome and the 1^ pastoral district; on the S. by the river Broughton,
which divides it from the county Stanley; on the E. by the Eastern plains; and on the
W. by Spencer's gulf. This county consists almost exclusively of pastoral land, having
a small area taken up as purchased land on the banks uf the Rocky river, which flows
in its N. part. The area of this county is 1527 square miles, or 977,280 acres; the
purchased land being 31,467 acres; land held by freeholders, 18,588 acres; land
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Vic — ^Vie] The South Amtrcdian Gazetteer, 260
enclosed, 13,730 acres; and land under cultiyation, 42 acres. The live stock numbers
292 horses^ 1 640 horned cattle, 241,776 sheep, 1011 goats, 69 pigs, and 659 head of
poultry. Of the land under cultiyation, 31 ac||)s,are fallow, 10 acres garden ground^
and 1 acre vineyard, the latter having ^75 vines in bearing, and 230 vines not in
bearing. The population numbers 889 persons, being an increase of 351 since 1861.
^e number of dwelling-houses is 205, against 174 in 1861.
▼ZCTOBIA CREEK {Flinders diatrifit iV.). is a creek lying in the Far North, to
the W. of lake Eyre, and on Stuart's exploration track when he crossed the continent.
There is a hill lying on the banks of this creek composed, at the top, of a mass of dark
grey iron ore, occasionally magnetic, passing downwards into a brecciated rock of a
jtorphyritic character, and then into a peculiar schistose f ock, almost entirely composed
of plates of dull olive green mica.
VXdtrptUk' J;LECT0RAL' district comprises a vast tract of pastoral
country, bounded on the N. by the Murray river, on the W. by the Murray river ^an^
the sea, on the S. by the sea, and on the E. by the colony of Victoria, from which it is
separated by the imaginary boundary line.^ In fact it comprehends the whole of the
country known as the S.E. district, and also the coui^try to the E. of the Murray-
river. It includes the counties of Albert, Russell, Macdonnell, Robe and Grey, ana,
tiie pastoral districts known as the S.E. and New S.E., or Tattiara country. It com-
piles the district councils of mount Gambler, E. and W., hundreds of Blanche, Caroline,
Macdonnell, Benara, and Kongorong, and remainder of county Grey, county Robe,
county Macdonnell, county Cardwell, country N. of county Card well, county Russell,
county Albert, and country E, of county Albert. This district has an area of 20,183 .
square miles, or 12,917,120 acres. The population numbers 9799 persons, being an
increase of 3716 over that of 1861. The land under cultivation amounts to 23,303
acres, being an increase of 15,569 acres over that of 1861. The voting places for this
district are at Robe, mount Gambler, Mosquito plains, Fenola, Kingston^ Border town^
and. Wellington E. Victoria is represented in the Legislative Assembly by A. L. Gordon
and J. Riddoch, Esqs. The number of registered electors for 1865 in this district was,
for the Legislative Council, 617; and for the Legislative Assembly, 1551.
VICTORIA, PORT (Spencer^s gulf,)ia the name given to a narrow strait lying
between Wardong island and the mainhmd of Yorke's peninsula.
VICTO&VILLS ((7o. Light) is a village adjoining the township of Greenpck on
the E. side, and forming part of that township. It has a population of 89 persons, and
18 dwelling-houses. There is 1 hotel in the village— the Greenock tavern.
VISW BANK RUN {S.E. district;) lease, No. 218a; occupier, W.* Stewart; area,
48 square miles; grazing capability, 4600 sheep, or 110 per square mile; Goyder's
valuation, £88 per annum, deducting improvemepts yalued at £710. This run lies
200 miles S.E. of Adelaide, and 44 miles E.N.E. of Guichen bay.
VISW HILL (Flinders district) is an elevation found by Mr. Goyder during his
trigonometrical survey in April, 1857, and lying to the S. of Blanchewater, in latitude
about 29° S. From this point Mr. Goyder had a view of 5 long creeks converging to
tha E. The country consists of sandy plains, with natron or nitrate of soda on the
edges of the creeks.
VIHCSNT, FORT (Yorkers peninsula^) is a small opening into the £. coast of the
peninsula from St. Vincent's gul^ lying nearly opposite port Adelaide.
VI&GINIA (Co. Adelaide) is a postal town situated on the main road from Adelaide
to Gawier, which road divide's it into two parts, the E. portion being under the control
of the Munno Para W. district council, and the W. in the hundred of port Adelaide,
where there is at present no district council, although the inhabitants have petitioned
the Government to be placed under the control of one. The Gawier river flows at a
distance of 2 miles N. of the township, at this place separating the hundreds ot port
Adelaide and Munno Para from those of port Gawier E. and W., it is however dry, or
nearly so, during the greater part of the year. Virginia is an agricultural and pastoral
district, the principal articles of produce being wheat. The pastoral portions of the
locality support both cattle and sheep. The nearest townships are Penfield, 4 miljes
S.E., and Two-wells, 6 miles N., the communication being by. wail coach which runs
dally. With Adelaide, which lies to the S., there are 2 routes of communication, the
direct road 18 miles, and via Salisbury 234 miles. On acc9unt of the direct road beiyig ^
in indifferent order the latter route is generally chosen, the means of conyeyance being'^
6d
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260 The South Australian Gazettser. [Viv— Wal
from Virginia via Penfield to SaliBbury hy mail coach and thence by rail. Ylrginia
has a poet office, a public pound, and a branch of the South Australian insurance
company. The hotels are the Nev Wheatsheaf inn (Saint's,) and the Virginia
(Guidera's.) The surrounding countrjnconsists principally of slightly undulating plains
with no eminences of any note; it is eminently adapted for agricultural pursuits, and
with very slight exception is all taken up and under cultivation, which is carried on
generally and in an admirable manner. The population of Virginia numbers 165
persons, there being 37 men, 35 women, and 73 children in the township and its outskirts.
vkvOHHE BAT (Kangaroo island) is an excellent bay situated 'on the S. side
of the island, 5 miles N.E. i £. from cape Eersaint. The entrance is obstructed by
an extensive reef, known as th£ Snares. This bay receives the water of 2 small streams,
known as the rivers Eleanor and Harriet.
VXTOXnrS cape {Flinders district W.) is the S. horn of Denial bay, and has a
few rocks off its extremity. From this point the coast trends to the E. into Decres bay.
VON RIEBENS {Co. Eyre.) See North- West Bend.
WADNABDNGA SPRINGS RUN (N.K district;) lease. No. 1125; occupiers,
H. and R. P. Boucaut; area, 12 square miles; rental, £6 per annum. This run lies in
the pastoral country of Eastern plains, the next post town being Eooringa, to the W.
WABSBBEA& GAIPE (Flinders district) is a spot on the E. coast of Fowler's
bay, where good water can be obtained by digging in the sand-hills. There is a small
salt lagoon lying to the S. W. of this place, which lies on the track of Eyre's terrible
journey from port Lincoln to Western Australia, in 1840. The surroundinglcountry is
an arid and scrubby desert, but much of the back country is taken up for pastoral
purposes.
WAITE'S HILL RUN (N.E. district;) leases, Nos. 576, 572, 316, and 506; occu-
pier, P. Waite; respective areas of leases, 239, 118, 16, and 12 square miles. This run
lies in the pastoral country of Eastern plains, near Black rock, the next post town being
Eooringa, to the E.
WAITPXNGA {Co, Airtdmarsh) is a S. hundred of the county, extending from
cape Jervis to Rosetta head, and containing about a fourth part of its area in purchased
land, principally taken up for agricultural purposes.
WAKBFXSUD, MOUNT {Kangaroo island,) is a peak in the scrubby pastoral
country in the middle of the island.
WAKSrij^LD, PORT, 34'' 10" S. lat.. ISS"" lO' E. long. {Cos. Stanley and Cfawler,)
is a postal township and port in the electoral district of Stanley, and hundreds c^
Goyder and Inkerman, situated at the E. side of the head of the gulf of St. Vincent,
and being the place where the wool and other produce of the pastoral country of the
counties Daly, Stanley, and Gawler are shipped. There is an aboriginal station at
this place.
WAKEFIELD RIVER (Cos. Gawler and Stanley) is a fine stream rising in the
S.E. part of the county Stanley, and flowing in a W. direction into the head of the
gulf of St. Vincent at port Wakefield. It is singularly curved during its course, and
contains deep waterholes'and a permanent current of good water. It is fed b^ several
small creeks &t its upper part, and flows through good pastoral and agricultural
coi^ntry.
WASEnEUI>9 UPPER {Co. Stanley,) is a district council in the electoral
district of Stanley. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being
M. A. Eing, of Watervale, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this
district council for 1865 were as follow:— Assessment, £15,083 16s. 9d.— rate, 9d in
the pound; rates collected, £507 18s. 6^; total receipts, £1190 19s. ll^d.; office
expenses and salaries, £1392 Is. 5d.; expended on public works, £758 8s. 6d. The
population numbers 2299 persons; the area is 100 square miles, or 64.000 acres; land
under cultivation, 17,764 acres; and number of dwelUng-houses, 419.
WASErnS&Bi UPPER {Co. Stanley,) is a S. hundred of the county, consisthig
almost exclusively of purchased land, largely taken up for agricultural purposes. The
townships of Auburn and Watervale lie in this hundred.
WAX.BSGBATS ISLANDS, 33'' 36' S. lat., 134"" 44' E. long. (Flinders dtt-
Wict W,J is the name given to two islands in the Investigator group-— a large and a
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Wal] The South Australian Oazettser. 261
small one-flying off the S.E, head of Anxious bay. Under the larger island Flinders's
ship, the /iat;e«a'yator, anchored in 1802, and found shelter during a strong breeze at
S.W. by S. This island is joined to the mainland by a sunken reef in a narrow
channel, and to the small island a mile W. of it by a similar obstacle. These islands
are the most northern part of the Investigator group.
WALDSG&ATE POINT RUN (TF. e^is^nc^;) lease, No. 664; occupiers, W. J.and
J. H. Browne; area, 11 square miles; rental and assessment, £111 8s. 4d. This run
lies at Waldegraye point, the next post office being at lake Hamilton.
WAULSRVXLLE (Co. Adelaide) is a small postal village suburban to Adelaide,
in the electoral district of Yatala, hundred of Adelaide, and under the control of the
district council of Walkerville. It is situated on the Torrens river, in an agricultural,
wheat, and hay growing district. There is a post office, a brewery (Ball & Huntley*s,)
a store, and 2 hotels— the Sussex Arms and the Walker's Arms— in the village. There
are several small farmers and gardeners in the village, and a number of suburban
residences of gentlemen having business in Adelaide. The nearest places are ^ails-
worth, three-quarters of a mile N.; Modbury, 7 miles N.E.; Payneham, 2 miles E.;
and Stepney, 1 mile S.E. The communication with these places is by suburban
omnibus from Adelaide, with which place the communication from Walkerville is by
Pyweirs and Tucker's conveyances throughout the day. A coach also runs from
Walkerville to Modbury twice a-day. The surrounding country is low and flat, and
of limestone formation. Walkerville has a public pound, a Foresters' court, and an
Oddfellows' lodge. The resident magistrate is G. C. B. Hawker, Esq., J. P.
WAZiSSRVHiZiE (Co, Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral district of
Yatala. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one being Mr. E. Smith, of
Medindie, Walkerville, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district
council for 1865 were as follow: — Assessment, £3809 — rate, Is. in the pound; rates
collected, £180 14s.; total receipts, £494 6s. 6d; office expenses and salaries, £52 Os. 2d.;
expended on public works, £366 1 3s. The population numbers 660 persons; the area is
1 square mile, or 640 acres; land under cultivation, 285 acres; and number of dwelling-
houses, 165. '
WAZ.X.ABT, MOUNT {Flinders district,) is a peak in the W. end of the Gawler
range, first seen by Hack in his journey from Streaky bay to the head of Spencei^s
gulf in 1857. The surrounding country it now taken up for pastoral purposes.
WALLACE, MOUNT, STATION (iVr.(iw«Wc«;) lease. No. 403; occupier, thehon.
J. Baker; area, 81 square miles. The station is pdirt of the Pernunna run— which see.
WALL ALA RUN {W. district;) leases, Nos. 972 and 973; occupier, J. W.Framp-
ton; respective areas, 38 and 28 square miles; total rent, £34 per annum. This run lies
at Streaky bay, the next post town being Flinders.
WALLAROO, 33° 58' S. lat., 137° 30' E. long.' (Co. Daly;) is a postal mining
township in the electoral district of port Adekude and hundred of Wallaroo. It lies on
and forms part of the Kadina mineral flat, and has no streams or natural surface water
anywhere in the district. The country is exclusively taken up for pastoral purposes
and under mineral leases, there being large copper mines near the township known as the
Wallaroo mines, and others at a short distance, at Kadina, Moonta, and other places.
(See Kadina.) The Wallaroo mines were visited by Mr. Austin in 1863, and described
by him as follows: — ''Little more than three years sinc6, some excitement was caused
in Adelaide by the announcement that a valuable discovery of copper had been made
on Captain W. W. Hughes's sheep run at Wallaroo. Copper had been found on the
peninsula years before; but the small attempts made at the time to trace the lode were
not so successful as to lead to any extended operations. The excitement I have alluded
to did not at once 4)ecome general, but before many months had elapsed there was a
perfect furore for securing * claims' at Wallaroo. To such an extent did this proceed,
that, to my knowledge, persons who had never seen the place went to the Land office
and, asking to see the plans, indicated two or three spots where they desired to take out
claims; and some of these 'dips in the lucky bag' resulted satis&ctorily! I think I
should scarcely exaggerate if I were to say that hundreds of claims were taken out for
no other reason than they were north, south, east, or west, of some other claim said to
contain copper! Some really good discov'eries were made, and many persons who
undertook a systematic search for mineral on the peninsula were well rewarded for
their trouble. But notwithstanding all the * splendid prospects,' I think I shall not b#
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262 The South AmtrdLian Gazetteer. • [Wal
wrong in saying that not more than half-a-dozen out of the hundreds of 'promiskig
mines' on Yorke's peninsula show at the present time any prospect of proving
remuneratiye; and not even half that number are as yet actually paying. Still this ia
a wonderful mineral district, and when the bad effects of the mania shall have pslssed
away, and mining is pursued in a legitimate and less speculative way, it may be that
still greater riches may be brought to light. Of 'course the treasury benefited largely
by the unexpected influx of wealth, derived fi*om the rents of so many sections; besides,
2 large townships were laid out and the land sold at a high price; but, as usual, the
proceeds of the whole were absorbed in the general revenue, and the locality which
had added so much to the public funds received the usual amount of official neglect la
return. The inhabitants complain, and very justly, that nothing has been done by
the government to improve their roads; and notwithstanding the scheme for drainage
— so essential to the successful prosecution of mining at Wallaroo — which was laid
before Parliament, no action has been taken, and the working of one really valuable
mine has been stopped in consequence of the 'mad water.' Acres are covered, for a
depth of 2 or 3 feet, with water pumped out of the mines, and which must soon perco-
late back through the light porous soil. Besides this evil, the health of the inhabitants
is likely to suffer from the amount of stagnant water which can find no natural outlet.
The surveyor-general, in his report, estimated that at least a fair interest on the cost
of constructing a drain would be readily paid by the mining companies— yet
nothing is done. Perhaps the present Parliament will move in the matter.
Private enterprise is generally in advance of governments, and so it has proved a4>
Wallaroo, for a railway has been constructed from the mines to the port, a distance
of about 5 miles, by Mr. A. H. Gouge, the Peto of South Australia. Since Mr. Gouge
got the railway into working order, a company has purchased it, Mr. Gouge, however,
retaining a considerable share. It is in contemplation to extend a branch from port
Wallaroo to the Moonta mines (9 miles) as the present line is paying handsomely. I
should also state that a fine jetty has been constructed at the port, so that although
clo^in shore the water is shoal, vessels of 1000 tons can load and discharge in safety at
the*|etty, which is connected with the railway. Before commencing a description of
the mines, I may state that the two townships contain many very substaintial buildings,
the hotels being equal to any in Adelaide. The population of the peninsula, which 3
years ago consisted of a few shepherds, besides Captain Hughes and his family, in a few
months after the opening of the mines began to be reckoned by thousands; the
number of the inhabitants at the present time is somewhere about 6000. The land
is low and undulating, and, in the latitude of the mines it stretches for about
30 miles between the 2 gulfs. The soil is loose and sandy, and abundance of
limestone is found in nodules and blocks on the surface. This part of the peninsula
is well-grassed, in large patches of pasture land, surrounded by mallee fkirub.
The first mine which attracts the attention of the traveller proceeding from Clinton, or
port Arthur, to Wallaroo, is * The Cumberland,' which is prettily situated to the left
(S.) of the road, on open rising ground, surrounded by scrub. The buildings of the
mine are plainly seen from the road, although about a mile and a-half distant, ^oon
after the working of this mine was commenced, what appeared to be a fine lode was
discovered on the surface, but it proved to be only a boil, and rani out in about 3
fathoms. Some fine galena was also met with in a similar way. A considerable
amount of work was done with the view of finding the lost lode, but without success.
8 shafts were sunk, one of which was, at the time, the deepest on the peninsula, viz.,
27 fathoms; and many fathoms of drives were made, besides costeening. Above 3
tons of good ore, altogether, were raised here; but eventually the mine was abandoned.
X shall not pretend to enumerate, much less to give a notice of, all the ' mines' started
in this district. I may, however, briefly allude to some of the unsuccessful ones, and
amongst these are *The Finniss claims,' which really deserved to have resulted in a
good mine, from the patient, untiring perseverance displayed by t|je unfortunate pro!-
prietcrs. If some others had pursued as legitimate and systematic a course of genuine
mining, in search of ore, as did the Finniss claims company, the state of affairs in
connection with their pockets and their claims might have been very different from wha^
it is. One of the flrst mines which commenced working at Wallaroo after the original
^allaroo mines was the New Cornwall." (See JSTew Cornwall Mine.) The' others
are the Matta-Matta, KurfUa, Duryea. Yalta, Moonta, ^arkarilla, Wheal Stuart, and
Wheal Humby— which see respectively. The Wallaroo mine proper is better known
by the names of the shafts, the " Home" and ** Wombat." There are also Tavlorf
engine shaft, Young's shaft, and Hughes's engine shafl;; the last is the deepest^ >>^^
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WalJ The South Australian Gazetteer. 368
down 40 £Eitbom8. The Home shaft is the next in point of depth, being down 24
fathoms; and the rest are all about 20 fathoms deep. There is also Smith's shaft,
which will not be used at present for want of sufficient drainage to carry off the water.
The inconvenience suffered from want of drainage is manifest at all the mines on the
peninsula, and unless some prompt action is ta^n in the matter it will become very
serious. Captain Warmington states that— "At these mines he has just been obliV^
to discharge 12 boys in order to allow of a pair oftributers washing their ore; and this
need not have been the case had the drainage been such as to admit of arrangements
being made to enable the boys and tributers to work at the same time. Thus the poor
lads are thrown out of employment, and the mine is deprived of the benefit of th^
services. The shafts referred to above are all sunk, at considerable intervals apart,
on the same lode, running E. and W., and a very considerable length of drives has been
made on the course of the lode, besides a large amount of stoping having been done.
In Hughes's shaft, at the 40-fathom level, a drive has been carried E. on a splendid
course of solid ore, 8 feet in width. At the 30-fathom level and 20-fathom level, E. of
Hughes's shaft, there was an extraordinary course of ore, the lode having opened out
to a width of 30 feet of good yellow ore, a little intermixed with spar, and having a
very small * horse' in it, but worth nearly 60 tons to the fathom of ore which would
produce, as raised, probably 12 per cent, of copper. This course of ore had increased
reguUrly from 10 feet wide at the 10-fathom level, to 20 feet at the 20, and so on. Ten
fiithoms further E. the lode is 8 feet wide of solid ore. The prevailing nature of the
ore in this mine is yellow sulphuret, but a variety of ore has been met with in the
course of the workings — red and grey oxides, carbonates and muriates, and a little
malleable copper. The average produce of the ores from this mine, I suppose, does
not exceed 15 per cent., but the quantity is enormous, and the close proximity to a
shipping port (5 miles) and the convenience of a railway passing within a few fathoms
of the shafts, would enable the mine to pay with a much lower produce. The extensive
smelting works erected at pqrt Wallaroo by the proprietors of this mine should also
assist in increasing the profits of the undertaking. These will be noticed by-and-bye.
There are two engines at present at work, both high pressure, one of 24 and the other
of 18 inch cylinder; the latter is used for crushing as well as pumping. An engine-
house is just completed for the reception of a fine new Cornish pumping engine,
rec«itly imported, of 60-inch cylinder. This will work at Taylor's shaft." Not to tire
the reader with a more detailed description of the works at these wonderful mines, the
best account we can give of them is the following statement of the quantity of ore
raised:— The total quantity of ore sent away from the mines, from the commence-
ment to the 31 St January, this year, was 15,910 tons 12 cwt. ; and, probably,
from 1500 to 2000 tons more are now at grass. About 300- men are employed
at wages varying from 4s. 6d. to 7s. 6d. per day. About half-a-mile S. from
the Wallaroo mines we see the now abandoned " new Devon mine," which was,
for a time, worked with very good prospects of success ; some fine ore was raised
from a very proroisihg branch lode, but it did not hold oat. With regard to
the prospects of • these mines, ihe Wallaroo Times of September 26th, 1866,
says: — ''Although no startling discoveries of minerals have been made during
the past month, yet the progress of mining events has been generally satisfactory.
Our great mines continue to yield ore In increasingly large quantities, and cf th«
usual percentage, whilst our smaller mines, with one or two exceptions, still keep up
their accustomed supplies. The Wallaroo mines are, we af e informed, greatly improving
and it is 'said that before long they will equal if not excel the Moonta. The lodes,
as they descend, without diminishing in size, increase in richness. The lode dis-
covered some months since whilst cutting a drain is turning 'out large quantities of
ore, and is proving itself to be the richest lode on the mine, the ore containing
upwards of 20 per cent, of copper. The new engine at the Wandilta is nearly
completed, and will be set to work shortly. Operations are still pressed forwai^
vigorously at the adjoining mine — the New Cornwall. The results of kite have not
been of a very encouraging character, but there is scarcely any donbt that the mine
eventually will pay handsomely. The yield from the Matta is much the same
as hitherto. The Matta mine is stated to be out of debt — a significant indicatioa
of progress— and is in other respects going on in a highly satisfactory manner. ^ There
has been a partial stoppageof operations at the Earkarilla mine. A call of £2 per share
has been agreed upon, ai^ we expect soon to see the works pushed on more vigorously
than ever. Between 60 and 70 tributers are employed, and are making, it is said, fiur
wages. Upwards of 155 tons of or€^ averaging 28 per ceuW^ were sent away from, tbto
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264 The SotUh Australian Oazetteer. [Wal '
Telta mine daring the month of Angust, in addition to which a large quantity was at
grass awaiting carriage. The yarious lodes in this mine continue to yield ore of excel*
lent quality and in moderate abundance. There is a well-defined lode at the Euko, bat
as yet there has not been much copper met with. A new shaft is about to be sunk at
the Poona, the proprietors being sanguine of cutting copper there. A lode exists, bat
there is no copper ore in it. The indications, howeyer, are said to be very 'keenly.'
The Wilkawat yields occasional stoves of ore from a lode which at a greA«r depth
is expected t<> become a paying one. We have received no particulars as to the value
of the discovery. There are a good many little prospecting companies at work in the
district, and the indications in some of the claims lead to the hope that they will turn
out paying concerns. On the oth^ side of the gulf there are various parties of men at
work. Some splendid specimens of ore have been received from the Telpie mine, and
this property will, we have no doubt, in time amply remunerate the spirited proprietors
for their outlay. The increase in the produce of the Wallaroo and Moonta mines
is evinced by the additional furnaces in course of erection at the smelting works.
These additions comprise 8 reducing furnaces, 2 refining furnaces, and a number
of calciners, and when the new furnaces are in operation they will afibrd the
means of augmenting the weekly yield of pure copper to about 100 tons. A Moonta
correspondent also sends us the following: — *'I have visited or made inquiry
about nearly all the mines in this neighbourhood, and find they are, on the whole,
looking promising. At the Telta they are sending up a fine pile of yellow ore, and the
lode is very good in the ends, &c. At the Wheal James the lode is about 2 feet 6 inches
wide, and contains black ore and mundic, and is said to resemble the lodes in Cornwall
more than most lodes in the colony. There is copper in 3 shafts now at Wheal Hughes.
In the last, or No. 3 shaft, they have got malleable copper very good. At the Euko
they have commenced to drive at the 14-fathom level, with the hope of meeting with
the lode which is thought to be a little south of the shaft. The appearances are
said to be very encouraging. The i'oona is still very p«or, as the miners say. Still
everyone is convinced that it will prove a remunerative mine. Things are not
very cheering at the Earkarilla. A good part of the mine is now set on tribute.
The proprietors of these mines exhibited at the Melbourne exhibition of 1866
yellow ore, copper pyrites, from the 50-fathom levels, 25 to 30 per cent. — and from
the 20 to 50-fathom levels, 20 to 30 per cent.; purple copper, from the 10>fathoni
levels, 40 to 50 per cent; muriate of copper, Irom surface to 5-fathom level, 20 to 30
percent; grey ore, from the 10-fathom levels, 40 to 50 per cent.; red copper ore, red
oxide, from the 10-fathom levels, 50 to 60 per cent.; irony copper ore, with muriate,
firom the 5-fathom levels, 25 to 30 per cent. ; grey ore, red oxide with native copper,
from the 10-fathom' levels, 50 to 60 per cent.; muriate of copper, from the 5-fathom
levels, 20 to 30 per cent; black ore, with native copper, from the 10 to 20-fathom
levels, 40 to 50 per cent.; black and yellow ore, from the 30-fathom levels, 20 to 30 per
cent.; clay slate— the country in which the lodes of the Wallaroo mines run. Four
photographic views descriptive of the works.
** The smelting works at Wallaroo are the most extensive in the colony, and the
largest, I believe, out of Swansea. There are at present 22 furnaces, under a gal-
vanised iron roof, measuring 695 feet in length, by 55 in breadth; iO feet high to the
wall-plate, and 18 feet to the ridge; besides a refinery containing 3 furnaces, and mea-
suring 80 feet by 50 feet in tli^ clear, and 27 feet high. The sides of the shed over the
fhrnaces being necessarily open, the roof is supported on massive stone arches. When
rain falls, an immense quantity of water is collected on so large a surface. Tanks are
con8ti*ucted to hold 50,000 gallons of water, and during a heavy shower the water from
the roof completely fills the main pipe, of 8 inches diameter, leading to the tanks.
18 furnaces are at present in operation, besides the 3 refining fumaoes. Wood is
burned in the latter, and in some of the others; the remainder bum coal. Over the
furnaces is a tramway, leading from the place where the ore is prepared for smelting,
and the crushed ore is put into a truck having a simple contrivance for tilting, so as
to shoot the contents into the hoppers over the furnaces. The building runs parallel
with the beach, and close to the sea is a culvert 6 feet high and 6 feet wide, built of
stone and slabs of slag from the furnaces, moulded into the shape of bricks, but much
larger. , This culvert, running parallel to the furnaces, receives the smoke from them,
'through flues passing downwards into it, and communicates with the chimney-stack
by means of another culvert at right angles to it. A tremendous draught is thus
obtained, and the heat generated is intense. We walked into a part of the culvert, and,
through an aperture in a temporary party wall, could see, feel, and hear the eflfects of
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Wjcl] The South Australian Gazetteer, 26S
the tremendous blast of hot air rushing through. The chimney-stack is a fine pile of
bricks and mortar, being 120 feet in height, 24 feet square at the base, and 12
feet at the summit. The walls at the lower part are 5 feet in thickness,
haying a lining of firebrick, and a space or chamber for the admission of cold air
between the exterior and interior of the stack. The air is admitted through holes in
the ground, which lead to apertures in the foundation of the stack; these holes are
coyered with gratings. Nearly 300,000 bricks have been employed in this erection.
This huge chimney is on a bankT about 25 or 30 feet aboye the ground where the
furnaces are built, and a fiue or culyert slopes upwards from the culvert behind the
furnaces to the base 'of the chimney, which is 150 feet from the culvert connected with
the furnaces. The assay office in connection with this establishment is very complete,
and fitted up with every convenience. The draughts necessary for blowing the fires
are introduced from the large culvert near the great chimney. There are two or three
furnaces of different descriptions, and a sand bath for boiling chemical tests in porcelain
yessels. To prevent any danger from the fumes there is a glass cover over the sand
bath, 80 that the operator can watch the process, while the fumes are carried through
a flue to the outside of the building. Mr. Ludwig Sieger, of the University of Munich,
has the appointment of assayer and analytical chemist, and rejoices in the completeness
of the Establishment over which he presides. There are- also 4 large furnaces for
burning the yellow sulphuret ores, to drive off the sulphur, before putting them into
the smelting furnaces. A few bushels of wood are sufficient to start them, and the ore
will continue to burn fiercely until the sulphur is consumed; a great saving of fuel is
thus effected. There is a crushing engine of 16-horse powef, for reducing the ore to
powder before smelting. The offices, &c., v^ connection with the establishment make
it as complete as could be desired. The erection of these iqfimense works was planned
and designed by Messrs. G. and E. Hamilton, architects and civil engineers, Adelaide,
and I believe they received several suggestions, as to the practical part from Mr. Lysson
Jones, the superintendent of the smelting, and formerly of the Patent Copper company's
works at the Burra, and more recently of Eapunda. About 150 hands are employed here,
besides wood-carters, and the rate at which pure copper is made is, at present, from 36 to
40 tons per week; much more could be accomplished if the works were in full operation."
The proprietors of these works exhibited at the Melbourne exhibition of 1861 a
number of specimens of ore in yarious stages, also of coarse and refined copper, and of
sulphur and superphosphate of lime produced at the works. The nearest places to
Wallaroo are Eadina, S.E., distant 6| miles, situated on a plain near Wallaroo mines;
Moonta, S., distant 11 miles, situated about 4 miles from the sea; the communication
being by tramway. With Adelaide, 116 miles S.£., the communication is by coaoh
oyer natural road, or by coasting vessel. The hotels are the Globe, Cornucopia,
Prince of Wales, Ship inn. Commercial, Wallaroo inn, and Smelters' home. There is
in the township the office of the EacUna and Wallaroo railway and pier company
(limited,) with extension to Moonta. The surrounding country is gently undulating;
the highest land for 20 miles from the sea does not rise to a greater height than 200 or
250 feet. The geological formation is the tertiary, we believe, but presents several
peculiar features, here and there a kind of bastard granite or sienite is seen cropping
"out; porphyritic and quartzose rocks are found, also schistose rocks, sandstone,
indurated clay slate, schorl, micaceous rock^, &c.; but limestone of various kinds and
degrees of hardness is very abundant A rock, which is believed to be a kind of
limestone, is full of fossils of shells and fish. It is intensely hard, and being found in
large blocks is used for building the engine houses on the mines. The geological forma,
tion of the peninsula, in connection with its vast mineral deposits, render it a place of
interest to the scientific student. Game abounds here in the shape of kangaroo,
'wombats, wallaby, and sin^ilar animals; turkeys also are by no means uncommon,
while wild ducks and even geese are found in the winter season, besides other birds,
including the native companion. No springs of good fresh water are found within
seyeral miles of Wallaroo, the water obtained by digging being in every case intensely
salt. The population numbers about 2000 persons. Wallaroo has a local court, a
post and money order office, a telegraph station, a jetty at the port, an aboriginal
station, an Oddfellows' lodge, a Foresters' court, a public pound, a volunteer rifle
corps, and branches of the National bank and the South Australian insurance company.
The resident magistrates are J. Duncan, P. A. Nation, J. B. Shepherdson, and
J. B. Young, Esqs. It has been proposed to construct a tramway from Wallaroo to
Clare, and the committee appointed to inquire into the practicability of the scheme have
brought up their report:— '' The computed length ot the line from Eadida to the
Digitized by LjOOQIC
»66 * The South dmtrdian Gazetteer. [Wa3C
■ngge«ted terminal ppint < near the western range In the hundred of Clare/ allowing
for deviations, is 55 miles, and the estimated cost, at £1700 per mile, is £93,500, to
which they add £6500 for stations, stables, and extras, making a total of £100,000.
The cost of trucks, horses, and harness is put down at £2556, and the working
expenses of one year are reckoned at £5228 16s. The total traffic is estimated at 20
^ns per day during 312 working days in the year, and the price of carriage at 20s.
per ton. The passenger traffic is put down at the very moderate estimate of 4
passengers each way daily, at 10s. each. The total annual traffic which it is thoughl;
could be reckoned on, supposing the railway were now con^pleted, would thus.amouiit
to £7492; but it is estimated that in 3 years' time— which is the earliest time the
railway is likely to be completed-*tbe traffic would be double what is is at present."
The report concludes thus: — ** 1st. This tramway would pass through 45 miles of
unsold Crown lands, thereby materially enhancing their Yalue. Say it would enhaaoe
their value to the same e^nt of 5s. per acre tor 5 miles on ea6h side of the road, each
mile of tramway would raise the value of 10 square miles of land, or, in other words,
each mile of tramway would raise the value of 6400 acres of land 5s. per acre, or
£1600 per mile, thus providing for the repayment to the government of £72,000 out (^
the total of £100.000 required. 2nd. It would greatly stimulate the production of ^
the minor kinds of agricultural produce in the northern hundreds by qpeniog up m
paarket for them, of which they are at present entirely devoid; and wheat, by reducing
the price of carriage to the sea-board (tliis item falling more heavily on the farmers in
these districts than any other in South Australia, and oftentimes amounting to one-
third of its value,) it wo»ld reduce this from Is. 3d. per bushel, its average rate, to 6d^
thereby affording great relief to the agriculturists. It would greatly facUitate commu-
nication between two of the most popdlous and industrious communities in the
province, mutually benefitftig both, and would open a first-class port frequented by
shipping with every convenience (the jetty being already made) for the export of the
yearly increasing agricultural produce of the northern hundreds."
WALLAROO {Co. Daly) is a hundred lying on the W. side of the county, and on
the E. side of Spencer's gulf. It is celebrated for its copper mines which lie at Wallaroo,
Moonta and Eadina, both townships in the hundred. The seaport of Wallaroo lies on
the coast, and is also within the hundred. The purchased land is limited in extent.
In this hundred is a steam flour mill, working 2 pairs of stones by a steam engine of 12
horse-power.
WALLAB4I0 ;PORT or Bat, (Co. Daly,) is a shipping po^t lying on the W.
rst of Yorke's peninsula, near the township of Wallaroo, and is an important place i<s»t
exportation of copper from tl^ Wallaroo, Kadina, Moonta and other mines on tke
peninsula. A dangerous reef, nearly dry, lies about 10 miles W. by S. of t^is bay.
WALL (Co. Sturt) is an agricultural settleftien^ near Reedy/ creek, and situated
between the townships of Tungkillo and Mannum. It is iuhabited by a few formers
engaged in the culture of wheat and other produce.
WALL CREEK {Flindere district N.) is a good gum ereek with grassy banks lying
to the N. of the Bagot range and on Sturt's exploration route of 1860. There is abundance
of mulga scrub in the neighbourhood of this creek, with gum trees having large goulj'
swellings growing in the sandy soil. The bark of these trees is smooth, and of a pure
white; the trees are affected with gall-flies, which produce gall nuts as large as turnips,
the larvae having somewhat the taste of artichokes, and being considered a luxuiy bj
^e aborigines.
WAL]4AXf|VFIV!f postal name S.910KT Bat, 32"* 15' S. lat., ISS'' 50" E. long*
^Flinders district,) is a postal station in the electoral district of Elinders, lying on th.^
coast of Smoky bay, and being the central post office for the surrounding country. It
lies about 4 miles from an inlet of the sea, not navigable, called Lindsay creek, whicb
flows into the head of the bay. The district is exclusively a pastoral one, sheep being
largely depastured on the belts of available country in the neighbourhood. The nearest
^ace is the township of FJiinders, on the E. coast of Streaky bay, at 45 miles distant
S.S.E., the copamunication being by horse or private conveyance, and the mail being
Cf^rried on horseback. With Adelaide, 450 miles S.E., the communication is by coast*-
^g vessel, or overland to port Lincoln, and thence by steamer. The surroundinjr
country is low and flat, gmdually rising inland, but to no great height. It consists^
If^ndy flats and scrubby plains, with salt lakes, and occasional patches of llgh&^r
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Wal— Wab] The SoiOh Australian Gazetteer. 267
grassed and timbered land. Water is obtained bv digging wells in t|ie sand-banks
lining the shore. There is an aboriginal station at this place. I'he geological formation
jl3 limestone. •
WAT.MA HIPPIE STATION (W, district;) occupiers, Heath and \yoold#dge.
'This run includes the stations known as Alpachina, TonnamuUa, Edrielpa, Prorelliday
Cardella, Muraminga, Wangalongoorina, and Choonbeingina, and has an area of 200
square miles, and a grazing capability of 10,000 sheep, there beipg also 12 horses on
the run. It lies 45 miles N.W. of the township of Flinders, Streaky bay. This run
includes leases Nos. 796, 917, and 947. '
WAIiIiOWAT STATION (N. district;) occupier. Price Maurice, is part of the
Pekina run— which see. This station comprises leases, Nos. 311 and 383, and has a
total area of 170 square miles.
WAbNA RUN {W. district;) lease, No. 62a; occupier, W. J. and T. H. Browne;
firea, 7 square miles; grazing capability, 700 sheep, or 100 per square mile; Goyder's
Yfduatibn, £15 per annum, deducting improvements valued at £50. This run lies on
Sleaford bay, 12 miles south of port Xincoln and 420 miles overland from Adelaide.
This, with other leases held by the same)occupiers, grazes 6200 sheep and 26 head of
cattle, and has an area of 108 square miles.
t WAITDILLA ((7o. Burra) is the head station of J. and A, Hallett, and lies
near Eooringa. See also Caroona.
WANEA {Flinders district.) See Ponara.
WAirGAXONGOORnrA STATION (W. district) lies 60 miles N.W. of the
township of Flinders; occupiers. Heath and Wooldridge. See Wallianippib.
WANG ART (or Waunqebri) L AKE (Flinders district PT.) is a picturesque sheet
oi water, lying about 25 miles W. of port Lincoln, in good pastoral country. It is 1^
miles long and f mile wide. The surrounding land is of excellent quality. The next
post town is Warrow, 10 miles distant N.W., with which place there is commmil cation by
mail car once a fortnight. There is a post office apd 1 hotel — the Traveller's Best-^at
Wangary, which lies 236 miles W. of Adelaide.
WANGABT RUN N. {W, district;) lease, No. 73a; occupier, W. R. Mortlock;
area, 10 square miles; grazing capability, 450 sheep, or 45 per square mile; Goyder's
Valuation, £15 per annum. This run lies to the N. of lake Wangary, and 23 miles W.
by N. of port Lincoln. On this, and on the Wallana, Strawberry hill, and other runa
held by the same lessee, are 18,000 sheep and 50 head of horses.
WAVGAItT BUN, S.E, CW. district;) leases, Nos. 146 and 495; occupiers
B. and H. Holroyd; respective areas of leases, 14 and 10 square miles. This run lies
to the S.E. of lake Wangary, the next post office. Bentals, £42 and £1 7 10s. per annum.
WANILLA BUN, No. 1. (TF. district;) lease. No. 75; occupier, J. Anderson;
area, 18 square miles; grazing capacity, 2700 sheep, or 150 per square mile; Gojder's
Taluation, £143 8s. per annum, deducting improvements valued at £58. This run lies
20 miles N.N.E. of port Lincoln, and 395 miles by overland route from Adelaide. This
rmi also includes lease. No, 547, which has an area of 44 square miles.
WANILLA BUN N., No. 3 ( W. district;) lease, No. 741 ; occupier, P. Levi; area,
42 square 'miles; rental, £21. This run lies 20 miles NJ^.E. of port Lincoln.
WANKAB2NGA STATION {N, K district) is a squatting station, occupied by
G. Hiles, and lying 25 miles N.E. of Black rock. It has an area of 270 square miles,
and a grazing capability for 18,900 sheep, or 70 sheep to a mile. The head station is
Mtmgibbie.
^ANOTTA CBEIBIK {Flinders district N,) is a small creek flowing in the pastoral
(sheep) country round mount Deception. It is about 12 miles distant from the postal
^tion of Beltana or mount Deception.
lf7A^LAFZ>TSi: ISLAND {Yorke's iminsula) is a name of Wardpng island-r
wbich see.
'^ABAV^TEV; STATION (Fori(:e'si)f»in«t2(;(;) lease. No. 965; occupier, S.Gpldf-
WOTthy;^area, 8 square miles; rept and assessment, £10 Us. 8d. This run lies oi^
Wardong or Waranlteis island, in the £. part of Spencer's golf— the next post town
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268 The South Australian Gazetteer. fWAR
WARBU&T^ir 8 RANGE (Flinders district N.) is the name of a range of granite
hills, extending trom about 30° 30' to 30° 50' S. lat., and from 134'' 5' to 134° 30' E.
long., in a N.E. and S.W. direction. This range was crossed hj Stuart in his explora-
tioo^ourney of 1858. 'the country to theN. of this range is good but scrubb;^, and the
range is dfvided near the middle by a tract of flat country, containing numerous salt
lagoons, stretching from N. W. to S.E., in the direction of lake Gairdner, and probably
connected with that kike; there are also similar salt lagoons to the S.W. of the range.
The country generally consists of undulating stony plains, with narrow sand-hills and
lagoons, but no sign of permanent water.
WARBVATON'S SPRING {Flinders district N.) See Bbrespord's Bill, also
Blanche Cup. *
' ISLAND {Spencer's gulf.) See Sm J. Banks's Group.
WA&COWXS RUN {N. district;) leases, Nos. 233, 260, 27lB, 343, and 417; occu-
pier, P. Butler; respective areas of leases, 60, 30, 41, 16, and 79 square miles. This
run lies near Rawnsley's bluff, the next post office being at Eanyaka.
WAJtD ISLANDS, 83° 14' 15" S. lat., 134° 14' 20" E. long. {Flinders district W.,)
are 2 small islets lying about 8 miles W. of Flinders island, in the Investigator group.
The N. island is the larger, being half-a-mile in length, and 162 feet high. The smaller
island lies 2 miles S.E. of the larger. The passage between the Ward islands and*
Flinders island is safe only in daylight.
WA&DONG (or Wabaultee) ISLAND {Spencer's gidf) is a small island lying
off the W. coast of Yorke's peninsula, and separated from it by a narrow strait known
as port Victoria.
WA&ECHSTTA RUN {N. district;) lease, No. 594; occupier, Moorhouse and
Others; area, 33 square miles; rental, i;44. This run lies to th& W. of theHummocks,
the next post town being port Augusta.
WABJBNTA CREEK {N. district) is a stream rising in the ranges to the N. of
Nucaleena, and flowing W. into lake Torrens.
WA&SNTA RUN {N. district.) See Beltana.
WA&OON A (Flinders district W.) See Ponara.
WAROONEE RUN (N.E. district-;) lease. No. 756; occupier, J. Thyer; area,
100 square miles; rental, £50 per annum. This run lies in the Eastern plains, tiie
next post town being Kooringa, to the W.
WARRAKiaiBO RUN {N.E. district;) leases, Nos. 517a, 552, 985, 459a, 515,
and 141 A; occupier, S. Sleep; respective areas of leases, 18, 39, 117, 38, 40, and 33
square miles. This run lies near Wonaka, in the Eastern plains, the next post town
being Kooringa, to the W.
spring on the Warrowie run.
WA&&AWEENA RUN {N, district) is part of the Oratunga run— which see.
WABJtEN HASTINGS, MOUNT (Flinders district,) is the name of a peak of
an E. spur from the N.E. end of the main range, and on the S. bank of the Arcaroola
creek. The Welcome copper mine lies to the E. of this hill.
WABJtlNE&'S CKEEK {Flinders district) is a large salt creek, flowing in the
pastoral country to the S.W . of lake Eyre.
WABJtONIE, 32° SO' S.lat., 139° 20' E. long. {Flinders district,) is a detached
hill, lying in the pastoral district of Eastern plains.
WAR&OW {Flinders district) is the name of a postal station, the head station
of the run in the electoral district of Flinders, and lying on a flat at the base of the
Marble ranges, which lie due E. The country is a pastoral one, sheep grazing being
extensively carried on. Fort Lincoln lies 40 miles S.E., and lake Wangary 10
mUes S.E. ; the communication being by mail cart fortnightly. With Adelaide, 248
miles S.E., the communication is by mail car to port Lincoln, and thence by steamer.
The nearest hotel is at lake , Wangary. The surrounding country is mountainous,
with undulating flats, the formation being limestone and granite. The p^ulation
numbers 82 persons, including overseers, shepherds, labourers, women andchiidroi.
WABJtOW RUN ( W. district;) lease, No. 73; occupier, P. Maurice; area, 149 square
miles; grazing capability, 12,000 sheep, or 80 per square mile; Goyder's yahiation,'
•
Digitized by LjOOQIC
Wat — ^Wan] Hie SotUh AmtraUan Gazetteer. 269
iei95 16s., deducting improyements valued at £1271. This run also includes lease/
No. 740, which has an area of 30 square miles. It lies on the W. coast of the port
liincoln peninsula— the head ttation being at lake Greenly, 16 miles N.E. of Coffin's
bay, and 35 miles N.W. of port Lincoln.
WATS&BOLESv {Co. Qawler and Stanley,) See Undaltaj the latter being the
native name for waterhole.
WATE&BOVSE {Co, Bohe) is a hundred lying on the W. side or coast of the
county. It contains the harbour of Guichen bay and the seapoxit township ot Kobe, and
has a considerable quantity of sold land. It is not well adapted for agriculture, being
sandy and containing seventl swampy lagoons, with muddy banks encrusted with saline
petrifactions.
WATERLOO ((7o. Light) is a village lying on the main road between Eooringa
and Adelaide, 7 miles S. of Black springs township. There is a steam flour mill, a
store, and an hotel—the Waterloo inn — in the village. It is situate on the Light river,
a few miles S. W. of Apoinga, the next post town.
WATERLOO (Co. Light) is a central hundred in the county consisting of^ur-
chased land, mostly taken up for agricultural purposes. It is watered on its W. side by
the Upper Light river and its E. tributary creeks. The township of .Hamilton, on the
main N. road, lies in the S. part of this hundred. The area of this hundred is 57,600
acres, of which 17,775 acres are under cultivation, the population numbering 1576
persons, chiefly agricultural.
WATERLOO HILL {Co. Light) is a lofty peak in a range of hills spurring from
the main range near Apoinga in a S. direction. This hill lies near the S. end of
the range, in the hundred of Waterloo, and about 4 miles N.E. of the township of
Hamilton.
WATE&PORT {Co. ffindmarsh) is a small suburb and adjunct of the township
of port Elliott, of which it forms part. See Hindhabsh County.
WATE&VALE ((7o. Stanley) is a postal township in the electoral district of
Stanley, hundred of Upper Wakefield, and under the control of the Upper Wakefield
district council. It lies on the main road from Kapunda to Clare, about 1 1 miles S. of
the latter, and 37 miles N.N.W. of the former place, 1 mile N. of Leasingham, and 5
miles N. of Auburn, the communication being by coach. With Adelaide, 84 miles S.,
the communication is by coach to E^apunda, and thence by rail. Watervale has a post
office and telegraph station, a school, and a Bible Christian chapel. The hotels are
the Donley Arms and the Prince of Wales. In the township are a Foresters' court
and a branch of the Adelaide assurance and guarantee company. The resident magis-
trates are A. King and J. Jacob, Esqs. Watervale lies on a creek of the same name,
a tributary of the Wakefield river, and the township is prettily situated in a valley at
the S. edge of the well-timbered district surrounding Clare.
WATSaWITCB CHANNEL {Flinders district TF.) is a channel 1^ mile in
width, bounded on the N. by the shoals to the S. of St. Peter's island, and on the S. by
& long sandspit, stretching N.W. from the N. of Eyre's island. It leads seaward out of
Smoky bay, and is safe and easy of navigation. The soundings vary from 3 to 5
fathoms, the N. side of the passage being deepest. ,
WATTS {Flinders district W.) is the name of a small roadside townshtp, lying
124 milel from Nornong. ^
WATTS'S CREEK {Flinders district N.) is a small creek lying to the N.W. of
Strzelecki creek, on Sturt's track of 1845.
WATTS'S SUGAR LOAF (N. district) is a peak of the main range lying on
the S.W. bank of Kanyaka creek, to the W. of Kanyaka, and 8 miles from Malone's
mine.
WATELE RANGE RUN {S.E. district;) lease, No. 212; occupier, li^s. Ann
Cameron; area, 26 square miles; grazing capability, 3800 sheep, or 152 per square mile.
Ooyder's valuation, £38 16s. per annum, deducting improvements, valued at £756.
The run lies 245 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 52 miles E.S.E. of Guichen bay.
WATTLEYILLE {Co, Adelaide) is a vineyard, the property and residence of the
faon. T. Reynolds, lying on the right of the Mitcham road, 2^ miles from Adelaide. There
is besides the vineyard a fine orchard, chiefly cultivated for fruits for the manufacture
of jams, which are made in large quantities on the premises.
WAVMGEMEtZE LAKE {Flinders district W.) See Wang^lbt Lakb.
Digitized by V^OOQIC
J170 The South AustraliaH GwmtUer. [Wka— Wb£
WSATl^S&STOlrt I<AKB {Fliiidtrs district, y.) is' a lake or lagoon of co>n-,
riderable area, situated 35 miles N.W. of the postal station of Beltana, or moukit'
Deception, in a pastond (sheep) countrj.
WEDGB HILL, 33° 15' S. lat., 135° E. long. (Flinders district W.,) is a solitary'
granite ridge lying in tolerably good pastoral Qountry to the N.£!. of lake Newland^
and about 20 miles from the coast at Anxious bay. It is a landmark for the surrounding'
country.
WZDOE HILL BUN E., No. 1 (W. district/) leases, Nos. 521a, 857, and 858j..
occupier, G. C. Hamp; respective areas of leases 9, 8, and 8 square miles. This ran
lies to the £. of Wedge hill, the next post office being lake Hamilton.
WEDGE HILL RUN £., No. 2 {W. district;) leases, Nos. 814 and 521; occupier,
J: M. M 'Bride; respective areas of leases, 11 and 9 square miles. This lease lies to
the E. of Wedge hill, the next post office being lake Hamilton.
WEDGE HILL RUN E., No. 3 (TT. district;) lease. No, 491; occupier, G. Han-
son; area, 47 square miles; rental, £72 9s. 2d. This run lies to the E. of Wedge hill,
near the hike Hamilton post office.
WEDGE HILL RUN N. (W. district;) lease, No. 580; occupier, C. W. Dutton;
area, 40 square miles ; rental, £56 13s. 4d. This run lies to the N. of Wedge hill, near
the lake Hamilton post office.
WEDGE HILL RUN S., No. 1 {W. district;) leases, Nos. 729 and 933; occupier,
J. W. Hamp; respective areas of leases, 20 and 8 square miles. This run lies to the
8. of Wedge hill, the next post office being at lake Hamilton.
WEDGE HILL RUN S,, No. 2 [W. district;) leases, Nos. 600, 970, 770, 768, 769,
411, 614, 495, 932, and 483; occupiers, Teanant and Love; respective areas of leases,
10, 20, 13, 24, 19, 50, 8, 10, 11, and 10 square miles. This run lies to the S. of Wedge
hill, the next post office being at lake Hamilton.
WEDGE ISLAND (Spencer's gulf.) See Gambibe Islbs.
WEEkEB.06, 32° 15' S. lat., 139'' 55' E. long. {Flinders district N.) is a detached
hill lying in the pastoral district of Eastern plains.
WELCOME MINE {Flinders district N.) is one of the Tudanamutana copper
mines, operations at which have been recently suspended on account of the drought.
The lode consists of steel grey oxide mixed with greenish grey ore; as the lode goes
down it seems very regular, and above 2 feet in width of solid ore, yielding between 40
and 50 per cent, of copper. The country is of soft whitish killas and a peculiar ^nd
of shaly sandstone singularly watermarked. A good road has been cut from these
mines to the Eastern plains, whence the route to port Augusta is easy.
WELCOME SPRINGS, 29** 40' S. lat., 137° 50' E. long. {Flinders district N.) is
a firesh water spring on the river Munday, lying in a tract of pastoral country to the S.
of lake Eyre. Fossil wood and shells are found in the argillaceous rocks near these
2 rings, the wood having the appearance of acacia, and the sheUs being marine, con-
iting of mussels, and 3 other species of bivalve, probably not of existing species.
Also the name given to a spring whose water is impregnated with soda, and smells
•like gunpowder until exposed to the air, when it becomes perfectly sweet. Itr lies to
the N. ot the Freeling range in the broken country, about 400 miles N. of Adelaide.
WELCOME SPRINGS RUN {N. district;) leases, Nos. 806, 924, and 925;
occupier, P. Levi; respective areas of leases, 126, 119, and 60 square miles. This run
lies to the N. of mount Attraction and at the Welcome springs, the next post town being
Tudanamutana.
WEUiZNGTON, 35° 20^ S. lat., 139° 30' E. long. {Cos. Sturtrand Russett) is a
postal township, divided by the river Murray into 2 parts, known separately as Wei-
ungton and East Wellington. The former is in the hundred of Brinkley, and county
of Sturt, and the latter in the hundred of Seymour and county of Russell, both being
under the control of the central road board. Wellington proper, or Wellington west^
is situated on the W. side of the river Murray, which flows into lake Alexandrina at a
distance of about 8 miles. The district is a pastoral one, the nearest places being
Langhorne's creek, 20 miles W., and Strathalbyn and Belvidere. The communfcatioa
is by mail coach four timeis a-week. There is telegraph communication between '
Wellington and Strathalbyn, and bn the south-east of the river telegraph commnniQii*
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Weic — Wms] Th& 8(nah Amtralian Gazetteer. 271
tion with BfeGrath'fl flat, Gnichen blEiy; Penola, Macdofimell bay, mount Gambier, and
through to Melbourne. With Adelaide, distance 69 miles N.W., the communication is by
mail coach four tim6s a-week. In West Wellington is the Wellington hotel, and in East
Wellington the Bushman's camp. A carrier^s wjEiggon plies once a-fortnigfat to
Adelaide, and boats are constantly trading on the river ftom Goolwa and Milang. The*
surrounding country is low, with sheoak, undulating hills back from the rirer, and
large reed flats and swamps, principally along the edge of water. The geological forma'-
tion is of sand, limestone, and light clay, and on the rises is better soil — light and black.
The population of West Wellington is about 600 persons, and of East Wellington
about 400. Wellington is only supported by the ferry crossing the rirer in the centre
of the township, constant transit going on of passengers, and always sheep and fat cattle
for the Adelaide markets. There is a telegraph station and post office, pie ferry office
and building, a police station, and a good school. Cod fish are to be had in
abundance when in season, and wild fowl of all descriptions.
East Wellington is situated on the E. side ot the river Murray, about half-a-mile
from its banks, and is connected with it by a causeway built through the swamp. The
nearest places are Wellington W., on the opposite bank of the river; Meninga, about
28 miles S.E. ; Brinkley, about 4 miles S.; and Magrath's flat, about 40 miles S. The
overland mail runs twice a-week to Magrath's flat, Salt creek, Kingston, Robe town,
Narracoorte, Penola, Tarpeena, mount Gambier, Macdonnell bay, and on to Melbourne.
There is a dep6t at Wellington for the supply of the aborigines with rations. The
surrounding country consists of low, swampy ground to the S. and W.; the country
being generally flat to the N. and E., with low hills and ranges, covered with sheoak,
pine, and tea-tree ; dense scrub further to the eastward. The formation consists prin-
cipally of limestone and sand. East Wellington is the eastern portion of the township
of Wellington, which consists altogether of 1000 allotments, 700 of which are in West,
and 300 in East Wellington, forming part of the special survey of 100 40-acre sections,
and 1000 half-acre blocks.
WS&UHOTOK, E. BUN. {Murray district;) leases, Nos. 804 and 923; occupiers,
Elder and Smith; respective areas, 13 and 20 square miles. This run lies on the E.
bank of the Murray river, near the township of Wellington E.
WSLL8 (jOo. Hindmarsh) is a small agricultural hamlet, lying on Encounter bay.
WE^OWXXa STATION {N. district;) occupier. Price Maurice. See Pbkina Run.
WERZANDSB. BUN {N. district;) lease, No. 616; occupier, C. Thorold; area,
16 square miles; rental, £24 5s. This run lies to the N.E. of Watts's sugar loaf, Uie
next post office being Eanyaka.
WSB.TA^WS9LTA RIVER {Flinders district) See Georob River. ■
WS8TAL& POINT, 32*' 63' 45" S. lat., 134° E. long, {Flinders district TF.,) is
the name of a bold headland, standing out into the sea, and forming a prominent object
to vessels making Streaky bay. The land rises towards the interior, where is Cooeyana,
the sheep station of Messrs. Lindsay and Gibson.
WSST BAY {Kangaroo island) is an anchorage on the W. coast of the island.
See Bedout Ca^ e.
WSSTERN BRANCH CREEK (Co. Adelaide) is the name of a tributary of the
Onkaparinga river, flowing into it at the village of Oakbank, after passing through the
township of Lobethal.
WSSTE&N COVE (Kangaroo island) is a fine clear bay on the W. side of
Nepean bay, having a sandy beach and gradually decrying soundings from 5 fathoms
in the offing to 2 fathoms towards the beach.
WSSTE&N COVE RUN (Kangaroo island;) leases, Nos. 751, 1108, and 1139;
occupier, J. W. Daw; respective areas of leases, 10, 12, and 12 square miles. This run
lies at Western cove, the next post office being at Kingscote.
WE8TE&Nt or Port Lincoln Pastobai/ District, is the name given to the
tract of country taken up for pastoiyl purposes, and lying in the electoral district
of Flinders, along the coast to the W. of Spencer's gulf. This district compre-
hends the whole of the country between port Lincoln and the W. border of the
colony, excepting the hundreds of Louth and Lincoln in the county of Flinders. It
consists for the most part of sandy country with limestone ridges, and covered in
many parts with dense scrub, chiefly mallee> and spinifex grass. There are numerous
Digitized by LjOOQIC
273 ^ The South Australian Gazetteer. [Was — "Wmt
salt lakeSf and but few and unimportant streams in the district, water being obtained
by sinking wells in the sand. Tliis country was first opened up by Eyre who trarersed
it in 1840, whilst performing his celebrat^ exploration journey from port Lincoln to
Albany (W. Australia.) Along the coast of this district are several fine bays, the
principal ones being port Lincoln, Streaky bay, Venus bay. Anxious bay, Denial bay.
Smoky bay, and Fowler's bay. The principal townships in the district are port Lincoln
the shipping port, Flinderl or Streaky bay, and Parkin or Venus bay, at all of which
places there are post offices; besides these there are post offices at the following stations: —
Wangary, Warrow, lake Hamilton, Bramfield, Talia, Charra, and Nonnong. The
country taken up for pastoral purposes does not at present extend in a W. direction
beyond the head of Fowler's bay, and is bounded on the N. by the dense scrub at the
S. foot of the Stuart range, and the barren table land of Eyre's peninsula. The approxi-
mate area of t^ district is 50,128 square miles, of which there are 21 acres of purchased
land, 8254 acres of land enclosed, and 80 acres under cultivation. The live stock
numbers 757 horses, 2010 homed cattle, 345,903 sheep, 212 goats, 35 pigs, and 1445
head of poultry. Of the land under cultivation 67 acres are under hay, 12 acres fallow,
and 1 acre garden ground. The last crop (1866) was 23 tons of hay. The population
numbers 1314 persons, and the number of dwellings is 321.
WESTEBJf PLAINS PASTORAL DISTRICT (FUndera district N.; is a sub-
district of the N. pastoral district lying to the W. of the main North road, and between
that road and lake Torrens on the W.
WESTLET {Co. Adelaide) is a vineyard belonging to Mr. J. Holmes, and lying on
the Magill-road. It is planted with black Hambro', Muscat of Alexandria, grand Turk,
Sweetwater, and Wortley hall vines, a red wine being made from the black Hambro'
and grand Turk, and a white from the sweetwater and Muscat.
WETEBJL STATION ( W. district,) See Mount Hall Run.
WATLAND POINT, 33° 15' 50" S. lat., 133° 35' 50" E. long., mag. var. 4° 32'E.
(Flinders district W., ) is a rocky promontory 270 feet in height, and lying \2\ miles E.
of cape Radstock, and forming the W. head of the entrance to Venus harbour, of which it
forms an excellent landmark. At a distance of a quarter of a-mile from the point is a
small rocky ledge, over which the sea breaks in bad weather only.
WATMOVTB {Co. Adelaide) is a small village on Lefevre's peninsula, and on
the coast of St. Vincent's gulf. There is a jetty running out into the gulf from the shore
at the S.W. side of this village, which lies opposite i>ort Adelaide on the W. side. The
flagstafi'and semaphore belonging to port Adelaide lie on the shore near this village.
WHEAL BARTON MINE {Co. Eyre) is a copper mine, Ijdng in the hundred of
Dutton, at a small settlement of the same name. It is situated in an elevated and
.picturesque locality, and is surrounded by agricultural land taken up for the growth of
wheat and the culture of the vine. It lies about 1 mile S.E. of the postal township of
Truro. The mine was opened in 1850, but was relinquished at the time of the rush to the
Victorian gold diggings. A new company has lately been formed and are about
commencing operations with good prospects. The population at present numbers about
50 persons.
WBEAXi BESLEY (N. district) is a copper mine, having tw» lodes on the
surface of the section, bearing good gossan impregnated with green and blue carbonates
and containing good stones of ore. There is also liver-coloured and yellow ore lying
on the surface. This mine lies near Angipena, but is not at present worked.
WBEAL BUTLER MINE (N. district) U a copper mine not now worked, and
lying 2 miles N.E. of Blinman.* A good lode of reddish-brown ore, yielding on assay
37 per cent, of copper, was found on this mine. The ore was, however, supposed to be
only a variety of ironstone strongly impregnated with copper.
WBEAL C06LIN MINE (Co. Hindmarsh) is a silver lead mine, lying 48 mttes
S.W. by S. i S. of Adelaide, and 3 miles W.S. W. of Rapid bay. The following is an*
extract from Captain Barclay's report of this mine, dated July 2nd : — ** I am happy to
inform you the lode is still improving in Floyd's.^ I am just now returned from tl»ere,
and find it to be better since Friday night. The lode will average 4 tons per fathom.
The snndstone is not so large as it was, and in a few days I think it will cut out
^together, when the two shoots of ore will form into one. There is still another-8hoot.of
1 foot thick going down in the bottom that I am not working upon, on account of
throwing the stuff so high, and on which I intend to fix a windlass. I never Mtw
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Whe] The South j^strdLian GazeUser. 273
myself so clearly in a position to say I could raise ore enough to pay the expense of the
mine as I now do, and with confidence I make the assertion, that should you approve
of the suggestions which I send you, marked on the sketch of present workings in
dotted lines— namely, to sink the shaft D and extend the level E, which will be h^hly
necessary for to have air in the summer, I guarantee to send you ore enough to make
the mine a dividend-paying mine; and further, that if you were to commence to erect
a crusher now, that I will promise 100 tons of ore, dreslfed, to average 70 per cent,
within 6 weeks after the crusher and dressing floors would be complete, unless some
breakage should delay the dressing. I have every confidence of the lode making rich as it
extends towards the racecourse. Last week I cut into the f ootwall, which I find to be more
i^ular than any I ever saw in the mine, and only underlays IJ foot to the fathom, or
75 degrees. I think that by continuing the level £, a shoot of ore, marked A, which you
will see on my sketch, at the end of the present level, will come right down Into the level,
and by sinking and continuing the proposed shaft it would cut through all the shoots of
ore." The first general meeting of the shareholders in the Wheal Coglin mining company
limited, was held at the Exchange chambers, on Wednesday, July 25, 1866. Present
— about 15 shareholders; Mr. W. Morgan in the chair. Some complaint was made
that the printed copies of the report and balance-sheet had only been plaeed in the
hands of shareholders that morning, and a proposition was made by Mr. W. R.
Wigley, and seconded by Mr. T. Martin, that the meeting adjourn till that day fort-
night, but the majority of those present being in favour of proceeding, the proposition
was lost. Mr. J*. Tippett stated that having visited the mine on the 1 9th of July, and
finding that a change had taken place in the appearance of the lode, and which was
improving, he directed the captain to defer his report till the last moment, and he
beUeved that was the cause of the delay. The secretary read the report of the directors,
congratulating the shareholders on the' improved appearance of the mine, and stating
that during the half-year 50 tons of ore, on which £9 per ton had been drawn, had been
shipped to England, in addition to the 1 1 tons shipped which had been raised previous
to the formation of the company, and there were also 8 tons at port Adelaide awaiting
shipment. Advices showed that the first lot of ore realised nearly £14 per ton, and it
was calculated that there would be about £300 receivable from that source. The
directors proposed a call of 2s. 6d. per share to carry on the working of the mine, and
had every reason to hope that that expenditure would make the mine a payable one.
Reports were also presented from Mr. J. Tippett, visiting director, and Captain
Barclay, the latter of which stated that Floyd's lode had increased in width about
6 inches, was getting more solid and defined, and had every appearance of lasting,
and that he was raising 6 tons of ore per week. The balance-sheet showed a
surplus of available assets over liabilities, £148 Is. 9d. The following extract
from Captain Pascoe's last report fairly shows the progress this mine is making: —
•♦ No. 2 shaft, down about 235 fathoms on the course of the lode^ which is 2 feet
wide, composed of barytes, gossan, and silver lead ore of good qirality. The adit
level is driven on No. 2 lode about 25 fathoms. This is a lode of great promise,
and when jotir operations are extended down through the carbonate of lime rock into
the clay-slate you can expect regular and continuous courses of silver lead ore. On
Black Dick's lode a shaft is down 7 fathoms. This is a very good-looking lode, com-
posed of gossan, blende, and rich silver lead ores, which will pay for working. A deep
level of about 70 fathoms, driven from high-water mark, would intersect the lode about
40 fathoms deep, and this lode itself would then be a valuable mine. Floyd's shaft is
down at)out 18 fathoms. This is a lode of great promise, from 6 inches to 2 feet wide —
gossan and silver lead ores. On Hancock's lode a shaft is down about 16 fathoms.
This lode is about 20 inches wide, gossan and silver lead. This is one of the best
lodes I have evfr seen so near the surface. This is also the most valuable part of
the mine, and were the level driven up you would have a dry mine and a valuable
one for many years. The copper lode seen at the sea level is 4 feet wide, and would
work in 10s. in the pound if it could be got at. This could be done by sinking a shaft
about SO fathoms from surface, and cut the lode by driving."
WHSAL ELLEN MINE {Co,ffindmar8h)iB a silver lead mine lying 28 miles S.E.
by E. of Adelaide, and about 3 miles from Strathalbyn. This mine is worked on a free-
hold property of 700 acres, and produces as well as silver lead good copper ore. It was
or^inally worked solely as a silver lead mine, and some fine lodes of galena and car-
bonates were opened, yielding from 8 to 10 tons of the former and 5 of the latter per
fathom. About 2000 tons of lead ore were raised containing, besides 90,000 oz. of silver
from 1 to 2 oz. of gdd per ton of pig lead. A veiy large ^oanUty of auriferous gossan
Digitized by LiiOOQlC
d74 The South Amtra^an CfmeUeer. [Whe
hftt been fbimd in thif mine^ which hM yielded, on aaiay in England, from 4 to « oz8.of
gold to the ton. bix shafts hare been sank to varions depths, and levds opened eyery
10 fathoms. The principal of these shafts are Bassett's, Bpence's, and Scott's^ and the
North pit A fine large chimney-stack, connected with the smelting fhmaces, rises to
a height of about 70 feet; and the ftimaces consist of a calcining and reverberatory
fbmace, also a complete bliut furnace, with a steam engine, and every requisite. The
supply of timber for smelting purposes is likely to be inexhaustibleTor very many years
to come.
WHEAL FROST {N, district) is a copper mine belonging to the North mining asso-
ciation, not now worked. Austin says of this mine :— " This contains so extraordinary
a deposit of copper ore, as to demand a special notice. It is on a range about 350 feet
high from a creek on one side, and between 400 and 500 feet firom a creek on the other
side. It is about 2 miles from the Daly and 4 from the Tudanamutana mines.
The top of the range, for 80 or 90 feet in height, consists of a mass of granitic
rock, from which the upper soil has either slipped or been washed away> leaving
he rock expose^l. It is almost perpendicular and contains numerous green stains
of copper,^ visible for a distance of a quarter of a mile or more. I and my gnide
climbed up the face of this rock for a height of 60 or 70 feet, by means of smaU holes
an^ inequalities in its surface, and almost everywhere, even where there were no stains
to be seen, we found rich copper ore — ^grey oxide and green carbonate; especially in
miUl caves or holes in the rock. Below these bare rocks, and down, to the gnlly, we
found a quantity of stones of ore scattered over the surface; aiftoiigst them were bits ot
malachite and various oxides and carbonates. Ironstone, gossan, killas, limestone,
sandstone, and greenstone, are found here. If the surface indications form a criterion of
what may be found in depth, a very large deposit of copper should be met with on this
claim." The same proprietors have another claim (No. 1668,) called ** Wheal Maria,"
between the Daly and Tudanamutana mines. It is a very fair section, and has a good
lode of ore traceable for 130 yards N. and S., in a favourable country of copper.
WHEAL GA WLER MINE (Co. Adelaide) is a lead mine in the viUage of Glen-
Osmond, now, however, abandoned.
WHEAL HUGHES MINE {Co. Daly) is a copper mine lying 85 miles N.W. by
W. of Adelaide, It is one Of the Wallaroo mines, and the following extracts show the
state of the mine:— Extract from Captain Eitto*s report of the Wheal Hughes mine,
dated July 7, 1866 — " I am pleased to inform you we have struck ore in CoUey's shaft.
I sent telegram immediately I saw the first speck of copper; but to-day it looks
splendid. It is much better than I expected at the present depth. My brother
(Captain T. C. Eitto) thinks it is the best-looking lode he has seen for some time, and
estimates some of the ore to contain 60 per cent, of pure copper. I have put 2 more
men in the shaft^and will try to get down as fkst as possible. There is no doubt but
that Cooper's shaft will improve as we get down: the end will also improve as we get
nearer Colley's shaft; I may add that all the miners who have visited the mine since
last evening say ours is the best concern now being opened on the peninsula.'' Extract
from a letter, dated July 14, received by Mr. B. Colley, the secretary of the Wheal
Hughes mine, from the captain Mr. R. Kitto, in reference to the lode in Colley's
shaft:— '*T}ie lode altogether is 3 feet 6 inches wide, composed of ore, steatite, and a
soft kind of agate. The ore forms itself into a leader, varying from 4 to 8 inches thick,
of solid ore, the best part of which will produce 60 per cent, ofl pure copper. The
ground is very favdurable for sinking, and should the lode of ore continue a« it is in
the shaft at present, it will be a dividend-paying concern." A private telegram was
subsequently received, confirming the above statement as to the promising appearance
of the lode. •
WHEAL MARIA {Co. Adelaide.) See Scott's C!rebk Mimb.
WHEAL MARIA {N. district.) See Wheal Frost.
WHEAL JAMES {Co. Daly) is one of the Moonta mines At the Wheal James^
3 ^stinct lodes have been opened. One only is in course of working at present. It is
a^arently the mostvaluable of the three, and to it the workings will no doubt be restricted
for some time to come.
WHEAL NITSCBEE MINE (Co. LighL) is a copper mine-situated 4 miles & W. of
Oveenock, worked by a company and ^oing well. The mine is about 32 fatboma dee|»^
and several lodes have been cut, and a good percentage of copper obtained. IAo«t. of
iihe surrounding hills^ particularly tcf the N., abound in copper one.
• Digitized by VjOOQIC
"V^HE— Wil] The South Australian Gazetteer, 375
WHSA& W ATKINS MINE {Co. Adelaide) is a lead mine ia the village of Glen-
omtond, now however abandoned.
WHXIMBET ISLANDS {Co. Flinders) is the name given to a group of islands
extending in a line nearly 15 miles W.S.W. from point Avoid. The westernmost of
the group is a cluster of rocky lumps, lying 6. by W. from point Whidbey, distant
10 miles, and called the Four Hummocks. The north-easternmost lies a mile from the
otiiers, and about 3 miles W.S.W. i W. from Perforated isle, which is the largest of
the Whidbey group, and near the middle of it. This island is about a mile in length,
visible 20 miles in clear weather, and near its summit has an aperture through which
the light it admitted. A sand-bank, called Sayre's bank, having heavy breakers, lieist
2 miles S.S.E. of this island.
WHIBBET POINT, 34° 36' 15" S. lat., 135° 3^ 45" B. long. {Co, Flinders,) is the
rocky W. extremity of the low sandy peninsula forming Coffin bay, and is distant in a
S. direction from point Sir Isaac 10 or 11 miles, with a projecting point between them,
close to which lie two dry rocks, and some breakers near the shore in a bight to the 8.
The S. side of the point is rocky and fronted by breakers.
WHITE CLIFF, 29° 55' S. lat., 136° 56' E. long. {Flinders distHct xV.,) is alow
^detached hill, lying in sandy scrubby country to the N. of the N. end of lake Torrens,
and near the head of Chambers's creek.
WHITE FORT {Flinders distinct N.E.) is the name of the depot of the Burke and
Wills expedition on the Barcoo river or Cooper's creek. See Coopsa's Creek.
WHITE HILL {Co, Stanley) is a peak of the ranges lying in the hundred of Clare ,
and is situated about 3 miles to the N.E. of that township.
WHITE HILL (Flinders district) is the name of a peak in the S.E. part of the
Denison or Davenport range, lying about 10 miles E. of mount Anna.
WHITE HUT CREEK {Co. Eyre) is the name of a small creek flowing through
the township of Truro.
WHITE HUT RUN {Torhe^s peninsula.) See Cobney Point Run.
W HIT WART A ((7o. Gawler) is an agricultural settlement lying on the river
Wakefield, about 12 miles to the N.E. of port Wakefield. The soil is fertile and most
of the country is taken up by a body of small farmers who cultivate farm produce,
pfurticularly wheat. There is a public pound in this settlement.
WHTTE'8 run {Murray district;) lease. No. 68; occupier, J. Whyte; area
3 square miles; grazing capability, 150 sheep, or 50 per square mile; a few head (^
cattle are running upon it at present; Goyder's valuation, £6 per annum. This run
lies on the S. side the Murray river, 8 miles S. of Overland corner.
WiCHHAlt'S HILL {Co. Adelaide) is a small agricultural hamlet lying about
3 miles distant W. by N. from Dashwood's gully, the next post office. It is situated on
the Willunga road from Kangarilla to M*Laren Vale, at the N.W. foot of mount
Panorama, and has a population of about 40 persons.
WICKHABK'S HILL (Go. Adelaide) is a high hill in the coast rang«, lying
about 10 miles S.S.E. of Clarendon, and the same distance N.N.W. of Willunga.
WmKXrA RUN iW. district;) lease, 971 ; occupier, R. Stanley; area, 10 square
miles; rent, £2 per annum. This run lies to the S. of the Gawler ranges, the nearest
post office being Venus bay or Flinders.
WIIJ>ANVNGA CREEK (Flinders district N.) is a creek, flowing about j5
miles distant from Mattawarrumgalla, and dry the greater part of the year.
WILD DOG POINT RUN (S.E. district;) lease, No. 986; occupier, J. Livingston;
aarea, 10 square mUes; rent and assessment, £10 1 6s. 8d. This run lies near Mosquito
^ains, the next post office being Border town.
WlLOfOTA RUN (J!^.E, district;) leases, Nos. 518 and 577; occupier, G. Vickery;
' respective areas of leases, 30 and 60 square mUes. This ru« lies to the N. of Pualoo,
the next post town being Eooringa to the W.
WII.es, cape, 34° 57' S. lat., 135° 38' 30" E. long. {Oo. Ftindet^f,) is a s«ep,
oUffy head, with 2 high rocks and a lower one near it, from which the cape trends 8
mUes W. to a low sloping point, with iMreakers extending a little way off if. It lies tb
the W. of Sleaford bay, and has a small circular reef partly uncovered,. upwardi^ of S
' Ta ' "
Digitized by LrfOOQlC
276 The South AmtraUan Gazetteer. [WiL
miles W.N. W. from the sloping point and 2 miles from the shore, which, abreast of it
and as &r as Avoid point, is composed of whitish cliffs, with lower land forming bights
between them. There are several dangerous reefs lying in the vicinity, and an island
14 miles in length, and called Liguanea island, lies 3 miles S. from the sloping point.
WHJLUULOO run (N, dUtrict;) lease, No. 620; occupier, P. and J. Cadby;
area, 64 square miles; rental, £42 78. 6d. This run lies to the E. of Wilpena.
WXL&A8T0M {Co, Oawler) is a postal township in the hundred, and under the
eontrol of the district council of Mudla Wirra, and in the electoral district of Stanley.
It is suburban to Crawler town, and lies on the N. Para river, the S. Para river being
distant about 1 mile, and joining the N. Para about 1 mile W., when it continues to run
in a W. direction about 30 miles, and empties itself in the sea at port Gawler. Willaston
contains 1 blacksmith's shop, I blacksmith and machine-maker's workshop, 1 brickyard,
1 limekiln, i saw-mill of l-horse power, 3 general stores, and 4 wheat stores; also, a
post office, council chamber, public pound, and I hotel— the Victoria. The district ia
an agricultural one, wheat being largely cultivated in the neighbourhood. Gawler town
lies on the S. boundary of Willaston, and Bertha on the N.; Templers is 8 miles N.,
port Gawler 18 miles N.E., Smithfield 7 miles S.,Lyndoch valley 10 miles S.W., and
Sheoak log 7 miles N.N.E. by E. The communication with these places and with^
Adelaide, 27 miles S., is from Gawler— which see. The surrounding country is hilly,
with large plains lying to the S. and W. * The formation is generally limestone. The
land is generally good, and produces fair crops. The population numbers about 500
persons, including that of the surrounding ftirming neighbourhood.
WXLLZAM8 ISLAND {Co. Flinders) is a small island lying 2| miles S.E. of the
W. extremity of cape Catastrophe, and having a sunken rock, on which the sea only
breaks at times, bearing E.N.E., distant 2} miles from its N.E. extremity.
WXLZJABi SPBISGS{Flindersdistrict) is thename^ventoapoolof fresh Waterloo
feet in length lying upon a hill 100 feet high in the country to the N. of the Denison range
and near the Davenport river. The Jower part of the hill is red sand, with a course of
limestone higher up, and a layer of black soil upon the top, in which is the bed of the
pool. It was discovered by Stuart in 1859.
WXLZJABiSTOWK ((7o. Adelaide) isa postal township in the hundredof Barossa,
and under the control of the district council of mount Crawford. It is situated on the
Victoria creek which flows at the S. foot of the township, the South Para river being 4
miles E.. and mount Crawford, a solitary conical hill, 5 miles distant in the same direc-
tion. The district is both agricultural and pastoral, the latter interest being represented
hy sheep graziers, of whom there are several with lar^e stations In the neighbourhood. '
In the lower lands and on the lower slopes, large crops of cereals, chiefly wheat, are
cultivated. In the neighbourhood are several mines of copper, which are as yet, how-
ever, only in their infancy, but promising welL Gold has also been found both in
alluvial deposits and also in quartz; the quantity obtained in the alluvial beds has
hitherto been very small, and has never paid for working^ but it is thought that the
quartz reefs in Tarious localities will pay well, and many of them are about to be tried.
In the more distant parts of the neighbourhood lie several copper mines, which have been
abandoned for some years, but it is not improbable that their working will shortly be
resumed, and that their capabilities will be tested with improved machinery. The ■
nearest places are Lyndoch, 6 miles N.; Gawler, 114 miles N.W.; and Maidstone, 10
miles S.W., the communication being by horse and dray only, except with Gawler, to
which place a weekly conveyance runs. With Adelaide, 36} miles, the communication
is by weekly coach to Gawler, and thence by rail. Williamstown has a mechanics' institute,
a post office, a Foresters' court, a branch of the South Australian insurance company,
and 1 hotel — ^the Victoria. The surrounding country is undulating, the Barossa range
running through the district, with occasional sandstone hills and alluvial flats. The
formation is tertiary, micaceous slate often occurring, and producing beds of good
Bagging stone. A large proportion of the sandstone reefs are traversed by quartz dykes,
some of which are supposed to be auriferous. Limestone also abounds, occurring
generally under a thick superstratum of tenacious red clay. The district is rich in
prttious stones, honey opals and beryls being frequently found. There is a flne quarry
of excellent freestone in the vicinity of the town. Wattle bark, gum, and large quan-
'tities of sawn and split timber are exported from the neighbourhood. The population
of Williamstown numbers about 120 persons, that of the district is 768, there being 404
inalei and 364 females.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Wjl] The South Amtralian Gazetteer. 277,
WHAZPA and KANT aba run {N. disUicti) occupier, D. McAUum; area
250 square miles; grazing capability, 15,000 sheep. This run lies 20 miles distant
from Mattawarrumgalla (HoUowelena post office,) 15 miles S. of the Fassmore, and «
115 miles N.E. of port Augusta.
WniLOCHBJL (Flinders district N.) is a small roadside Tillage, on the Willochrm
creek, and on the main N. road fr^ Adelaide. It lies 18 miles S. of Eanyaka, and
has an hotel — the Willochra Inn. The district round is known as the Willochra plains,
and consists ot loose sandy soil, strewn with stones. The ground is full of holes made
by tl^e burrowing animals, which abound in the district, the holes being about 4 inches
in diameter and a foot in depth, and being very dangerous for horsemen. The Wil-
lochra and Fitchiritchi creeks join on these plains, that part being thickly-grassed
and overgrown with wild flowers and sweetpeas. There are numerous wild fowl and
wallabys to be found on the plains.
WILLOCHBJL CREEK (N, district) is a fine stream rising near the hill known
as Mochra tower, and flowing in a N. direction past Kanyaka, w^ere it turns ofi*to the
W., and falls into the S.E. end of lake Torrens.
WZX.LOCHBA CREEK RUN {N, district^) leases, Nos. 119, 120, and 328|
occupier, M. Gillies; respective areas of leases, 10, 24, and 31 square miles. This run
lies on the Willochra creek, the next post town being Kanyaka.
WZLLOCHBJL RUN (N. district;) leases. No. 360 and 362 ; occupier, C. Swin*
den ; respective areas of leases, 21 and 12 square mil^s. This run lies on the
WiUoc{^ra creek to the E.N.E. of port Augusta, the next post town.
WZLLOVGBBTy CAPE, 35° 51' 33" S. lat., ISS** 10' 50" E. long. CKangaro%
island,) is the S.E. extremity of the island, and is a bold /ocky headland, elevated
288 feet above low-water mark. The Sturt lighthouse, on cape Willoughby, lies in
lat. 35° 51' 33" S., long. 138° 10' 50" E. niag. var., 6° 28" E. High water off the
cape, at full and change, 4h. lOm.; rise and isM about 6 feet. The flood tide sets
to the N., and the ebb to the S. The lighthouse itself is 67 feet above the ground it
stands on. The light is catoptric, revolving, and exhibits its greatest intensity every
Ijt minutes, and may be seen in clear weather from a distance of 24 miles, on an arc
included from N. 14° 30' W. to S. 48° W. round by E. Two miles N. of this cape is a
shoal named the Scraper. During strong tides, when the tide meets the sea, the swell
off the cape is very heavy. There is a rocket station at this point.
WILLOVGBBT, CAFE, RUN {Kangaroo island;) lease. No. 772; occupier,
Mrs. J. Lashmar; a^a, 10 square miles; rental and assessment, Jb\Q per annum. This
runities at cape WiUoughby, the next post^ffice being at Hog bay.
WILLOVRAN HILL, 29° 50' S. lat., 138° E. long. {Flinders district^) is a
solitary peak situated on the E. side of the river Munday, and a few miles to the S. of
the Dome hilL It forms a landmark between the Munday and Frome rivers.
WZLLVNGA {Co. HindmarsK) is a postal township lying 30 miles from Adelaide,
on the main S. road. It is pretfily situated at the W. foot of a range of hills on a
wooded slope, bounded by the waters of the gulf of St. Vincent. The communication
with Adelaide and the neighbouring towns is by Rounsevell's mail coaches. Willunga
has a post and money order office, a telegraph station^ local court, volunteer rifle corps,
and branches of the National bank and the South Australian insurance company. The
resident magistrates are T. S. Kell, and J. S. Mcintosh, Esqs. A little S. of
Willunga are quarries of hard blue flags and slates, very like the lower Silurian slates
of North Wales. Not far from this place are some beds of hard cream-coloured siliceoui
limestone, caused by interspersed crystals .of opaque white carbonate of lime, probably
with magnesia.
WZLLVNGA (Co. Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral districts of
Koarlunga and mount Barker. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one
being Mr. Geo. Sara, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this district
council for 1865, were as follow: — Assessment, £5600— rate, Is. in the pound;
rates collected, £280; total receipts, £532 4s. 2d.; office* expenses and salaries,
£194 13s. 2d.; expended on public works, £271 168. 9d. The population numberf
1587 persons; the area is 60 square miles, or 38,400 acres; land under cultivation,
6896 acres; and number of dwelling-houses, 308.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
878 The South Australian Gazetteer, [WtL — Wm
Wn&WGA (Co. Adelaide) is the S.W. hundred of the county, lying on the
^at t to the S. of the Onkaparinga riter. It consifts chiefly of purchased land, much
of which is under cultivation.
WtLLWOAf PORT {Co. Adelaide,) is situated in a small bay on the E. shore
of the gulf of 8t. Vincent. It measures 14 miles from point> to point, and is 30 miles S.
} W. of the light-ship off port Adelaide, and 27 miles N.E. i E. of cape Jervis. This
part of the coast may be recognised by a remarkable range of white cliffs lying within
the limits of the bay. A reef extends in W.N.W. direction of the S. point of the bay,
and runs parallel with the coast to the S. for nearly 2 miles, and is composed of hard
rocks. At the head of the bay a jetty has lately been erected, and heavy moorings for
2 vessels been laid down off its end in 5 fathoms water. There is a rocket apparatus
at this place.
WUiPEXf A, 31'' 38' S. lat, 138*' 35' E. long. (Pliadere district N.,) is a small hamlet
on the main N. road lying between Eanyaka and Blinman, 316 miles N. of Adelaide.
At this place is a pound through which the Wilpena creek flows. This pound is a
gently undulating plate, nearly level for 10 or 12 miles in length by 3 miles in width,
%nd covered by luxuriant grass in most seasons. Noble pines and gums stud the flLat,
tfnd on all sides are giant hills, steep and covered with scrub. Selwyn says that this
depression is not a volcanic crater, but simply a slnclinal undulation of the upper sand-
stone. The rocks consist principally of white quartzose sandstones in thick beds, red
and purplish fine-grained sandstones, with micaceous, slaty, and flaggy bands, and thick
beds of grey and purple siliceous limestone, occasionally crystallised, with thin bedded
blue calcarea-arenaceous rocks. There is an aboriginal dep6t at this place.
VnjJfBVA RUN {N. district;) lease. No. 84 ; occupiers, W. J. and J. H. Bfowne;
area, 154 square miles.; grazing capability, 12,000 sheep, or 77 per square mile;
Qoyder's valuation, £185 128. per annum, deducting improvements valued at £2878.
This run lies on the N. bank of the Wilpena or Passmore creek, 102 miles N.E. by N.
of port Augusta, and 287 mUesN. of Adelaide, the next post office being at Kanyaka
9T Blinman. *
yntLTOJX BLUFF (Go, Adelaide) is a bold, lofty bluff on the E. coast of the
gulf cf St. Vincent, lying about half-a-mile to the N. of port Noarlunga.
WZ&TE&PA RUN E. {N.E. district;) leases, Nos. 733, 922, and 1003; occupier*
J. Warwick; respective areas of leases, 60, 44, and 41 square miles. This run lies near
the Passmore river, the next post town being Eanyaka.
WIXiTjaiPA'KUN (N. district;) leases, Nos. 341, 299a, 550, 699, 439, 419, 537;
occupier, D. M'Callum; respective area of leases, 33, 29, 58, 65, 24, 25, and 40 square
miles. This run lies near the Passmore river, the next post town being Kanyaka,
to the S. •
WILTSaPA RUN (N. district;) leases, Nos. 335, 550a, 677, 718, 941. and 942;
occupier, the Hon. T. Elder and S. Davidson; respective areas of leases, 12, 128, 29,36,
34, 99, and 72 square miles. This run lies on the Passmore river, the next post town
being Kanyaka, to the S.W.
WZNDABOVT LAKE {Flinders district N .W.)\b a large and irregularly shaped
salt lake, lying on the W. side of lake Torrens, in the plains to the W. of lake Torrens,
known as Swinden*s country.
WINDT CREEK (N. district) is a small creek, rising near mount Hack, imd
flowing in a W. direction into the Deception creek.
WXVZKH: BENCK, 35° 27' S. lat., 140° 27' E. long. ( Victoria district, ; is a hill in
4he new S.E. pastoral district lying in the country to the S.E of Wellington.
WZHZCBLE BENCK RUN {N. E. district;) Nos. 819, 825, and 818. This run
has recently been abandoned.
WZVNZNZS CREEK (N.E, district) is a good stream flowiug through the station
of the same name in a N.E. direction for about 12 miles.
WXNllZirZi: and EWAPPA stations (N.E. district;) occupier, E. R. Hal-
lett; area, 480 square miles; grazing capability, 17,000 sheep. These stations lie
120 miles E. of N. from Kooringa, by the mail route, the Winninie creek flowing through
the run 5 miles N. of Ewappa, the head station . There is fortnightly communication
with Adelaide, 223 miles S.W., by Rounsevetl's line of Eastern plains coaches. The«&
runs comprise leases, Nos. 659, 743, 471, 275, 246, 700, 731, 481, and 555. See |^
Oaroona.
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WlK— Won] The South Australian Gazetteer. J}79
WnrOWXE run (N,K district;) leases^ No». 523 ^and 582 ; occupier, the hoD.
T. Elder ; respective areas, 63 and 27 square miles. This run lies near mount Samuel,
to the W. of Blinman.
WIMTJUK RUN (Co. Daly;) occupiers, Bowman and Pamell. 'Hie area and
grazing capability of this run are included in those of Tickara station — which see. It
lies 12 miles N. of Eadina.
WXNWO&E RUN' {N. district;) leases, Nos. 523, 582, and 585; occupier, the
ht)n. T. Elder; respective areas of leases, 63, 27, and 20 square miles. The next post
-office is at mount Deception. '
VnXBJLBBAMBJL RUN {N. district;) occupiers, Tiniine and Fisher ;' area, 300
square miles; grazing capability, 42,000 sheep. This run ties near noount Remarkable,
And about 40 miles S.E. of port Augusta, and is watered by the Rocky river and Wild
Dog creek. This run comprises leases 6, 48, 49, 280, 302, and 390.
Wl&RAWILKA MINE {N. district) is a copper mine, lying 209 miles N. of
Adelaide, and is embedded amongst hills, about 2 miles N. of mount Craig, and where
the company have 7 sections. The indications of copper are plentiful and extensive; but
the ground is hard in some places. Eleven shafts have been sunk, the deepest being
nearly 30 fathoms, and a number of drives have been made, of which the longest is 50
fathoms; but no result has yet been attained to compensate for the outlay. The hills
on the property are very steep, and shafts have been sunk, in some cases close to the
«ides, and from a considerable elevation. Ore has, in many cases, been found all the
way down. The quantity raised, in proportion to the amount of work done, is small,
■and past results are not very encouraging for further operations. Nevertheless, some
pretty samples of ore have been raised, and some specimens of red oxide were obtained
from the lowest level. In some parts of the property regular lodes have been met with
and followed to some depth, consisting of quartz, gossan, and felspar, and containing
some good stones of ore. The country, for several fathoms, consists of a porphyritic
rocky stratum, and beneath this clay slate is met with. This is a favourable indication,
•and it is possible that at a greater depth the C(mntry may become more settled, and
better results be obtained.
WXa&XM^A RUN (S,E, district;) lease, No. 148; occupfer, J. Binnie; area, 67
square miles; grazing capability, 15,000 sheep, or 234 per square mile (about 20,600
«heep, and 140 head of cattle and horses on the run, and 750 acres of purchased land,)
Goyder's valuation, £966 per annum, deducting improvements valued at £795. This
run lies 170 miles S.E. by S. of Adelaide, and 90 miles N.lg. by N. of Guichen bay,
where the wool is shipped. The next post office is at Border town.
WZRBIAKDA RUN {N. district;) leases, Nos. 82, 266,313b, and 516; occupies
-C. Thorold; respective areas, 25, 22, 19, and 16 square milep. The head station is
lease, 82; and has an area of 25 square miles; grazing capability, 4300 sheep, or 172
per square mile; Goyder's valuation, £113 per annum, deducting improvements valued
At £1060. This run lies 60 miles N.E. of port Augusta and 228 miles N. of Adelaide.
WZR&YOOTA CREEK {Flinders district) is a small creek flowing at a distance^
of 10 miles from Nuccaleena, and 5 miles from mount Stuart.
WZBJ&TOOTA MINE (iV^ district) lies 5 miles from mount Stuart, and has a
well-defined lode running across the section, with grey ore and green carbonate. It is
not at present worked,
WITTA CREEK (iV. district) See ULOOfcoo Crbbk.
WOAKWXNE RUN, N. iS.E, district;) lease, No. 357; occupier, T. Magareyt
a3*ea, 38 square miles; grazing capability, 4200 sheep, or 114 per square mile; GoydejPs
valuation, £137 16s., deducting improvements valued at £11. This run lies 240 miles
8. S.E. of Adelaide and 35 miles E.S.E. of Guichen bay.
WOAKU&XNE RUN, S. {S. E. district;) lease. No. 357a; occupier, A. Johnson;
area, 62 square miles; grazing capability, 7500 sheep, or 148 per square mile; Goyder^
valuation, £214 8s. per annum, deducting improvements valued at £178. This run
lies 245 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 30 miles S.E. by E. of Guichen bay.
W0N0KA13KUN (iV. district;) lease, No. 141; occupiers, W. J. and J. H. Browne;
area, 77 square miles; grazing capability, 10,200 sheep, or 132 per square mile; Goyder's
/valuation, £260 per annum, deducting improvements valued at £2522.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
280 The South AtatraUan Gazetteer. , [Wok— ^WSo
WONJJLA STATION (Ch. Stanley;) occupier, J. Ellis. See Hummock's Buv.
WONAKA HILL (N. district.)
WOroWARA&A CREEK, 27'' 20' S. lat., 140° E. long. (Flinders district 21. E.,}
is the name of a small E. tributary of the N. arm of the Barcoo river, flowing throu^
a luxuriantly grassed flat to the S. of the liassacre lake.
WONG A REEF {Co, Adelaide) is a reef of i^^ks marking the W. extremity of
a sand-bank which runs out from Lefevre's peninsula into the gulf of St. Vincent, to^
the S. of the semaphore. ^
WOMGTABAA (Co, Frame) is a hundred lying in the S. part of the county to
the S. of mount Remarkable, and contains the township of Melrose, and the mount
Remarkable copper mines, which were abandoned in 1848. A special surrey of
20,000 acres of land in this hundred was taken in 1847 by the mount Remarkable
copper mining company, and afterwards sold at a low figure when the company
wound up. Much of this hundred is taken up as pastoral country. .
WONZNGABDA STATION {W. di^rict.) See Chadina Ron.
WOOD CONE (Co. ffindmarsh) is a small peak' in the rugged country of the
E. portion of the hundred of Myponga, lying about 1 mile W. of mount Jagged.
W00DCHE8TS& (Co, Hindmarsh) is a postal township in the electoral district
of mount Barker, hundred of Strathalbyn, and under the control of the district council
of Onaunga. It is situated on Rod well's creek, about 32 miles S.E. from Adelaide, on
the main line from mount Barker to Wellington via Langhorne's creek. The Bremer
river is the nearest river, and is distant 3 miles,the creek on which Woodchester is
situated joining it at a distance of about 3 miles. Woodchester is situated in the middle
of the district of Onaunga, which is almost entirely an agricultural district. Wheat is the
principal production, but some parts of the district, particularly the S. W. portion, which
IS very hilly, and the E. portion, which is covered with a very thick scrub, are kept for
sheep. The hilly portion is particularly noted for its splendid feed. There is a silver
lead mine within 3 miles, called the ^i\%eal Ellen, but at present it is not working. The
nearest places are Strathalbyn, on the S. 6 miles; Callington, on the N. 8 miles; Lang-
home's bridge, E. 8 nftles; and mount Barker, N.W. 12 miles. There is no regular
communication at present with these places, with the exception of a daily mail to
Strathalbyn, conveyed on horseback. With Adelaide, 43 miles W., the communication-
is either from Strathalbyn or mount Barker by Rounsevell's mail coach. Woodchester
has a post office, a public pound, and 1 hotel — the Everley inn. The surrounding
country is rather elevated, except to the S.E., where the country is very flat, extending-
nght down to lake Alexandrina. The population of this place, very fluctuating at
present, is estimated at about 50 in the township.
W00DF0BI>E {Co. Adelaide) is a small suburban settlement lying adjacent to*
the township of Mayill, about 4 miles E. of the city of Adelaide.
W00D8XDE (Co. Adelaide) is a postal township in the electoral district and*
• hundred of Onkaparinga, and under the control of the Onkaparinga district counciL
It is situated on the Onkaparinga river, mount Charles being 3 miles,, and mount
Torrens 8 miles N. The district is an agricultural one, although gold has been found
within 2 miles of the township, and the Bremer ranges gold quartz diggings lie 23 milea
to the E. The nearest places are Oakbank, 3 miles S.; Charleston, 3 miles N.; and
Harrogate, 8 miles E. ; the communication being by Rounsevell's mail car daily, as also
with Adelaide, 224 miles N.W. Two Waggons also ply weekly to Adelaide for the con-
veyance of heavy goods. Woodside is on the main E. road from Adelaide; it contains
a post and money order office, a telegraph office, a local court house, a German Lutheran
and an English church, a Wesley an and a Primitive Methodist chapel, a public pounds a
local court, a volunteer rifle corps, a branch of the South Australian insurance company^
and a Foresters' court. The resident magistrate is H. C- F. Esau, Esq., J.P, There are 2
hotels, the Woodside and the Bedford. Much of the surrounding land belongs to the
South Australian company. The country is hilly, and the soil alluvial over sandstone
rock and quartzose slate. The population numbers about 300 persons, the number of
dw^ings being 70.
WOOD'S POINT STATION {Co. Sturt).iB a home stetion occupied by the hon,
J^hn Morphett (manager, H. Harslett,) lying on the Murray river, 8 miles N. of Wei.
lington, the nearest post office, and 8 miles S. of Swanport (Thompson's crossing.) The
Digitized by LjOOQIC
« Woo— Wei] Ths South Australian Gazetteer. , 881
out-ttations are at Peachoram and Salt flat, the former Ijing *to the N. and the latter
to the S. of the home station. The area of the ran is 18 square miles, and the grazing
capability 4OO0 sheep and 250 head of cattle.
WOOD'S WELLS {Co. CardweU) is a camping place on the main S.E. road from
Wellington to Kingston and Robe.
WOODTZIiLi: (^^- Adelaide) is a postal Tillage in the hundred of Adelaide, and
under the control of the district council of Hindmarsh. The district is an agripultural
one, Alberton lying 2 miles N.W. and Hindmarsh 2 miles S.E., the communication
being by railway or along the Port road, which although macadamised, is in wet weather
almost impassable from the number of holes and ruts in it. With Adelaide, 5^ miles
distant S.E. the communication is by railway. Woodville has 1 hotel— the Half-way
house. There are no carrying-offices in the township, but horse-drays are continually
passing along the road to Adelaide and port Adelaide. The surrounding country is
flat and consists of a clay soil with occasional beds of limestone. The population numbers
about 300 persons. The resident magistrate is B. B. SmAi, Esq., J. P.
WOOLOJLBir&OB RUN, {S,E, district) See Mot Hill Bim.
WOOUMOT RUN (S.E. district;) lease, 197; occupiers, Stockdale and
Ormerod; area, 56 square miles; grazing capability, 6000 sheep, or 107 per square mile;
Gk>yder*s valuation, X274 16s. per annum, deducting improvements valued at £126.
This run lies 190 miles S.S.E. of Adelaide, and 20 miles N.E.of Guichen bay.
WOOLSBSD CBEEK {Co, Oawleryis a small stream, tributary to the Springs
creek, into which it falls about 2 miles N.W. of the township of Rhynie.
WOOLTANA STATION (N. district;) occupier, uncertain; area, 200 square
miles; grazing capability, 2000 head of cattle. This station lies 35 miles distant from
Tudanamutana, and is watered by the Manalana and Morenia creeks.
WOOLITMDirMOA SPRINGS {Co. Frame) is the name given to «ome fine
springs which rise in mount Brown. The township of Port Augusta is supplied with *
flne water from these springs by means of a 4-inch pipe, which has been laid at con-
«Biderable expense a distance of 14^ miles, and having a fall of 900 feet.
WOOLUNDUNOA RUN (Co. Frome;) lease. No. 32; occupier, A. Scott;
area, 80 square miles; grazing capability, 8000 sheep, or 100 per square mile; Goyder's
valuation, £374 per annum, deducting improvements valued at £930. There are about
7000 sheep, 1000 lambs, and 700 head of cattle, on this and other leases held by the
same lessees, and on 3000 acres of purchased land. These leases are Nos. 360, 522,
and 1029, and have respective areas of 21, 35, and 32 squafe miles.
WO&XA'S-EMD run (Co. Burra;) occupiers. Ware and Chapman; area, 34
square miles; grazing capability, 7500 sheep; rent and assessment, Jg52 8s. 4d.; Air.
Goyder's valuation, £408, excluding improvements, which are valued at £1500. The
head station and woolshed lie on the N. bank of the Burra creek, where the range falls
into the Murray flat, 16 miles S.E. of Eooringa, and 85 miles N.E. of Adelaid T'la
run consists gexi(^jally of ranges, bald and scrubby, with good grass and bushes, and
watered by the Birra creek and 2 wells. Lease, No. 7: This run also includes leases
Nos. 300 and 1040, which have respective areas of 32 and 20 square miles.
WOO&KOMOARZS STATION {N.E. district) is the S. portion of the original
Munjibbie run, recently divided for the convenience of the lessees. Occupier, J.
Chewings; lease. No. 64; afea, 31 square miles; grazing capability, 7000 sheep, or about
225 per square mile. This station lies about 30 miles N. of Kooringa the nearest post
town, and pays a rent and assessment of £59 8s. 4d. Mr. Gtoyder's valuation is
j£232 lOs. per annum, deducting improvements which are valued at £1326. The station
consists of fiiirly-grassed oak and pine country, watered by the Terowie and Ulooloo
creeks, and by 3 deep wells.
WO&TBnrO MINE {Co. Hindmarsh) is a copper mine, lying 25 miles E.S.E. of
Adelaide.
W&ZOBT'S ISLAND {Co. Hindmarsh) is a small rocky islet, lying in Encounter
bay, about a quarter of a mile N. of Rosetta head.
W&ZOBT'S HILL {Co. Hindmarsh) is a point of survey, lying Bear the road,
fiom Currency creek to Aldinga, and about 2 miles to the N. of the former place.
W&ZOBT'S HILL, 32"" 58' S. lat, 139'' 40" E. long. (Flinders dit/mct,) is a
•detached hill, lying on the pastoral district of Eastern plains. ^
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983 Ths South AmtraUan Gazetteer. [Wya— Yam
MINE («y. district) U a copper mine, lying 210 miles N. of Adelaide,
not now worked.
WTWAXJLAaWAB BUN (S^. district;) lease, No. 8; occupiers, J. and
A. Cooke; area 6 square miles; grazing capabilitj, 1000 sheep, or 125 per square mile;
Goyder's Talnation, £48 per annum, deducting improrements yalued at XIO. This
run Mes 75 miles 8.E. bj £. of Adelaide.
TAAHA (FUndert district.) See Ponara.
TA8MAVA RUN (W. district;) leases, Nos. 269, 427, 480, 486, 530, 707, 911,
and UOI; occupier, J. M*Kechnie; respectiye areas, 43, 13, 10, 11, 80, 10, 20, and 21
square miles. This run lies at Franklin harbour, the nearest post town being *p0rt
Augusta, which lies about 90 miles N.E.
TABMA.MA, No. 2 RUN ( W. district;) leases, Nos. 401 and 904; occupier,
P. M'Kechnie; total area, 26 and 9 square miles. This nm adjoins the Yabmana nm
No. 1— which see. ,
TADMA CREEK {Flii^ers district N,) is a stream flowing on the W. side of the
Black rock, through the pastoral country of Mitchelili run.
TAUkSnrOA RUN (W, district.) See Hall Mount, N. Run.
TAIiBTlffPA {Flinders district.) See Ponaba.
TAXtlMA RUN {N. district;) leaqe. No. 593 ; occupiers, Roberts and Smart;
area, 75 square miles ; rental, £17 lOs. This run lies near mount Distance in the
Far North.
TAXAAKA (or Yalluna) RUN W. district;) lease, No. 114; occupier, W. B. Mori-
lock; area, 37 square miles; grazing capability, 5000 sheep, or 135 per square
mile; Goyder's valuation, £65 per annum, deducting improvements, valued at £1300.
Tliis run lies 25 miles N. by E. of port Lincoln, the wool being shipped at Tumby bay,
6 miles W. This run also includes leases, Nos. 443 and 832, which have respective
• areas of \6 and 13 square miles. See also Strawbbhrt Hill Run.
TAMAHES.&T {Flinders district) is the native name of a fine sheet of fresh
water, lying about 6 miles N.E. of the Pernatty lagoon, and on the Pernatty creet^
under the S. of Bonney's bluff. It was found by Swinden's party, on their secon*
journey along the W. coast of lake Torrens. It is situated about 80 miles N.W. of
port Augusta.
TANXAUJLZaA (Co. Hindmanh) is a postal township in the electoral district
of Encounter bay, hundred of Tankalilla, and under the control of the district council
of Tankalilla. It is situated on the Bungala river, and 2 miles distant from the Qftrra-
calinga river, in an agricultural and mining district, wheat and other grain being
largely grown in the fertile valleys of the locality, and there being a copper and s
silver lead mine, both within about 4 miles distant. Tliere is a flour mill and a brewery
in the township. The nearest township is Normanville, the sea-por^ 2 miles distant,
the communication, as with Adelaide, 50 miles N., being by daily mail car, and by
omnibus twice a-week. Tankalilla is a prettily-situated township, lying in a vallev
about 2 miles from the sea, and having a post and money order^office, a telegrapn
office, a mechanics* or literary institute, a public pound, a volunteer rifle corps, a
branch of the South Australian insurance company, a rocket apparatus, and 1 hotel —
the Tankalilla. The surrounding district is mountainous, the intervening valleys
being fertile, and mostly taken up by an industrious class ot small farmers, who rsise
excellent crops of wheat and other produce. The resident magistrates are J. -Heath-
cote and S. Herbert, Esqs. The population numbers about 200 persons.
TAHXAULLA (Go. ffindmarsh) is a district council in the electoral district of
Encounter bay. It is under the control of a chairman, the present one bdng Mr. J.
Butterworth of Normanville, and 4 councillors. The receipts and expenditure in this
district council for 1865 were as follow:— Assessment, £10,055 7s.— rate. Is. in the
pound; rates collected, £420 lOs. 4d.; total receipts, X1355 158. lOd.; office expenses
«and salaries, £89 9s. 4d.; expended on public works, i:983 15s. The population num-
bers 1890 persons. The area is 94 square miles, or 60,160 acres; land under cultivation,
9654 acres; and number of dwelling-houses, 339.
T ANKATiTliIi h {Co. Mvndmwrsh) is a hundred lying in the S.W. comer of the
county, and on the S JiX shore of the gulf of St. Vincent. It is a minerid and agricultmyl
country, obtaining about half of its area in purchase land, principaUy taken HP &r
agricultuS purposes.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Yan — ^Yat] The South Amtralian Qazetteer. • 288
TAHKA.&ZLXA. RIVEJl (Co. Hindmarsh) is a stream rising in the Tankalilla
range, and flowing in a N.W. direction through fine forest and agricoitural land into
the sea near Normanville.
YAXtiS RUN ^N^. district,) See Tattawappa Run.
TAWTO RUN (TT. district;) occupier, J. MoCallum; comprising also the head
station at Chinmunara, and the Neilo or Devil's peak station. The grazing capahili^
of the entire run is 2000 she^ and 20 head of cattle. , This run lies 40 iidles distant
from port Lincoln.
TANOA&T RUN {N. district) is part of the Goonatto run— which see. In this
part of the run are included leases, Nos. 252, 297, 290, 235, 394, and 352b, thtf
respective areas being 67, 51, 49, 60, 36, and 33 square miles. The occupiers are Grant
and Stokes.
TARDEA RUN (W, district;) occupiers, Acraman, Main, Lindsaj and Ck).;
area, 93 square miles under lease, and 450 square miles under claim; grazing capabilitj,
at present limited by supply of water, now equal to 6000 sheep; but more wells are
being sunk. The nearest post office is at SuUiyan's station, Gawler ranges.
TA&RA HILL, 29° 10' S. lat., 138° 25' B. long. {Flinders district N,,) is a solitary
hill lying at the head of the Clayton river.
TABJiABKirHJinn>XE CREEK (Co. Victoria) is a small stream, watering
the S.W. part of the Bundaleer run.
Y AEB A-WURTA {Flinders district) is a small creek flowing into the N.W.
end of lake Torrens. •
TATALA BANK or Shoal {Backstairs passage) is a sandbank lying 8 miles
from cape Willoughby. The following remarks are by Captain Lipaon, R.N., the late
harbour master, respecting this shoal: — *' The Yatala bank extends in a N.W. and S.E.
direction 3 miles, and is a quarter of a mile in width, with a depth varying from 3 to
8 fathoms, but as soon as its margin is passed, deepens suddenly to 14 fathoms.''
Ckptain Lipson observes, **That, as the upheaving of this* considerable body of sand
has no doubt been caused by the counteraction of the tide, which in this passage
operates with great violence, it appears probable that each successive year will reduce
the depth of water on the bank, and should therefore be guarded against by those
commanding vessels of heavy tonnage." From the eastern extremity of the Yatala
ban^, cape Willoughby bears S. by W.; cape Jervis, N.W. by N. J N., and the N, Page
E. by S. i S.
TAT ALA CHANNEL is the name of the E. entrance to Denial bay, and is
a narrow channel half-a-mile in width, lying between St. Peter's island and the Bird
rocfai The deepest water is within half-a-cable's length of the rock, where 5 fathoms
will be found. At all states of the tide, a vessel drawing 12 feet water will find a safe
» and navigable channeL
TAT ALA (Co. Adelaide) is a district council in the electoral districts of
W. Torrens, port Adelaide, and »Yatala. It is under the control of a chairman, the
present one being Mr. J. W. Sudholtz of Gilles plains, Walkerville, and 4 councillors.
The receipts and expenditure in this district council for 1865 were as follow: —
Assessment, £18,112— rates, 6d. in the pound; rates collected, *£398 12s. 6^d.; total
receipts, £1204 15s. l^d.; ofl^ce expenses and salaries, £96 76. 4d.; expended on
public works, £668 8s. lid. The population numbers 3091 persons. The area is
58 square miles, or 37,120 acres; land under cultivation, 15,194 acres; and number of
dwelling-houses, 642.
TATALA (Co, Adelaide) is a hundred lying in the N. part of the county, and
to the S. of the Little Para river. It consists for the most part of purchased laid, and
is, in a great measure, under cultivation, the soil being fertile and producing fine crops
of grain.
TATALA ELCTORAL DISTRICT is bounded on the W. by the E. boundary
of the district of W. Torrens, commencing at the S.E. corner of section 2064, and
by the district of port Adelaide; on the N. by the centre of the Gawler river; on the
E. by the south Para and its south branch, to its intersection witft the road running
through section 1685, hundred of Para Wirra; thence by the road running S. to the
Ettle Para river; on the S. by the said river to the centre of the road between 2IM
Digitized by LjOOQIC
384 • The South Au^aUan OazetUer. [Yat-^Yel
and 2144; thence, along centre of said roa3, to the S.E. angle of 3045; thence S. to
the N.B. angle of 3008; thence S.,b7 a straight line, to the £. bonndary of 1566, at
its point of intersection with the Drj creek; thence along the said creek to its later.
section with the E. boundary of section 313 ; thence 8., in a straight line,^ the S.E.
angle of 504 ; thence across the road; thence along the N. boundary of 508, E. to its
N.E. angle ; thence 8., along the E. side of said section, to the centre of the river
Torrens; thence W. by the centre of the said riyer Torrens, to its point of iAtersection
with the E. boundary of the Park. Lands; thence N. and.W., by the boundary of the
Park Luids, to the point of commencement. It comprises the district conncils of
Munno Para E., Munno Para W. (N. and S. portions,^ Tea-tree gully (portion of,)
Walkenrille, Tatala (portion of^ It has an area of 142 square miles, or 90,88
acres, of which 53,291 are under cultivation^ against 47,119 acres in 1861. The
population numbers 6114 persons, of whom 1443 are adult males. The voting
g laces for this district are at Salisbury, Gilles' p]ain8,and Smith's creek TataU
I represented in the Legislatiye Council by W. Cavenagh and L. Glyde, Esqs.
The number of registered electors for 1865 in this district was, for the Legislatiye
Council, 494 ; and for the Legislative Assembly, 810.
TATALA REEF, 32° 38' 20" S. lat., 132' 33^ E. long. {Flinders district TT.,) iss
dangerous reef nearly awash lying to the W. of Hart's island. Two other reefs, the
Carsuarina reef in 32"* 40" S. lat, 132*" 56' E. long., and the Geographic reef in 32'' 4(/ S.
lat., 132° T E. long., are marked in the Admiralty charts, but although rigid search has
been made for them hy the Ij|toto, they hare not been found.
TATTAOOUNOA (jOoMindmarsh) is a small agricultural settlement, and the
name of the mines at Rapid bay — which see.
TSAZiVMBA VINETARD, (Co, Light.) See ANOASTOif.
TSDHEXiVS RUN, (N, district;) leases, Nos. 259, 317, 352a, and 418; occupier,
F.W. Stokes; respective areas of leases, 40, 37, 31, and 42 square miles. This run lies
near Watts's gugar loaf, the next post office being Eanyaka.
TEER CAMBAU COWIE, 31° 20^ S. lat., 131° 5' E. long. {Flinders district,) is
the native name of a salt ftike lying on the coast, at the head of the Australian bighi
Good fresh water may be had by digging in the sand at a distance of about 8 miles
along the coast to the S.W. of this lake; but the water to be obtained near it is
brackish. The country from this point to the W. boundary of the colony consists of
level plains, covered by scrub and salsolaceous plants ; but there is no water. The coast
consists of high fossil cliffs from 400 to 600 feet high.
TS&TA MINE (Co. Daly) is a copper mine lying 85 miles N.W. of Adelaide, on
claims adjoining the Moonta. With reference to this mine, at a recent meeting (Sept.
27, 1866,) Mr. W. A. Wearing, who occupied the chair, stated that there had been aa
improvement in the mine during the past half -year, the quantity of ore raised l^ing
double that produced during the previous six months; but, owing to an unprecedented
&11 in the price of copper, the returns had been considerably diminished. There was ,
a slight deficiency; but he thought they might anticipate that their future operations
would be more' successful, as there would in all probability be an increase in the price
of copper. He further stated that they proposed to send home 100 or 150 tons by the
OooLwa^ and since the report had been made up more ore had been raised, which was
calculated to reduce b^ X750 the amount of their liabilities . He then glanced at the prin-
cipal features of the captain's report, which showed that Wearing's shaft and the 30-
fathom level were being worked with satisfactory results. He remarked that the present
endeavours of the company had been to concentrate their efforts upon the most lucrative
part of the mine, and that other parts of the mine, including Eitto's shaft, would he
opened up as soon as the state of the money market at home justified them in extend-
ing thttr operations. Wearing's shaft had been sunk to the depth of 40 fathoms on
the course of a well-defined lode, the lode at the extreme bottom being about 4 feet
wide, and composed of spar, iron, and schorl, and some fine stones of grey ore. Wearing's
30-fathom level had been driven north from this shaft about 8 fathoms, the lode being
3 feet wide, and carrying a little ore for about 5 fathoms in length. It appeared that
this level had also been driven south from the shaft about 30 fathoms, 23 of which
had been driven on the course of a well-defined lode, yieMing about 4 tons of ore to
the fathom, and pasducing about 20 per cent, of pure copper. Another winze had
been sunk about 14 fathoms from the shaft from the 30-fathom level to the 40, the
course of ore being very good. At the 40>£Eithom level the lode improved as operations
Digitized by LjOOQIC
YoK — Yob] ^ The South Australian Gazetteer. * 285
were carried downward, and it appeared that there had been laid open for stoping
about 700 tons of good ore. Since the report about 120 tons of ore of about 19 per
cent, had been raised; and it has since been reported that matters at the Yelta con-
tinue in a highlj satisfactory state. Every one of the levels is yielding excellent ore,
and in most instances abundantly. Wearing's magnificent lode is increasing in size,
and is as rich as ever. Last week upwards of 100 tons were sent from the mine, and
an additional 40 tons will be despatched during the present week.
TOKO CREEK (Co. Hindmarsh) is the name of a snmll drainage creek flowing
through the hamlet of Glen Buru.
* TORKE VALLEY RUN, No. 1 (TorMs peninmla;) lease, No. 62; occupiers,
S. Rogers and Ck).; area, 58 square nples (new area, 66 square miles.) This run lies in
two blocks, one at point Fearce, and the other at York valley, 35 miles S. by E. of
Moonta, 60 miles from port Adelaide as the crow file's, and 120 miles by road; Goyder's
valuation, £295 Ss. per annum, deducting improvements valued at £1773; the grazing
capability of the run is 7900 sheep, or 120 per square mile, but on this and other
leases (Nos. 234, 868, 296, 1083, and 1084, having an area of 177 square miles) held by
the same occupiers, are 20,000 sheep and 55 head of cattle and horses.
TORKE VALLEY RUN, No. 2 {Torlc^s peninmla;) leases, Nos. 146 and 1147;
occupiers, Forrest and M*Farlane; areas, 12 and 14 square miles; rental, X13 per
annum. This run lies near Yorke valley run, No. 1 — ^which see.
TORKE'S PENINSULA is a tract of land lymg between the gulf of St. Vincent
on the B., and Spencer's gulf on the W., and running out^n a S. direction from 34°
10' to 35° 20^ S. lat. in the form of a boot. It is included m the electoral district of
port Adelaide, and comprises a vast extent of pastoral country, most of which is taken
up as sheep runs. The entire country is almost destitute of surface water, there being
no runniDg streams worthy the name in the peninsula, but numerous wells have been
sunk by the stockowners, and water is obtained in the swamps which abound during,
and for a time after, wet seasons. The country generally comprises dry, scrubb^,
undulating sandy rises, and salt lagoons and swamps with samphire, mesembryanthe-
mum, tea-tree, and patches of rank swamp vegetation; also thinly grassed plains lightly
timbered with oak, cherry, tea-tree, dwarf mallee, peppermint, spinifex and black grass.
Parts of this district, along the coast especially, are almost unavailable for stock, on
account of the malarious exhalati(Mis which rise from the mangrove swamps, and which
cause a dangerous malady known as the coast disease. The entire area of the country
may be described as a scrubby flat, interspersed with open plains, covered with scanty
herbage. Underneath is a crust of limestone, extending over its entire area, and not a
rock nor a hill, not a gully or a watercourse is to be seen for miles. The ground is
strewn with innumerable small fragments of the older rocks, such as quartz, porphyry,
hornblende, felspar, ironstone and clay slate, and the scrub is full of burrowing animals,
which dig large holes in the calcareous crust. Yorke*s peninsula is bounded on the N.
by the county Daly, on the S. by the sea at Investigator's strait, and on the E. and W.
by St. Vincent and Spencer's gulfs respectively. Although the county Daly is stated
as forming the N. boundary of the peninsula, it properly forms part of it, but extends
in a N. direction beyond the limits of the peninsula proper.
In this district there are 1172 acres of purchased land, 1959 acres enclosed, and
175 acres under cultivation. The live stock numbers 942 horses, 1578 homed cattle,
135,554 sheep, 2 goats, 23 pigs, and 483 head of poultry. Of the land under cultivation
there are 67 acres of wheat, 90 acres of hay, 12 acres of fallow land, 5 acres of garden,
and 1 acre of vineyard, the latter having 450 vines in bearing, and 257 vines not in
bearing. The crops for the year ending March 31st, 1866, were 374 bushels wheat
and 96 tons hay. The population numbers 423, and the number of dwellings is 106.
The resident magistrate is W. Fowler, Esq., J.P. By far the most important industry
connected with this part of the colony is the copper mining, which is carried on to a
yery large extent in its N. part, at the Wallaroo, Moonta, and Eadina mines. Copper
was first discovered at the head of the peninsula, upon a sheep run belonging to
Captain Hughes, in 1860, by a shepherd who found amongst the earth and stones
thrown up by a wallaby in the operation of scratching a hole in the ground, a small
green stone about the size of a pea, which proved to be carbonate of copper. A shaft
was sunk upon the spot, and at the depth of a few feet a magnificent lode of copper
was found, the workings giving rise to the celebrated Wallaroo mines, and the shi^t
ibrst sunk being known as the Wombat shaft. Ore was also found near the Tipara
Digitized by LjOOQIC
386 * The South Atutralian GazeUser. lYou
•pringt, about 10 milet S. of the Wombat, and secured by Captain Hughes, the
workings bdng now the great Moonta mine. The ores at Wallaroo and Moonta. are
chiefij sttlphuretSk those at the latter being exceedingly rich. Railways have been
erected in this part of the country from the various mines to port Wallaroo, and
■melting fbmaoes are erected at that place where the ores from all the mines are
smelted. The other mines on the peninsula are the Telta, Earkarilla, Mutta, New
Cornwall, and Kurilla, all in the N., although it is highly probable that copper ore
exists in most parts of thf peninsula.
Bj more than one speaker at the meetings held to celebrate the opening of the
Moonta and Wallaroo railway reference was made to the rapid growth of the importa&t
mineral district on Torke's peninsula. Six years ago it was a sheep run; now it^as
3 considerable townships containing a x>opuIatiof which is numbered hy thousands.
The extensive district where the mines are situated would have been comparatively
worthless had it not been for the fortunate discovery of copper ore. From the absence
of water it was hardly suitable for a sheep run ; and although there are patches of fair
land scattered about, yet these cannot be turned to much account in seasons when
there is but a moderate rainfall. The whole value, then, of the district arises from the
mineral treasures which it containn. The mines have made the townships, and the
townships are entirely dependent on tH^ mines. That the discovery of copper on the
peninsula has been of great service to the colony generally none will deny. The great
Burra mines first gave a start to South Australia, and they have contributed rery
much to its prosperity since the first discovery was made. It was fortunate, therefbre^
that just at a time when the Burra seemed to have seen its best days the fiimous
Wallaroo and Moonta mines should have been discovered. By these discoveries a
fresh impetus was given to the progress of the colony, under the force of which it is
still going forward. It is singular to observe that most, if not all, our profitable mines
have been discovered by accident. Large sums of money have been spent at various
times in what is known as *' prospecting," and yet we do not know a single instance
in which any discovery of importance has been made in this way. The land haa
rivealed its treasures without their beitig sought for. The discoveries of the Wallaroo
and Moonta were mere fortunate accidents, while on the other hand the most pain»-
taking search and the most diligent prospecting have rarely led to anything valuable.
There has been, of course, a large outlay of capital in working some of the mines.
The Moonta is an exception, as it is not the rule in copper mining for rich ores and
malleable copper to be found on the surface, or a few inches below, sufficient from the
very beginning to pay the cost of securing it. In other mines large fUnds have had to
be provided, and in working some of them the proprietary have shown an enterprise
and a patient perseverance deserving of all praise. Money has been laid down time
after time, calls have been responded to, if not with heartiness, still without very much
grumbling, and yet small returns have been received. Much money has been made by
mining on the peninsula, and much has been lost. Mr. Bower, M.P., in one of h»
addresses at the recent meetings, started a question of no small importance both to the
peninsula and to the colony generally. He said that there were bubble mining
companies started and manipulated on the Exchange flags of which they at Wallaroo
knew nothing, — companies, in fact, like the man's razors, made only to sell. Of course
the practice of getting up such companies has the effect of injuring those which are
started in good faith. That some amount of sharp practice does- go on in mining
schemes in Adelaide will at once be admitted. A sharp-witted speculator gets an
inkling of a promising country; a captain, presumed to be learned in indications, sends
in a report; a few specimens are sent to an expert for analysis, and soon a flaming
prospectus is published, a company is formed, slftres reach a premium, and often the
original projectors sell out and clear a handsome profit. We do not say that these
practices are very common, but they exist, and the result is damaging to real bond fide
efibrts at mining.
Private enterprise has done almost everything to make the peninsula prosperous. It
has not only worked the mines, but it has erected the smelting works, constructed the
jetty, and made the railway. The jetty and the railway are perhaps the most important
works which have sprung up as the result of the mineral discoveries; and doubtdem
they have saved the government a very considerable outlay. Had private enterprise
not undertaken these works, the government must have done so. While every tittle
township along the coast has a jetty constructed at the public expense, the^ daima of
an important port like Wallaroo could not have been long resisted. Money nrast aiao
have been spent in making good roads. But the scheme first stuted: by M^. Ckilim
■
• . Digitized by LjOOQIC
Youl The South Afistralian Gazetteer. ^ 287
and subsequently carried on hv the energy of a private company, has relieved the
gOTemment of this expense. Though the public treasury has received large additions
mm the peninsula, a very trifling sum has been spent there. A rough road has been
cleared through the scrub, there have been ^2000 wisely spent in making tanks for the
storage of water, and a few thousands have been laid out in erecting court-houses and
police stations in the townships ; but that is all. All accommodation fbr vessels, and
all means of communication between the several townships have been the result of
private enterprise and capital. But in works of this kind enterprising men cannot serve
themselves without at the same time serving the public. The proprietors of the rail-
ways on the peninsula, while we hope they will get a fair return for their capital, have at
the same time done much to promote the public interests. They have shown that rail-
ways worked by horse power, economically constructed and carried on, can be made to
pay. There can be no doubt that a time will come when railways of this kind will be
extensively adopted. They seem to be best suited to the necessities of a new colony.
They pay their own expenses, which roads do not, and they afford a cheap and fiicile
means of communication between different centres of industry.
Private enterprise having accomplished so much for the peninsula, it seems only
fair that the government should do something. It is a cause of special complaint that
no moorings have been laid down in Wallaroo bay, and that former governments have
refused to acknowledge their obligation to lay them down. These moorings would
be a public benefit, and ought to be laid down at the expense of the public. This is
all that is now required to make the harbour perfectly safe in all weathers. And for
the sake of ^e large amount of shipping which comes to Wallaroo, and the quantity of
exports from it, it ought to be done without delay.
TOUM ABTOLLA STATION ( W. district;) occupiers. Heath and Woolridge.
See Wallianippib Station.
TOUHO COUNTY forms a part of the S. portion of the pastoral district of
Eastern plains, and is in the S.E. part of the electoral district of Flinders. It is
bounded on the W. by the county Burra, by a line drawn N. from the Great or N.W.
bend ; on the S. by the Murray river, irom that bend to Overland corner ; and on the
N. and E. by the Eastern plains. Only a part of its S.W. course is comprehended
in the settled districts, and is taken- up lor pastoral purposes. The hundred of
Stuart is in this comer, and upon the N. bank of the Murray. This county has an
area of 2015 square miles, or 1,289,600 acres, of which 690 acres are purchased land,
400 acres being enclosed but not cultivated. The live stock numbers 199 horses, 372
homed cattle, 6901 sheep, 22 goats, 41 pigs, and 172 head of poultry. The population
numbers 73 persons, being an increase of 21 since 1861, and the number of dwelling-
houses is 28.
TOUHOHVfnBAMD (Co, Russell) is a N. hundred of the county, lying on the
B. bank of the Murray river at Chucka bend, and opposite the township of Mannum.
It contains only a very small area of purchased land on the bank of the river, being
mostly taken up for pastoral purposes.
TOUNOHUSBAND LAKE, 30° 50' S. lat., 135° 65' E. long. {Flinders district,)
is a large lagoon lying to the N. of lake Gairdner, at an elevation of 395 feet above the
level of the sea. It is surrounded by small salt lagoons. This lake was touched by
Stuart in 1858, and lies in a stony country, with numerous sand-hills.
TOUHOBUSBAMS, MOUNT, 28° 1' 32" S. lat., 135° 50^ E. long. {Flinders
district iV.,) is the name given by Stuart the discoverer to a prominent hill lying on
the W. bank of the Blyth river, in a grassy plain, with numerous springs of fresh water.
TOUMaBUSBAHBf MOUNT {Flinders district TF.,) is the name of a moderately
high hill, lying at the &, end ofi St. Peter's island, in Nuyt's archipelago. It forms an
excellent landmark for vessels navigating the surrounding waters.
TOUMGHirSBAHB'S PENINSULA {Co. Fussdl) is a tract of land composed
principally of sandy drift, with a few low sandy dunes lying between the S. part of lake
Alexandrina and the sea (Encounter bay.)
TOVMOi MOUNT (Flinders district,) is a hill lying on the W. side of Spencer's
gul^ about 10 mi^es S. of fiummock liill.
TOIFM€H8 BOCKS (Kangaroo isfemd) is the name of a group of rocks on the S.
side of the island, lying 15 miles S.S.W. of cape Gantheaurae. The " North Rock" is
abemt 10 feet abore water, and about 00 feet in diameter, the top appears quite smooth.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
You— Yud] The Soutt AmtrdUan OaxeUeer. 288
and no outlying rookt seem to exist in its immediate Ticinitj. Soundings in 35 fiithoms
on a bottom composed of coarse sand and coral were obtained half-a-mile to the west-
ward of this dMger. S. 4 W., 2| miies, lies the centre rock of the group; this islet is
about 30 feet high, and has a few straggling rocks stretching in an RN.E. direction for
about a quarter of a mile. S. W., about a mile and a quarter from the ao-foot rock, is
situated the outer rock of this group. This danger is about 6 feet above the surfiioe,
with a few detached rocks surrounding it. This being the lowest of the group, andtiie
outside rock, is the most dangerous of them, and should be carefully avoided in thick
weather. The 30-foot rock lies in lat 36° 20' 40" S., long., 137** 22^ 30" E. To^thc
southward of the group regular soundings of 45 fathoms were obtained.
TOmrOTZIiLi: {Co, Adelaide) is a small agricaltural Tillage, lying 1 mile to the
N. of the township of Reynella. The population is small and scattered.
TVDANAICUTANA {Flinders district N.) is a postal copper mining township
in the electoral district of Flinders, and' lying on the Tudanamutana and Petaiinkiiui
creeks, amidst a rugged series of broken hills and gullies. The district is a pastoral
and copper mining one, the former interest being represented by numerous squatters
who hold sheep and cattle runs in the neighbourhood, and the latter by the mines of the
Yudanamutana and Great Northern mining companies. The mines in the neigbour-
hood are the Tudanamutana, Wheal Gleeson, Wheal Frost, Dominick Daly, and Wd-
come copper mines, and the Stanley bismuth and copper mine. There are also yarioos
sections bearing copper, but not yet named. The Tudanamutana mine (as is the case
with all the N. mines) has suspended operations for some time back, in consequeoce of
the recent severe drought, but will probably resume so soon as the state of the coantry
will permit. Mr. Austin's description of this mine is as follows:— ''The situation (^
the mine reminds the traveller of Swiss or Welsh mountain scenery, and several fine
sketches might be taken of the neighbouring hills; indeed, a panoramic view of the
locality would be very pretty. The creek is shaded by gum trees and shrubs, the latter
being 7 or 8 feet in height; and the hill sides are covered with low scrub and small
flowering shrubs, with here and there a clump of pines. The first grand discovery
which was made here consisted of a large boil of ore in ironstone and gossan, on the top
of a low hill in the midst of the surrounding amphitheatre of mountains. The hill
referred to in the present case is on section * 135a,' and is about 80 or 90 feet above the
creek, which flows on two sides of its base. The boil of ore at the top contained
altogether about 70 tons above the surface, a portion of it, on one side, is still left
standing as a sample or memento of its original appearance. When an inspection of the
mines of the colony was made by order of the government, although no report was
published, it was generally understood that such report would be rather damaipg
to roost of the northern mines, and it was stated that the Yudanamutana mine,
especially, was condepined, the boil or bunch of ore on the surface being said to
be all that ever would be found there, as it went down suddenly in the shape of
a wedge, and run out, and that no more than 60 tons could be raised from
the hill. This assertion— which, whether it formed a part of the report handed in to
the government or not, was much talked of out of doors— has been most triumphantly
refuted by the subsequent development of the mine. It was to a certain extent true
that the great mass of ore, which was 10 or 12 feet wide, did go down in the shape of a
wedge for a few feet, but the end of the wedge has not yet been reached, though shafts
have been sunk on the lode to a total depth, from the top, of 28 fathoms. The aptness
of the comparison ceased after the first 2 fathoms, for a finer and more regular lode
below I never saw. The ore in the lode varies from <2 to 4 feet in width, the walls are
of killas, and the lode of ^ne gossan and steatite, with splendid grey ore, accompanied
by green carbonate and liver-coloured ore. The lode underlies about 1 foot in the
fathom, and has been traced altogether for above 2 miles in length, occasionally cropping
out on the surface. On the property of the Yudanamutana mining company the lode
runs tor a mile, and has been proved at intervals for a length of above 1300 yards.
The principal workings are in the neighbourhood of the boil of ore on the hill, where t
shaft (No. 2) was sunk at the side of the lode for 1 1 £athoms, proving the lode to that
depth, the country as well as the lode in the bottom looking very favourable. Several
&thoms to the N. of this shaft were stoped away fh>m the surface, so that the nature
of the lode could be plainly seen. Some stoping had also Ibeen don^ on the S. side ol
the hill with a similar result; and a very promising counter lode to the E. of the main
lode was opened for a length of between 20 or 30 feet, and a few feet in depth. At the
bottom of the hill on the S., an adit level (Na 1} was being driven on tbi^oonmd
Digitized by V^OOQlC
YuD — Ang] The South Amtralian Gazetteer, 289
the lode ; from the mouth of this level the large blocks of ore, before referred to,
were taken; a winze was sank 3 fathoms at the entrance to the level, and the appear-
ances presented in it were highly satisfactory, the finest possible country with
beautiful ore in the bottom. A little farther S., and across a small flat, 70
fathoms from* No. 2 shaft, we find No. 1 shaft sunk 12 fathoms on the same
lode, and in every respect looking as well as the other, several fine stones of grey ore
of about half-a-ton weight, and from 40 to 50 per cent, produce, were raised from the *
bottom in my presence. On section *135b/ to the south of that which I have
described, workings were commenced about 600 yards from No. 2 shaft, and several
tons of red oxide and steel grey ores raised. At this spot there is a curious volcanic
looking boil of ironstone, and what appears very much like lava and scorise. This boil
was hollow internally, so that while one of the miners was working here with his pick,
a mass suddenly fell inwards into the cavity, nearly causing him to fall with it.
A short distance to the eastwards a branch lode has been cuf, apparently converging
with the other at an acute angle towards a poi9t in the gully to the north, and about
this point a cross course, from the west, seems to be intersecting the main lode. If
this idiould prove to be the case, a large deposit of ore may be looked for at the point
of junction.'*
On two adjoining sections, Nos. 285 and 1398, also give promising signs, and
operations have been commenced on 285, called the Martichudina, and very encouraging
results met with. On one part of this section there are large masses of rock con-
taining copper ore in abundance, and in another place, stones of thea ize of roa d metal
are scattered thickly up the slope of the hill for a width of 18 or 20 feet, and near ly
half of them contain copper ore, many of them to the value of 40 per cent. A
similar sur&ee deposit occurs on section 1398, though perhaps not quite so rich as on
285. Tudanamutana lies 480 miles N. of Adelaide ; the means of communication
being by Rounsevell's mail coach, which, however, only runs so far when required, the
mails at other times being conveyed from Blinman on horseback. The surrounding
country is mountainous, and consists of the rugged spurs and peaks of the main range.
The formation is ferruginous sandstone and limestone, with beds of granite. The
population numbers only 3 persons at the present time.
TUDNAiPUNBA CREEK (N, district) is a mountain stream, rising in mount
Carnarvon, near the Appenilla mine and flowing in an E. direction into the Eastern
plains, through scrubby pastoral country.
TCrMGAZiA RUN {Co. Frome;) lease. No. 107; occupier, D. Cudmore; area,
42 square miles; grazing capability, 9500 sheep, or 2^0 per square miles; old rent and
assessment, £108 10s. ; Goyder's valuation, £588 per annum, excluding improvements
valued at £2050. This ran is on the Yungala flat, where the head station is situated,
40 miles N.N. W. of Eooiinga, and 140 miles N. of Adelaide. It consists of well grassed
undulating and plain land, with sheoak on the hills, but there is no surface wa^r, and
wells on tne E. part of the run only. This run also includes lease 288, which has an
area of 33 square miles.
ADPITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
The following runs, and additions to runs, have been necessarily
omitted in the body of the work in consequence of having had to wait
for information.
A'BECKETT'S FOND. This run, lease. No. 905, also includes the Leigh's creek,
or mount Coffin run, lease. No. 575, the areas being 93 and 84 miles respectively.
AXiBE&T, LAKE, RUN {Co. RusseU) is a station occupied by the hon. J. Baker,
lying to the E. of lake Albert, and paying a rental and assessment of £11.
ANGORZGXNA RUN {N. district; ) leases, Nos. 312 and 460; occupier,
H. C. Swan; area, 83 square miles. This run lies near Patawarta hill, and tp the N.
of the Siccus river, the post office being Hollo welena. d b LjOOQIC
290 Tfie South Australian Gazetteer. ["Ard — Coo
, MOUNT, RUN comprises, besides mount Arden N., leases, Nos. 274,
244, 361, 381 (Punch bowl,) 388, 570, 690, 823, 1024, 1025, and 1137, which ha?e an
area of 371 square miles.
A&XABA. This run also comprehends leases, Nos. 27 !▲, 408, 429. 447, 455, 498,
and 528a, which hare an area of 194 square miles.
A&OOMA. Besides the head station, Aroona comprehends leases, Nos. 236 and
393, which ha?e an area of 66 square miles.
BANORAM RUN. This run also includes leases, Nos. 310, and 914, which haye
an area of 49 square miles.
BA&OOTA. This run also comprehends leases, Nos. 426a, and 632, which have
an area of 11 acres.
BEMDE&BT RUN {N.E. district;) leases, Nos. 235, 282, 340, 469, 499, 546, and
639; occupiers, A. W. T. and F. A. Grant; total area, 307 square miles. This run lies
near the Siccus river, the next post ofSce being HoUowelena.
BnfNUflS-BINMVM RUN. This run also includes the Cadnite station; lease,
No. 161, and the Gonkar run; leases, Nos. 599, 160, 712, and 620. These stations have
an area of 178 square miles. On the«ntire block are 28,000 sheep, 9000 head of cattle,
and 40 horses.
BLACK POINT.RUN comprises also, lease. No. 384; area, 17 square miles; rental,
£21 10s. per annum.
BmiBA CREEK, N. RUN {N.E. district;) lease, No. 591; occupier, J. M.M*Bride;
area, 194 square miles; rent and assessment, £27 3?. 4d. per annum. This run lies in
the Murray flats to the S.E. of Eooringa, and N.W. of North-west bend, the nearest
post offices.
BUBBA HILL STATION (N.E. district;) lease, No, 14; occupiw, W. H. Neale;
area, 42 square miles; rent and assessment, £630. This run lies to the E. of Eooringa,
the next post town.
CANAPVirDAT STATION {N. district;) lease, No. 289; occupier, H. S. Price;
area, 35 square miles; rent and assessment, £32 168. 3d. This is a part of the Wilpeoa
ran— which see.
G AITM AWZGBA W. This run also includes lease. No. 847, which has an are o^
47 square miles.
CABGUiriA (or Taukagal) STATION {S.E. district;) lease, No. 776; occupiers,
Williams and Bagot; area, 20 square miles; rent and assessment, £19 3s. 4d. This
run is in the Tattiara or new S.E. district, the nearest post town being Border town.
GABOOMA. This run also includes leases, Nos. 287, 298, 399, and 475, which
have an area of 136 square miles.
CBA1CBEB8, MOUNT, RUN (N district;) leases, Nos. 470, 626, 629, 682, 734,
744, 760, and 836; occupier, the hon. J. H. Angas; total area, 386^ square miles. Ttiis
run is watered by the John creek, and lies at the foot of the mountain whence it takes
its n ame. The nearest post office is at mount Margaret.
GBVCKA BEND STATION; lease, No. 321a; occupiers, J. W. and H. Scott;
area, 5 square miles; rent and assessment, £11 5s. This run lies on the E. jbank of
the Idurray river, S. of Blanchetown, the nearest post town being Swanport,
GOCBBANE'S WELL STATION {S.E. district;) lease. No. 376; occupier, Mrs.
E. Thomas; area, 24 square miles; rent and assessment, £30 per annum. Next post
town, Wellington.
GOrriN, MOUNT, STATION (N. district.) See A'Beckett's Pond Run.
GONKAB RUN. This run also includes leases, Nos. 599, 712, and 720, which
haye an area of 32 miles.
GOOMATTA. This run also includes leases Nos. 122, 251 (Mookra,) 290,291
297, 332, 333, 352b, and 394, which have an area ol 527 square miles.
GOOBOMO. Besides the lease, No. 226a, this run includes lease. No. 1015, which
has an area of 8 miles, and pays a rent and assessment of £7 13s. 4d. per annum.
Wal] The South Amtralian Gazetteer, 291
GOO&OMO RUN, No. 2 (Co.RusseU;) leaae, No. 60; occupiers, T. and J. Dodd;
area, 16 square miles; rent and assessment, £15. This run lies on the Goorong
peninsula, the next post town heing Magrath*s flat.
GORNT POINT, S. STATION (Torke's peninsula,) lease, No. 1163, is a small
station lying to the S. of Corny point, and occupied by Mr. T. Rogers. It pays a rent
and assessment of ^5 lOs. per annum. The next post town is port Adelaide, but the
overland road is S. from Wallaroo.
CO&aOBBE&A STATION {N. district;) lease, 559; occupier, T. Beck; area,
36 square miles; rent and assessment, £4S per annum. This station lies in the scrubby^
country to the N. W. of port Augusta, the next post town.
CO&UMMA RUN {N. district;) leases, Nos. 369. 1011, and 1077; occupier,
A. Scott; area, 122 square miles; rent and assessment, £17 6s. 8d. This run lies near
Ck)runna hill and lake, the next post town being port Augusta, to the E.
CRYSTAL BROOK.— This run also comprehends leases, Nop. 237, 247, and 248
which have an area of 230 square miles, and are known as the Naperly and Brook
stations.
DAJtE'S HILL, N. RUN {Eastern plains district;) leases, Nos., 549, 637, 655, and
742; occupier, D. Mundy; area, 1 12 square miles. This run lies in the Eastern j>lains,
to the E. of Black rock, the next post town being Eooringa, from which it lies to
theN.E.
DUCK ISLAND RUN {S.E, district;) leases, Nos. 902 and 967; occupier, J. and
A. Cooke; area, 76 square miles. This run lies N.E. of Tilley's swamp, the nearest
post town being Kingston. The country is swampy and scrubby.
DUCK PONDS STATION (N.E. district;) lease, No. 613a; occupiers, Crase
and Moyle. This lease forms a part of the mount Freeling run— which see.
F&EELXNG, MOUNT, RUN (N.E, distriht;)\lesi8eB, Nos.;6 13a (Duck ponds,) and
715A; occupiers, Crase and Moyle; area, 108 square miles. This run lies to the E. of
mount Freeling, and at the foot of mount Livingstone, the next post office being Yuda-
namutana.
tElOH'S CREEK STATION, No. 2 {M. district.) See A'Beckett's Pond Run.
PUNCB-BOW& STATION N, district;) lease, No. 381; occupier, J. Taylor.
See Mount Ardbn Run.
KEAPBOOK STATION, No. 2 (N. district;) lease. No. 620; occupier, H. S. Price,
Esq.; area, 64 square miles; rent and assessment, X46 7s. 6d. This is part of the
Wilpena run — which see.
TAURAGA.Z. STATION fS.E, district.) See«CAECUNiA Station.
WAMZXi&A RUN, No. 2 ( W. district; ) leases, Nos. 837 and 1048; occupier,
J. Anderson; respective areas of leases, 19 and 9 square miles. This run lies near
mount Liverpool and Lipson's cove, to the N. of port Lincoln^
WZLPEMA RUN. This run includes, besides the head station, the following
leases, 273, 289 (Canapnnday,) 299, 351 (Artipena, 407, 563, 586, 620 (Reaphook,) 424,
435, 497, 500, 538, and 619, which have an area of 329 square miles.
CORRECTIONS.
In line 6^of article Aldinga, page 12, for Wellington, read Willunga.
In page 139, 11th line from bottom, for Weninger, read Men ingie.
In page 143, 4th line from top, for Mobloong, read Mobolong.
In page 185, 18th line from bottom, for Poodnon, read Poodnow.
In page 243, 6th line from top, for Sheep's, read Sleep's.
In Utter B, Bi. is misplaced after Bl.
.„,^ Since the earlier sheets of this work were printed, C. Goode, Esq., member
for E. Torrens, has resigned his seat, and R. A. Stow, Esq., been elec^ in his
stead. W. L. Fuller, Esq^ has also been elected mayor of Adelaide in the room of
W. Townsend, Esq., and Mr. Parkin has been elected M.L.C.
Digitized b^(^OOQ 16
ALPHABETICAL LIST
OF
PASTORAL TENANTS OF THE CROWN,
WITH THE STATIONS OCCUPIED BY THEM AS SHOWN IN
THE BODY OF THE WORK.
AcBAUAN, Main and Lindsay, Gkim flat
„ Yardea
Affleck, J., , Kirbybolite
AnderspD, J., ' Wanilla
„ Wanilla No. 2 (addenda)
Angas, the hon. J. H., Angas's
„ Mount Chambers (addenda)
„ Mount Gullet
„ Stony creek
„ Tea-tree springs
Anstey and Giles, Gum flat or mount Rat
Penton vale
Armytage, C. B.
Ayres, the hon. H.,
North-west bend
Baldina
Barker's
Black point
Bundaleer
Gleeson's
Hill river
Bagot, E. M., Merta
Baker, the hon. J., Albert lake (addenda)
„ Blanchewater and mount
•(Distance
,, Mount Wallace
„ Patawarta
Pernunna
Barker's
Baldina No. 2
Murray scrub
Reaphook
Corrobbera (addenda)
Coonunda
Wirrega
Okiltibie
Talia E.
Ooraparinna
Earlgurra
Tintinarra
Pillaworta
Eetchowla
Tilley's swamp
Wadnaminga springs
Bowman and Parnell, Parrana or Pirara
,, Tickara and Hunter
„ Winter
Barker, A.,
Barrett and Duffleld,
Bean, M.,
Beatson, R.,
Beck, T.,
Begg, P.,
BInnie, J.,
Bishop and Beard,
Boord, S.
Boothby, J. W. and J. H.,
Borthwick, W.,
Boucaut, H.,
Boucaut, R P.,
Bowman, G., Mount Templeton
Bowman, J. W. C. and T. R.^ Crystal
[brook, Naperly
«> Point Riley
Brown and Magarey, Mikkira
Brown, J., Scrubby swamp, or Tilley's
[swamp
Browne, J. & J. H,, Murmenia
Browne, J. T. & R., Iron peak
Browne, W. J. and J. H., Arkaba,
Artipena
)» Booboorowie
;» Oolpa
i, Coppio
ft Kapinka
„ Wilpena
„ Cape Radstock or
[Calca, or Baird's bay
n Sieaford bay
9, Waldegrare point
9f Wana
i, Wilpena
n Wonoka
Butler, P., Edieowie W.
)} Warcowie
Cadbt, P. and J., Wilkerloo
Calnan, M., Cygnet riyer
}) Freestone creek
Eingscote
Wattle range
Krongart
Chilpanunda
Bonney lake, N.E.
Piapeo
Tattawappa
T^oorkoongarie
Tilley's swamp
Hope bank
Bonney's camp
Duck island (addenda)
„ Maria creek
M Wywalkarwah
Crace and Moyle, Duck ponds (addenda)
,, Freeling mount (addenda)
Crawford and Linklater, UlibWe
Crawford H. A., Hope downs
Digitized by LjOO vlC
Cameron, Mrs. A.,
Cameron, E.,
Carlyle and Irvine,
Chambers, J.,
9*
Chewings, J.,
Clark, J. H. andA. S.,
Cockrum, W.,
Cooke, J. and A.,
Index]
The South Australian Gazetteer.
293
Crawford, H. A.,
Crow, E.,
Cudmore, D.,
Cussen, B.,
Eirkala
Perlubie
Piltiniby
Mount Bruce
Brown's hill
Paringa
Yungala
Bangham
B.
Dalwood, Goode and Goode, Konkabeena
Dare and Mundj, Ketchowla, W.
Davenport and Fowler, A'Beckett's Pond
Davenport and Power, Finniss springs
Davies, C. W., Mattawarrumgalla
Daw, J. W., Western Cove
Dodd, F. H., Reevesby island
9, Sir J. Banks's group
Dodd, T. and J., Coorong, No. 2 {addenda)
,, Dodd's
Dutton, C. W., Wedge hill N.
Dutton, F. H., Anlaby
n Emu flats
»» Murray scrub
Duffield aud Harrold, . Outaalpa
Dunn, A., Blackford
99 Con merry
>* Conmurra
Dunn, J.^ Dunn's
E.
Elder and Davidson, Wllyerpa
Elder and Smith, Owtan and Pandappa
,, Wellington E.
Elder and Schlinke, Flinders island
Elder and Waite, Pandappa
«) Paratoo
Elder, the hon. T., Lake Hope
,9 Manuwalkinna
f, Mount Partridge
h Mount Rose
9 9 Mount Scott
»9 Oomberatana
• „ Winowie, or Win wore
Ellis, J., Barunga
„ Bumbunga
» German flat
» Hummocks
f) Lalee
9> • . Wonaka
. Falloon, R. N.,
Ferguson, P.,
Foot, J.,
F.
St. Helena
MuUigon
Monster E.
Tilley's swamp
Forrest, McFarlane, Yorke valley No. 2
Forrest, J., Mount Monster S.
Forster, J., Cliandada
), ParlaN.
9) Pollitia
Forster, M., felowie
Fowler, W., . Moorowee
Fowler, W.,
Framp^n, J. W.
Cape Spencer
Wallala
^-
Gale, M. C, Black springs
Geharty, J., Paldinea
^.** ^ Venps bay, or Kirkana
Gilbert, J., McVittie's. or Gilbert's
>» Mount Bryant
_,.„.»♦ ,, TuoockCowie
GiUies, M., Gillies's
^, »» WHlochra creek
Gjeeson, H. C. , Unawurtina
?^5' ^'' 9. c Mayura
Goldsworthy, S., Black point
^ „ »»^ Waraultee
GoUan, D., Binney's Look-out
^ »» _ Murrabinna
^oode, S., Kapinka
tfordon, J. Cannawigra
^ '* . ,« Gordon's
Grant, A. W. and F. A., Bendelby
Grant and Phillips, Barndeotoo
Grant and Stokes, Coonatta and Yanyary
» Pinda
5^JF'^-» Pinnaroo
Hallett,E.R., Ewappa
„ „» , Winniaie and Ewappa
Hallett,J. andA., Caroona
TT „ T IT? Wandilla
Hall, J. P Boolcamata
Hamp, G. C. , Wedge Hill, E.
Hamp, J W., Wedg© Hill, S.
Hanson, G., Wedge Hill, E.
Harding and Bunn, Two-weUs
Harding, G., Lake St. Clair
Hawker, G. C, Anama
TT i_ " ,- ^ Bungaree
Hawker, J. a, McDiarmid's
Hawson, G., Peterlumbo
Hawson, H. C, Brown point
Hayward J F. Aroona
Heath and Wooldridge, Alpachina
» Oarflena
» Choonbeiiigula
» Edrielpa
»» Mtirranuga
»» PmrtJiUla
♦» Wallianippie
» Wangalongooiliia
„ ,♦» ^ Tounamulla
Hedger, S Murray scrub
Hensley, J., Cairo bank
Henot, S. and C, Lowan vale
TT. »' Monster N,
uicks, K, Murmy scrub
Hiern, J p^^^j^ ^
Hi es and Chewings, Manatinarie
^"®8»G-» /Mdnjibbie
'» Digitized byWatlkarf Dp
394
The South Austraiian Gazetteer.
[Index
Hilet, G.,
Pualco
London, J.,
Pinbato
Holland, R^
Bookmark
Love, R.,
Cheriroo N.
f»
Chowilla
Tourville bay
Holrojd, B. and H^ Lake Wangary, S.E.
Holroyd, B. J. H.,
Holroyds
Ka
Holroyd, H., *
Maminnie
M'Arthds a ,
Marcullet
Hooper. J.,
Reedy wells
Macarthur, D.,
Killanoola S.
Hope, J..
Hope's
^^
Macarthur's scrub
M Koorlunga
Horn, W. A., Caddilba and Tannara
M«Bride, J. M.,
Borra creek (addenda)
Wedfie hill E
»♦
Maryvale
M'Alium, D.,
Kantaba
Hosking, and Bryant,
Coppelalta
Tilley's sframp
— .»» _^
Pinthaput
WiUips
Hughes, H. B.,
Beanwelee
Wilyerpa
HolC'j. P. E.,
Booyooloo
Monster, S.E.
M<daium, J.,
Mount Liverpool
Yanto
M*ciilum, M..
Nepowie
J.
MConvUle, a.
Partacana
Jacob, W. and J. T.,
Parabarana
M'CiiUoch, A.,
Eldoratrilla
•»
Paralana
GottUeb's wen
Jeffrey, S,
Callendale
tf
Nakara
,,
Sheoak range
tt
Pandappa
Johnson, A., Johnson's Coast or Lake
McDonald, P.,
Kangaroo flat
[George
»>
Reedy weU
>»
Moant Muirhead
Macgeorge,* J.,
' Binney's look-out
Woakwine, S.
Mclnness, J. W.
and M., Grower
Johnson and Riddoch,
Lake Eliza
n
Baker's'range
Jones, H. and D. 0.,
Binnuin-Binnum
McKechnie, J.,
Yabroana
n
Cadnite
McKechnie, P.,
Yabmana No, 2
f*
Conkar
McEinnon, D. M
, Kaladbro
McLeod, A.,
Monbnlla
K.
McLeod, J. N.,
Kalangadoo
Kelly, P.,
Monster
McLeod,L. H.,
Nalang
>»
Swede's flat
M'Taggart, and McCallum, Nepowie N.
Kelsh. Jf ,
Lake Newland
Magarey, T.,
Lake Hawdon E.
$y
Mount Southam
ft
Narracoorte
Keynes, J^
Murray scrub
»
Tulkea
L.
>»
Woakwme N.
Laidlaw, W.,
Lake Roy
Marchant, J. C,
Talia and Cheriroo
La'shmar, Mrs. J.,
Willoughby cape
Marchant, W. L.,
Buneroo
Lashmar, T.,
Antechamber bay
»>
Edieowie
Lawson, R., Padthaway or Campion's
w
Manannarie
Leake, E. J.,
Glencoe
Marrabel and MiUer, Bell point
Leake, R.R. and E. J.,
Molong or Mount
[Macintyre
»
Nonnon^
Martin, T.
American river
tf
Tarpeena
Matthews, T. T. H. and A.,Mundowadant
Levi and Sprigg,
Oulnina
Maurice, Price,
Appila
Levi and Williams, •
Parnaroo
t*
Boolooroo
Peaked hiU
11
Bramfleld
Leyi,P.
Booleroo
}*
• Mncra
})
Coffin's bay.
n
Pekina
Dawson's hill
>f
Sharinga
,', Mangalow and Poodnow, or Frank-
If
Tarcowie
[lin Harbour
}t
Tulubra
Mount Margaret
>»
Walloway
))
Mount Eyre
>f
Warrow
„ Oratunga and Moolooloo
»♦
Wepowie
tt
Wanilla N.
Melrose, G.,
Disher's plains
if
Warraweena
9)
Rosebank
)•
Welcome springs
f«
Tungapa
Lindsay and Gibson,
Cooyeyanna
Meredith, J.,
Mingbool
f)
Parla
Mallei
Livingston, J.,
Wild dog point
Moorhouse and othQT3j,OO^^xechet^
Index]
The South Australian Gazetteer.
296
Morphetfc, Hon. J.,
9f
Morris, T.,
Mortlock, W. R.,
»
Mundy, D.,
Nealb, W. H.,
Monster, N.E.
Peachoram
Salt Flat
Swan Reach
Woods* point
Bowaka
Lake Wangary, N.
Strawberry hill
. Yallana, or Yalluna
Dare's hill {addenda)
Borra hill (addenda)
Murray flats
O.
Oliver, Mrs. M.,
Ormerod and Stockdale,
Ormerod, G.,
Orr, Neil,
Morambra
Mount Benson,
[No. 2
Mount Scab
Morambra
Falmbb, Murphy and Henty,
Parr and Luxmoore
Pearson, A.,
Phillips, J, R.,
PoUitt, J., •
Power, D.,
Gillap
Ronnetta
Eappawanta
Reedy creek
Eanyaka
Thistle island
Murkbo
Price, H. S.
Price, Maurice,
Canapunday (addenda)
Reaphook, No. 2, (addenda)
See Maurice, Price
Raoless and Williams,
RaglesB, Messrs.,
Rankine and Walker,
Reid'* J. and R. J. B.,
Richman, H. J.,
Roberts and Smart,
Robertson, W. and J.,
Roberts, P.,
Black Rock
Balcarrie
Coorong
Paruka
Butaloo
Italli-Italli
Tent hills
Talina
Mosquito creek
Moy hall
Woolgaburg
Kingston
Terewoor
Rogers, Lander and Stevens, Gorney point
„ Lake Sunday
„ Oyster bay
Rogers, S. and Co., Yorke valley. No. 1
liogers T. Corney point S. (addenda)
Rogers, T. W., Cape Spencer
„ Corney point
Tipara
S
Salter, W. T., BarSota
Schlinke, A., Mount hall N., or Yalabinga
„ Parla N.
Scott, A., Corunna (addenda)
Scott, A.,
Scott and Hay ward,
Scott, J. W. and J.
Scott, T. and W.,
Seymour, H.,
Short, H. A.,
Sinclair, J.,
»>
Sleep, S.,
Smith and Hack,
Smith and Russell,
Smith and Swan,
Smith, A.,
Smith, H. J.,
Smith, R. B.,
»>
Stanley, R.,
Stark, E.,
Stewart and Falloon,
Stewart, A.,
Stewart, J.,
Stewart, W.,
Stirling, E.,
Stockdale, E.,
Stockdale and Ormerod,
Stokes, F.W.,
Swan, H. C,
Swinden, C,,
Symes, R.,
Taplbt, R.,
Tassie, A. D.,
Taylor and Dunn,
Taylor, F.,
Taylor, J.,
Taylor, T.,
Tennant, A.,
Tennant and Love,
Tennant, J.,
Thomas, Messrs.,
Thomas, Mrs. £.,
Thomas, N.,
Thomas, J.,
Thomson, R.,
Thorold C,
Mount Brown
Mount Sferle
Woolundunga
Canowie
H., Chucka bend
[^(addenda)
Murray scrub
Eillanoola, £. and W.
Mount Benson
Buttamuck
Greenpatch
Uley
Sleep's
Warrakimbo
Salt creek
Leigh's creek
Macdonnell lake and
[Fowler's bay
Tourville bay
Hynam
Fountain
Beltana, or Warenta
Mount Deception
Widinna
Monster E.
Tilley's swamps
Avenue flat
Meredey
Messemurray
View bank
Point Riley
Lake Hawden W.
Woolmit
Yednelue
Angorigina (addenda)
Willochra
Cheriroo, N.E.
American river
Hog bay river
Point Lowly
Biscuit flat
North-west bend E.
Arden mount
Bimbaourie
Punch bowl (addenda)
Fairview
Parla W.
Wedge hill S.
Lake Newland £.
Salt creek
Baratana
Cochrane's well
(addenda)
Cape St. Albans
Mount Hall
Parla N.
Wetera
Caumamont
^ Weriander
Digitized by LjWirrianda
«96
The South Australian Gazetteer.
[Index
Thyer.J.
TiUej and Co.
TiUey and Ormerod
Tinlioeand Either
ViOKERT, J.
Waroona
Reedy creek S.
Avenue
Avenue range
Bon ney lake, S.£.
North Avenue
Bivoli hay
Wirraborra
Wildota
Waitb p. Waite'a hiil
Walker, Kankine and Co, Coolatoo
„ Mount Monster
Walker, W. Hog bay
WaUer,J. Tank hill
Ware and Chapman • WorldVend
Warwick, J.
HoUowelena
Wilyerpa E.
Kilbride
Nangwarry
Thurk
Whyte's
Williams and Bagot Baan hill
Carcunia, or Tauragal {addenda)
Watson, A.
WhyteJ.
Williams, J.
Wills, J.
Wilsfio and Featberstone
Black rock
Illapioipa
Mitchelili
Apaana
Coffins' bay
Lake Hamilton £.
Kappindee
Tooligee hill
YouNQHUSBAMD and Ferguson Mount
Hamilton
FEROU880N AND MOORE, PRINTERS, FLIKDERS LAKE EAST.
LA«£ EAST. T
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ADVKRTISEMENTf.
SOUTH AUSTRALIAN
BANKING COMPANY.
ESTABLISHED, 1836.
INCORPORATED, 1847.
CAPITAL PAID-UP £500,000 Sterling.
LONDON COURT:
W. CHIPPENDALE, Esq.
JOHN BAZLEY white, Esq.
F. EOBAETS, Esq.
J. H. LECKIE, Esq.
F. C. WILKINS, Esq.
C. J, heath, Esq.
W. W, KEE, Esq.
GEORGE MARTEN, Esq.
EDWARD STIRLING, Esq.
MANAGER IN LONDON:
WILLIAM PURDY, Esq.
LONDON OFFICE,
54 OLD BBOA.ID STREJET, E.G.
a
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U. ADYEBTISEMENTS.
South Australian Banking Company — (Continued.)
ADELAIDE ESTABLISHMENT.
I1V8PSCTOR AND €OI.ONIAIi SIANAOSR:
JOHN CX)LiaiAN DIXON, Esg.
liOGAIi DIRECTORS!
HON. WILLIAM MILNE.
GEORGE YOUNG, Esq.
NEVILLE BLYTH, Esq., M.P.
nANAGSR-
WILLIAM SELBT DOUGLAS, Esq.
AOTII¥» ACCOUNTANT:
JAMES STEELE, Esq.
TEIiliBRS:
Mb. F. D. HODGE.
Mb. a. J. BIEKS.
SOIilCITORS:
Messbs. BAKEWELL & SCOTT.
• DISCOU NT^ D AYS— Each week-day except Saturday, at 12 o'clock.
HOUES OF BUSINESS— 10 to 3 o'clock daUy, except on Satiirdays, when the
Bank is closed at 1 o'clock
BANE HOLIDAYS— The same as at the Goyemment Offices. The Bank closes
for Half-yearly Balances on June 30 and December 31.
BEANCHES.
Poirt J^<lela,ide Siraiieli.
* Manager— T. J. MITCHELL, Esq.
DISCOUNT DAY§— Mondays and Thursdays, at 12 o'clock.
Oa-^ivler Sx*a,iieli.
Manager— J. A. BUCHAN, Esq.
DISCOUNT DAY— Monday, at 1 o'clock.
Krol>e Brancli.
Manager— THOMAS D. SMEATON, Esq.
T^allRToo Rii<l KRdina, SirRnelies.
Manager— A. J. JAMIESON, Esq.
HMCoonta. JSirRneli.
Acting Manager— J. R. CORPE, Esq.
Port Victor, Poirt Elliott Sic Oool^wa Srauelies.
Acting Manager— JOHN HENDERSON, Esq.
BUouiit Pleasant Sraneli.
Acting Manager— HENRY STAPLEDON, Esq.
GDamiiicIa Sraneli.
Managing Director— C. VON BERTOUCH, Esq.
Digitized by V^OOQIC
ADVEBTISEMENTS.
South Australian Banking Company — (Continued. J
AGENTS.
New South Wales,
Bank of New South Wales, London Chartered Bank of Australia, Commercial
Banking Company, and Australian Joint Stock Bank. 9
'Victoria.
Bank of New South Wales, Bank of Victoria, London Chartered Bank of Australia,
Oriental Bank Corporation.
QueensUmd.
Bank of New South Wales.
New Zealand.
Bank of New South Wal^fe, Bank of Otago.
Tasmamia.
Commercial Bank. #
Western Australia.
Western Australian Bank.
India.
Oriental Bank Corporation.
China.
• Oriental Bank Corporation.
Singapore.
Oriental Bank Corporation, and Paterson, Simons and Co.
MavriUiLs.
Oriental Bank Corporation.
Cape of Good Hope.
Cape of Good Hope Bank.
Algoa Bay.
Standajrd Bank of British South Africa.
Brazil.
London and Brazilian.
Hamburg.
R. V. Swaine and Co.
• Scotlamd.
"Royal Bank and Branches.
Irehmd.
National Bank and Branches.
. ENGLISH AGENTS.
Devon and Cornwall Banking Company. ,
BEampshire Banking Company.
Hull Banking Company.
Halifax Commercial Banking Company.
Glamorganshire Banking Company.
Birmingham Joint Stock Bank.
National Bank of Liverpool.
Falnumth a^d Penryn — ^Messrs. Tweedy, Williams and Co.
HeUton, fOormooll)— H jssrs. Yivian, Grylls, Kendall and Co.
Digitized by V^OOQIC
IT. ADVEBTISEMEKTS.
Ineorporated by AeU of the Victorian, South Auttralian, and West Auttralian Legitlataru.
CAFITAIi- - - » - £1,000,000.
PAZD-VF CAFITAI.- - £S40,000.
RBSERTE FUWD - - £l30,000.
MELBOURNE OFFICE.
Chairman, Thi Hon.%ib FRAJfl^CIS MURPHY, Speaker of the Legislative Asgembly.
The Hon. Sir JAMES FREDERICK PALMER, President of the Legislative Councal.
ANDREW SUTHERLAND, Ea^
GEORGE MARTIN, Esq,
KAKAOB&.
FREDERICK WRIGHT.
ACCOVVTAITT.
ALFRED PRIESTLEY.
ADELAIDE OFFICE.
The Hon. ARTHUR BLYTH, M.P. I JOSEPH PEACOCK, Esq., J.P.
THOMAS GRAVES, Esq., J.P. | The Hon. ABRAHAM SCOTT, M.L.C.
EDMUND MACKENZIE YOUNG.
ACCOVlTTAirT.
RICHARD G. PROLE. f
UrSPBCTOA or B&ASr€BII8.
RICHARD G. WILKINSON.
BRANCHES. AND AGENCIES IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
Angaston. Kaptmcla. Nuriootpa. • Strathalbyn.
Auburn. Kooringa. Penola. Wallaroo.
Olare. .Moonta. Port Adelaide. Wiflimga.
Qawler. Mount Barker. Port Augusta. Port Macdonnell (Agency.)
Kadina. Mount Gambier. Robe.
BRANCHES AND AGENCIES IN VICTORIA.
Bacchus Marsh, Colac. Geelong. Sandridge.
'Ballaarat. Coleraine. Hamilton. Scarsdale.
Buninyong. CoUingwood. Prahran. * Taradale.
Oamgham. Dayle&dPord. Richmond* Biyboisdale (Agency,)
Clnnes. Emerald HilL Sale.
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ADVERTISEMENTS.
Nationaj* BAifK OF AUSTRALASIA — (Continued.)
BRAirCHES IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
I*©rth ^ ... Mcmager, Jokn P. Law.
Geraldton, Champion Bay Agent, J. Smyth.
AOENOIES IN
New Soath Wales. India. Cape of Gfood "EL&pQ.
Tasmania. ' China. Scotland.
New Zealand. Valparaiso. Ireland.
Queensland. Califorma. *
LONDON OFFICE, 10 CORNHILL, E.C-
DUBCTO&S.
J. W. MUTTLEBURY, Esq. | F. J. SARGOOD, EsQ.
G. S. WALTERS, Esq.
SOXACZTO&S.
Mbssrs. MAYNARD & SON.
THOMAS MOOR HARRINGTON.
TERMS OF BUSINESS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
APPROVED BILLS DISCOUNTED DAILY,
^ A T E S:
On Bills not exceeding 65 days* currency 8 per cent, per annum.
„ exceeding 65 and not exceeding 95 days* currency, 9 „ „
„ exceeding 95 days* currency ... 10 „ „
Overdrawn Accounts and Advances 10 „ . „
Interest jAllowed on DepositSm
Subject to Thirty Days* Notice of Withdrawal ... 4 per cent, per aniliim.
Fixed for Three Months 4 „ ,,
„ Six Months 5 „ „
„ Twelve Months 6 „ „
I>It^^iLFTS ISSXJEO
ON THE ABOVE-NAMED BRANCHES AND AGENCIES, AND
BRITi;SH, COLONIAL AND FOREIGN BILLS.
PURCHASED OR COLLECTED.
Adblaidb, November^ 1866.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Tl. ADVERTISEMEKTS.
ENGUSH, SCOTTISH, & AUSTRALIAN
CHA RTERED B AM.
Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1853.
PAID-UP CAPITAL, - - - - £600;000,
WITH POWER TO INCEEASE TO '^1,000,000.
Bead Ottce:
73 OOR^milili, Ii025rD025r-
€;OVRT OF DIRECTORS.
Wm. Boradafle, £«q*
Geo. H. Donaldson, Esq.
Alex. L. Elder, Esq.
Robert Howe, Esq.
S. P. Kennard, Esq.
AEORBTARIT,
HENRY MOTTLES, Esg.
John S. Bigee, Esq.
James R. Robertson, Esq.
John R. Thomson, Esq.
Thos. W. Watson, Esq.
P. J. Vanderbyl Esq.
BBANCHE8.
In South Australia— Adelaide, Eapunda, Mount Gambier, and dare.
In Viotoria— Melbourne, Williamstown, Collingwood, and Castlemaine.
In Nrw South Wales— Sydney, Wollongong, and Eiama.
AGENTS.
IBBLANI>- The Bank of Ireland.
SCTOLAND— The Britbh Linen Company and its Branches, the National Bank of
Scotland, and the North of Scotland Banking Company, Aberdeen.
LiVBBPOOL— The Royal Bank of Liverpool.
Mai^ CHBSTEB— Sir Benjamin Heywood, Bart, and Co.
BiRifiNOHAM— Lloyds and Co.
Plymouth— Harris, Bulteel and Co.
Bristol, Cardiff and Newport— The WestofEnglandandSouthWaleeDistrict Bank.
SOUTHAMPTON—The Hampshire Banking Compan^
c Truro and Camborne, Cornwall— Willyams and Co., Miners' Bank.
Tasmania— The Bank of Tasmania.
India— The Agra and United Service Bank.
Capi of Oood Hofb— Thompson, Watson and Co.
Dunbdin, New Zealand— Bank of Otago.
sotjth: ^tjste.^IjI^.
I.OCAIi DIRECTORS.
r « Hon. niomas Elder, M.L.C. | Hon. Johi^ Moiphett, M.L.C.
George Young, Esq.
inLAIVAOBR.
John Brodie Spence.
ACCOVNTANT. SOLICITORS.
Wm. Henry Stratford. | Messrs. Stow and Bruce.
Drafts on London Office, Branches and Agents of the Bank in all quarters of the World,
iffUed at current rates of Exchange.
Approved Bills on England, Scotland, and the Colonies, purchased, or remitted for
eeUection. , , .^
Local Bills discounted, and Cash Credit Accounts opened on approved security.
Interest allowed on fixed Deposits at the most favourable rates.
JOHN B. SPENCE, Manager.
EngMsh, ScotHsh, and Australian Chartered Bank, King William Street.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
ADVERTISEMENTS. Vll.
%\t §aiik 0f
INCORPORATED^ BY ACT OF PARLIAMENT.
CAPITAL One Quarter of a Million.
IN 60,000 SHARES OF M EACH.
r>IREOTORS :
THE HON. HENRY AYERS, M.L.C., Chairman.
GEO. P. HARRIS, Esq.
HON. THOS. MAGAREY, M.L.C.
ROB. BARR SMITH, Esq.
THOS. G. WATERHOUSE, Esq.
UK AID OB^JP'ICK:
6RESHAM CHAMBERS, KING WILLIAM STREET, ADEUIDE.
JOHN SOUTTAR, Esq., Manager.
HENRY STODART, Esq., Accountant.
BRANCHES.
Eapunda WM. GARSED, Esq., Manager.
'Gawkr E. S. BURKITT, Esq., Manager.
Goolwa J- W. PERYMAN, Esq., Manager.
Port Adelaide G. A. CONNOR, Esq., Manager.
PorNElliott Agency... P. C. GREYAR, Esq., Agent.
AOCNTS.
IN LONDON :
T^JE union bank of LONDON.
IN victoria: '
THE COLONIAL BANK OF AUSTRALASIA.
IN NEW SOUTH WALES:
THE COMMERCIAL BANKING COMPANY OF SYDNEY.
IN NEW .ZEALAND:
THE BANK OF NEW ZEALAND.
JOHN SOUTTAR, Manager.
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Yiii« ADVSBTISBHBMTS.
> ■ I — ^— ^^^^■^^^— -^^ III I I II I 11, , »^l— — W— — —I— 1^^— ,
ROYAL
. Capital ... * £2,000,000.
Annual Bevenue - - over £600,000.
•
• SPIES BEAKCH.
uuuranoeB granted at Reduced Fremimns. Claims settled in Adelaide.
Moderate Premiums^ Liberal Conditions, and Undoubted Security.
MEDICAL. REFEREE.
R. W. MOORE, Esq., Colonial Surgeon.
No Extra Chsurge for Voyage to England.
AGBAMAN, MAIN, LINDSAY ft CO., Agents,
LONDON AND LANCASHIRE
CAPITALS :
FIRE, iei,000,000. j LJF£, ieiOO,000.
OFFICES :
l^ndon-^Leadenhall Street, ComhilL LlTerpool—Brown's BnlldingB.
FiBB Aatis on application at Office. Lite Folicibs subject to special advantages.
Claims promptly ssttled jn the colon r. Aobnts in all the principal Towns
of South Australia.
C. ELLERSHAW, General Agent,
77 Enra William Stbeet, Abelaidb.
Digitized by V^OOQlC
ADVEBTISBMENTS. IX^
THE ADELAIDE
fife Jsstttana ^ ^mxmkt
C O M P A NY.
INCORPORATED BY ACT OF PARLIAMENT, 1866.
CAPITAL OF THE OOMP!aNT, deiOO,000 Sterling,
IN 20,000 SHAKES OF M EACH.
OFFICE— 84 KING WILLIAM STREET.
Directors:
Hon. WM. MILNE, M.P., Chaibmait,
EDWD. MEADE BAGOT, Esq. I JOHN HODGKISS, Esq.
JOHN COLTON, Esq., M.P. | Hon. G. S. KINGSTON, M.P.
Trustees :
Hon. HENET AYEES, M.L.C. | ROBERT BARE SMITH, Esq.
Bankers :
THE BANK OF ADELAIDE.
Solicitor : Manager s
CHAS. MANN, Esq. | JOHN BROWN, Esq.
AdTantages offered to Insuren in the Adelaide Life
Assurance and Ouarantee Company.
1. The Insured will have the securitj of a body of 300 Colonial Shareholders, who have
taken shares to the extent of £100,000, and are liable under the Act of Incorporation for
double the amount of their respective shares.
2. The Insured will participate at once in the benefits by being enlarged a rate of p»remium
lower, on the average, than that required by any other Company, amounting in modt
instances to 10 per cent., and in some cases to more.
3. The Insured will have the advantage of a Local Board of Directors, able to give aU
claims immediate consideration, and to settle them without the delay required for reference
to a distant office in !Qneland or elsewhere.
4. The Insured will also, as colonists, be indirectly benefited by the profits of the Company
being retained, and the capital and accumulating premiums being invested in the colony.
Eorms of application for Life Assurances and for Policies of Guarantee, may be obtamed at
the Offices of the Company
The Bates of Premium are Lower on the average than those required by any other Company,
OFFICES, 84 KING WILLIAM STREET, ADELAIDE.
JOHN BRO^QVN, Manager
agents afpointbd in thb pbincifal towns in the colony.
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ADVEBTISEMEKTS.
NIW SOUTH WALES
mm %mum Cumpttg.
hjb:.^ijd omoEs
^m&^E^ WWWm
Incorporated by Act of Council, 1861..
{TJlSTXaXls/LXTlEllD 3LIA.BII-ITTr.)
f
The undersigned having been appointed the Agents of the above
Company for this Colony, are now prepared to issue Policies on Marine
Risks at 'the Current Rates of Premium, the particulars of whic'b can
be obtained on application.
POLICIES
On Goods and Gold to Great Britain issued in Triplicate, payable
in London, in case of loss, by Messrs. ATKINS & Co., of St. Helen's
Place, the Company's Agents,
JOSEPH STILLING & Co.
Adelaide, 1866.
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ADVERTISEMENTS. XI.
AUSTRALIAN MUTUAL PROVIDENT
• (LIFE ASSURANCE) SOCIETY.
SstabUshed 1849.
PRINCIPAL OFFICE: PITT STREET, SYDNEY.
Annual Fremium Revenue^ £100,279, .
Invested Funds, £310,000,
ADELAIDE AGENCY.
MEDICAL REFEREE: WM. GOSSE, ESQ.
Life Assurance, Annuity, and Endowment Business is transacted by the
Society on favourable terms.
The Entire Profits of the Society, being the property of the Members, are
from time to time divided rateably among themselves.
Forms of Proposal and every other information can be obtained from the
imdersigned, or from any of the Medical Referees throughout the colony.
THOMAS PADMAN,
NOaXB TSBJtACE, Ai^enf, Adelaide.
OPPOSITE THE EAUiWAT STATION.
For Fire, Life, and Marine Insurance and Guarantee
for Fidelity.
The Wily C<mpany that Dividet Profits in the Fire and Guarantee Departments vnth the Insurers.
aj^FTrrj^Xj - - - £250,000.
ADELAIDE BEANOH— FEANOIS OLAEK & SONS, Agents.
The distmctive character of the Australian Alliance Company is that, whilst accepting
Assurances upon terms and rates equi7alent to the risks incurred, it offers to its customers
an equitable participation in the profits accruing from the successful transaction of its
business.
FIRE DEPARTMENT.— Premiums in no case higher than in other offices, while fifty per
cent, of the profits will be returned to Insurers upon PoUcies three years in existence.
GUARANTEE DEPARTMENT. -The Policies of this Ck)mpany are accepted bv the
South Australian Government. Premium rates from Fifteen Shillings per cent., or combined
with life Assurance from Two Shillings and Sixpence per cent.
\* A proportion of the profits of this department is divisible among the Insurers. Twenty-
five per cent, is retumaole on policies two years in existence, and Fifteen per cent, on
policies renewed after one year.
LIFE DEPARTMENT.-- Premium at the age of 30 to insure £100 at death, £2 2s. 6d., or
with share of profits, £2 8s. 2d.
.^MARINE DEPARTMENT.— Policies for Marine Risks granted at Current Rates, payable
in the Colonies or in London.
Further particulars may be had on application to the Agents,^
FRANCIS GLABE & SONS, Blyth Street
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Xll. ADVERTISEMENTS.
THE
^ttstralasOT InstiraM Cmttpanj^.
BSTABIilSBKD ISST.
• COLLINS STREET WEST, MELBOURNE.
SUBSOBIBED OAFITAL: ^£500,000. PAID-UP CAPITAL: £125,000.
Board of Dirtctors,
Hon. JAMES GRAHAM, Esq., M.L.C., Chairman.
Hon. W. J. T. CLARKE, Esq., M.L.C, Vice-Ckairman.
S^Sv^i'J?^?,?.??J?*^SER, Esq., M.L.C. I E. P. S. STURT, Esq., P.M.
EDWARD COHEN, Esq., J.P. | JOSEPH GRIFFITHS, Esq.
Auditors,
JAMES FOWLER, Esq. | THOMAS THORP, Esq.
Bankers.
BANK OF NEW SOUTH WALES. | COLONIAL BANK OF AUSTRALASLA.
Solicitors. Standing Counsel.
Messrs. MALLESON & ENGLAND. | ARCHIBALD MICHIE, Esq, Q.C.
Medical Officers,
W. H. CAMPBELL, Esq., F.RC.S.E. | J. B. MOTHERWELL, Esq., M.D.
Marine Surveyor. Actuary. Architect.
Captain W. G. GRAVE. | G. B. COWLEY, Esq. | J. E. AUSTIN, Esq.
Secretary.
E. L. MONTEFIORE, Esq., J.P.
c3-E3a3ii0 2!Ta- Bi2,-A.2<roia:.
Directors.
R. B. RONALD, Esq. | ALEXANDER BUCHANAN, Esq.
Secretary.— Q,^0^(^^ FRASER, Esq.
Fire Risks taken at lowest current rates.
Marine Risks accepted at current rates, and losses made payable either at the Head
Office, Melbourne, or at any of the Agencies of the Company in Great Britain, India, or
the Colonies, at the option of the assured.
Life Policies issued on very favourable conditions. No extra charge to tnembers of
Volunteer Brigades. Very extended geographical limits allowed. Claims paid within one
calendar month after proof of death.
Particular attention is directed to the fact that the funds belonging to the Life Branch
are protected by special Act of Parliament against any claim arising out of the Fire and
Marine Branch; a substantial guarantee is thus afforded to policy-holders.
liondon— Messrs. Joshua Brothers & Co.
t/iilcatta — Messrs. Mackillop, Stewart & Co.
Bombar— Messrs. John Clover & Co*
Wlinnghat— Messrs. Augustine Heard & Co.
Singapore — Messrs. W. Spotdswoode & Co.
K«Bg Kong— Messrs. Augustine Heard & Co.
AEBnrltin»--Me5srs. Joshua Brothers.
Sxdnej— Messrs. Montefiore & Te Kloot.
Santon, N.S. W.— Mr. JoW McLeod.
I¥efrca9tl«, !V.fi.W.— Mr. R. H. Grierson.
A«l«laide--Mr. Percy Wells.
Port ITIacdonnell, r9.A.— Messrs. T. Must & Co.
Uobart 1'owa— Messrs. W. Crosby & Co.
Brisbane — Mr. John Fenwick.
I¥elson~Messrs. J. Levien & Co.
Auckland, IV.Z.— Messrs. A. WooUey & Co.
Christchnrcli, N.Z.— Messrs Matson & Torlesse.
Bnnedin, N.Z.— Messrs. W. & G. TumbuU & Co.
WelUngton, N.Z.—Messrs. W. & G. Tumbull & Co.
Agricnltnml Agent.— Mi. Henry Stevenson, 90 Queen^treet, Melbourne.
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ADVEBTISEMENTS. ^ Xlll.
^ .
THE
Itorll^mt Jfm ^ fife %BBnxmxa €ami^mia.
CAPITAL - - - - ;^2,ooo,ooo.
ACCUMULATED FUNDS, - - £^oo,ooq.
Head Offices :— LONDON, ABERDEEN, & MELBOURNE.
ButucToas Foa Australasia:
Hon. CHARLES SLADEN, M.L.C. I ALFRED ROSS, Esq. •
JAMES GILL, Esq. | ANDREW B. WHITE, Esq.
Medical Referee : Dr. PUGH. Auditor: GEORGE BUTCHART, ESQ.
Secretary: JAMES RATTRAY.
Fire Insnraaces effected at current rates of Premiums.
Life Department. — ^The rates charged are the same as in England ; are calculated on the
latest data of mortality there ; and will be found peculiarly favourable to assurers.
The Participation Branch for those who wish to share in the profits, combines all the
advantages of the Mutual system, without individual liability.
ADELAIDE OFFICES: GRENFELL STREET
C. L., HIEYER, Resident Seeretary.
AIMIMCI BMTISl Mi fSIHtSM
LIFE AND FIRS
ASSFRANCE C-OMPANY.
CAPITAL, £5,000,000.
INSUEANCES EFFECTED
AT THE LOWEST COLONIAL RATES,
AND *
LOSSES PAID HEBE IN CASH.
JOHN MORPHETT, Agent.
Kins William Street, Adelaide.
/
Digitized by VjOOQIC
XIV. • ADVERTISEMENTS.
__ _ »
INTEBCOLSIIIIL KBEIiCI.
» -■SC03Z- »••
18 COLLINS STREET EAST, MELBOURNE.
mm. 7. M. SOKOMOK
Has the honour to inform the Public of South - Australia, that he has
COMMENCED BUSINESS IN MELBOURNE AS A
\^ M _. _ ^.„ _ _ _. ,^.„ _
f>
And trusts his general knowledge of the business, together with the
confidence of the South Australmn public, which a residence of above
twenty years in that colony has enabled him to acquire, will be a sufficient
guarantee that any business with which he may be fe-voured will be pimc-
tually and faithftdly executed.
J. M. S. will be glad either to Purchase or Sell
Merchandise or Colonial Froduce^
and will at all times be prepared with information of the latest moment as
to the Victorian Markets. He will be prepared also to gfve any information
to his friends visiting Melbourne.
Orders by Telegram or Post will receive prompt attention.
October 9, 1866.
PARR & LUXMOORE,
%Vid!imm% an!tr General €ammmm %%txd%
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It will be old news to our readers in Australia to be informed that a " Victorian
OiiZL'tieer and Road Guide" of remarkable merit has been published in Melbourne
hy Mr. BtuUiere ; but they will like to hear what impression the work has made
on thijj side of the globe. When people in England wanted to obtain information
of a Id^^nl nature, geographical, political, social, or statistical, respecting the colony
of Viidoi ia, they were wholly at a loss to know where to get it. There are extant
numeRiua books of travel, historical compilations, and other large and compre-
hensivf- sources of intelligence, including the Registrar-General's exhaustive
returns, from which, doubtless, one might procure the desiderated particulars after
tue a^nrch. But to sift such elaborate publications for the small, but essentiiJ,
fiiets DDe is in daily need of, woxdd be veiy much like the old process of hunting
fur a noorlle in a bottle of hay. All that is required is here prepared to our hand,
fully and ftccurately, in the clearest form and tne most complete exposition. We
will tint attempt to speculate upon the amount of labour it must have cost to have
gji^lhQrL'il togetner, in a new and perpetually increasing colony, the enormous mass
of clcit^iih contained in this volume ; but we do not hesitate to say, after having
cftK fully tested its contents in a variety of instances, that in the old country,
vhero KUch works are got up under peculiar advantages, we know no publication
of it« claHii deserving of higher praise. The alphabetical arrangement enables the
reader ta put lus finger at once on the place he is looking for ; and there he will
find a Liiaay of practical information such as is rarely given in Gazetteers, and never
except in works of the highest scientific pretensions. All questions are answered
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iiti^nt, JjjMtjtutions, distances, manufactures, produce, trade, and industry. The
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not a word wasted, which is all clear gain to the reader, who thus gets a book
Ijt^mlly crammed full of facts. An excellent map accompanies the descriptive
matter. The whole production does great credit to the judgment and industry of
the coLiapiler, Mr. Robert P. Whitworth ; and it is not too much to add that the
volume will be found as valuable in counting-houses and private libraries in tlds
country, au it will be indispensable to all classes of people in the colony.
BAiLLIERE'S
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AND
ALL DESCRIIIPTDOB^^ ©F SQUATTOIfaQ SECUR0T0E8.
Station Accounts, and all departments of Financial Business in connection with the
Pastoifll Interest, promptly attended to.
jL])¥AXfCE8 Oir WOOL ?OE SHIFMSISTT.
R^ OOLDSBR-OXJGH & CO.
ABE FBEFABED TO MAKE LIBEBAL
ADVANCES ON WOOL FOR SHIPMENT
WITHOOT CHAIGE TOR (D©MMI§§I(DHa
WEEKLY AUCTION SALES OF WOOL, TALLOW, HIDES, Ac.
HEL.I> DURINa THE SEASON.
December Ist, 1866.
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XVm. ADVERTISEMENTS.
COLLINS STREET WEST,
]m:b:i:.botji&]vb:.
CUNINGgAM^^MACREDIE.
AND ALL OTHER PASTORAL PRODUCE
SOLD PRIVATELY AND BY PUBLIC AUCTION.
STATIONS AND STOCK SOLD AND PURCHASED.
Advances made on Wool, nrhether for Sale here or in the
lrf>udon Market; and on all descriptions of Pastoral
Security.
9» C» fil^BSt
Licensed Land Broker under the Real Property Act,
OLAEK'S BTJILDINaS, HINDLEY STREET,
ADELAIDE.
Oovemment ( Purcliased on Commission for Absentees.
Sections ( Purchased and Let on Lease with Bight of Pnrchase.
Property brought under Torrens's Act.
Transfers, Leases, &c. Ac, prepared.
Loans Negotiated, Bents Collected, &c. &c.
Every description of business connected with the Crown Lands Department and
Lands Titles Office transacted.
Absentees having business affiurs requiring attention in Adelaide, can have the
same promptly arranged by forwarding the particulars by letter.
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ADVERTISEMEKTS.
XIX.
iTN Mfmm HOTEL,
Proprietor, .JAMES CHASE.
The Proprietor lias every confidence in recommending his Hotel to Families,
Visitors, Commercial Travellers, Professional Gentlemen, and all others desirous of
enjoying the comforts of a Private House, with the accommodation of a First-class
HoteL
THE COMMERCIAL ROOM
Is reserved for Mercantile* Gentlemen.
En suite with Bath Booms.
*gi«Tni11oi
THE LJlR&E room
Is capable of seating 400 persons, and is admirably suited for Concerts, BaUs, and
Entertainments of every description.
Til llffiS, mun, BUM. &e
Are selected from the first houses in the City.
®»
ULRGB Am WELL-GRASSED PIDDOCKS
With running' water all the year round. The Stabling Accomiiiodation and
Stockyards wiU be fotmd first-class.
Can be hired for any part of the colony.
BORSS AND CATTLE SALES
Held weekly, for which the accommodation wiU be found to be unsurpassed.
The Eoyal Mail Conveyances start from the Hotel for the North on the arrival of
the first train from Adelaide.
Conveyances to and from the Eailway Station on the arrival and departure of
each tram.
In every Department, will be found Modbbatb.
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JX» ADTERTISBMENTS.
lORD PiLMERSTON HOTEL,
AT THE CORNER,
MAIN STREET, KAPUNDA.
J. H. beffs to return his sincere thanks to the public lor the Hberal support
accorded to nim during the past ten years in which he has carried on business as a
Baker and Confectioner, and begs to inform them that he has now opened the above
first-dass Hotel, which will be foimd replete with every accommodation, and where
all Wines and Liquors sold will be found of the best qualities.
Private Parlours, Commercial and Coffee Booms, &c.,
WITH GOOD JlTTKHDASOX.
FIRST-CLASS STABLING IS ALSO PROVIDED.
In soliciting the pati^nage of the public in his new undertaking, J. H. begs to
assure them that no effort shall be wanting on his part to merit tiieir favours.
CHARLES A. HORNABROOK, Proprietor,
Comer of Rundle and Pulteney Streets,
This long established and favourite Hotel has been extensively enWged by tike
addition of a
Including Sitting, Dining, Bed, and Bath Booms, and a
well selected Library.
the: o l i> bc o t et i^
Contains Dining, Sitting, Smoking, and Billiard Booms, kept ea^xtefy
apart for the use of lodgers only.
THE BATH ROOMS ARE FITTED UP WITH
9
ATTAGHtD ARK KReSLLSNT STA«LS»
WrEff COACH Hoirsis.
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ADYEBTISEMENTS.
XXI.
^
DANIEL BATTAM'S
(4CS) miST>JJE-Y STREET, (455)
A ID S Hi iL n ID B .
Back Entrance opposite the Railway Terminns.
AT ONE O CLOCK.
The best Stabling in the City, at the Lowest Price.
86, §UUU f tmt, ADBLAZDB.
FIRST-CLASS STABLING.
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•
XZit. ADYEBTISEMBNTS.
FjymiTcmTcm iom,
88 EINQ WILLIAM ^ffBEET, ADELAIDE,
(ASJonriNa wbitk'b boohs.)
T. C A KNOCK, Proprietor.
PORT ADELAIDE.
NEXT TO THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN COMPANY'S WHARF,
AND DIRECTLY
OPPOSITE THE TELEORAPH OFFICE.
jBlXiESLOTBEE &l7SgELL, F&0FEXET0E.
Eyeiy Accommodatioii for Oaptains and Visitors.
First Class Billiard Table.
.^ ■
^gumwm' %mtm mi ^»il5 giotel,
PIRIE STREET. ADELAIDE.
Private Families and Country Visitors will find this Hotel most
comfortable, and conveniently situated.
BXTENSITJB STABI.INQ AND SHKDS FOB TRAPS,
Adjoining Cohh and Co.*8 New Stables.
HEXTRV FOOTS,
HlNf^LEY AND VICTORIA STREETS, ADELAIDE.
Wholesale and Retail Wme and Spirit Dealer.
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ADVERTISEMENTS. XXIU.
mmmmn,
TA.]VTJ]VI>.A-.
GEORGE FISBER, Froprietor.
F. C. RUSSE&K,
A^^IAIP^ its W#mSt%
FRANKLIN STREET, ADELAIDE.
Ice Forwarded during the SeoBon to aU ParU of the Colony by PtibUe CoTweyancea.
WILLIAM , DETMOLD,
ACCOUNT-BOOK MAMDFACIDRER, BOOKBINDER.
AND PAPER RULER,
44 COLLINS STREET EAST, MELBOURNE.
■woo 13 1«I A-IT'S
PIANOFORTE AND HARMONIUM SHOW ROOMS,
11 HINDLEY STREET, ADELAIDE.
Volunteer Bands and Drum and Fife Bands completely equipped.
Notice! AU the Newest Music at Half Fnhlished Prices.
BST-A^BXilSHHD 1855-
113 HINDLEY STKEET, ADELAIDE, AND PORT ADELAIDE.
PENMAN & GALBRAITH,
LITHOGRAPHERS, ENGRAVERS,
eO lei TJ IKT ID Xi 33 STDaSET, .A. 3D E Ii .A. I 3D B -
Whifl Jftm and other Fancy Labels got up in every variety of style on the shortest notice. Flaof,
" * * Sketches, &o., photo-Uthographed.
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niT. ADYf^nnswM^sTfi,
J. JOLLEB AFDEESON & CO.,
DIRECT
IiyCPOHTERS,
No. 17 HINDLEY STREET.
Hiist of ]> epa.x*tlIl.eIIts•—
Ho8i6rJ and Gloves.
Prints and Ginghams.
Fancy Dress Goods.
English and Foreign Silks, •
ShaWls and Mantles.
Millinery and Straw Goods.
Baby linen and Ladies* Underclothing.
Table Linen and Sheetings.
Longcloths, Irish Linens and Diapers.
Carpets, Floorcloths and Matting.
Table Covers and Furniture Damasks. *
Blankets, Quilts, and Counterpanes.
Portmanteaus and Overland Trunks.
Reaciy-Made Clothing and Gentlemen's Hosiery.
J. M. A. & Co., have added a New Dbpabtmbnt to their Business, viz.:
The TAiLOftiNa, which is under the Management of a First-Olass Ontter.
ASfiUS C10IIIR6 FACTORY, 74 COllINS ST£BET, lElBeUEO.
f\rHOL.ESAtiE CLOTHINO MANUFACTURERS.
A Large Assortment of Tweed, Doeskin, and Silk-Mixed C3otliing always oti hand, at
the lowest possible price, to suit every description of market.
An Inspection of our Goods will satisfy intending purchasers that we can defy
competition.
JOHN OIL.AJRK:,
W^mnhdnxitx^ Ckt^hr, gaiter, anir ^txiJitUv,
87 KING WILLIAM STREET. .
Outfits to all Farte o tlxe GJ-lobe.
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ADl^BTISEMEMTS.
XXV.
^W. C. BTJIK,
47 & 49 RUNDLE STREET, ADELAIDE
SOLE AGENT FOR
LOCK
SEWINa
WHEELER i WILSON'S
STITCH
MACHINES,
mmmimimf'
Wliich has congtaiitly obtained the First Prize "kt every Exhibition and Fair at which it has
been exhibited, and performs with ease all descriptions of Household and Manufacturing
Work, making with gieat si>eed the only firm work. The Wheeler and "Wilson's Lock Stitch
which is the same on both sides of the fabric, is very permanent; will not ravel, or break up
with the smoothing iron, as is the case with the chain and tambour stitch ; executes neat,
strong work, with a speed equal to ten experienced sempstresses ; and is so easy that a child
of ten years of age can work it. It is a pleasant and healthful exercise, and the Machine is
an ornament in l^e Drawing-room. Numerous testimonials can be seen on application.
PRIVATE IMSTRUC-nON ROOM FpR LADIES.
Machines packed and forwarded to any part of the colony, with full Instructions for Use
enclosed. Descriptive Catalogue with Prices sent post free.
Observe the Addrens: HHT. C. BUnC, Furnishittg Zronmoager, 47 and 49
&im41e Street Adelaide.
WILLIAMS & RUSSELL,
%nmM%%M> km) mmhshkt^,
LIGHT SQUAEE, ADELAIDE,
* BEG TO CALL THE ATTENTION OP FARMERS TO THE
With their Improyed Clutch Motion,
As shown and greatly approved of at the late Annual Ploughing Match, Adelaide.
Pi4«ai lespectfnlly solicited, and Machines tor Repaix axe vequeated
to be seat in eavly.
DRAYS, CARTS, «. WACCCNS ALWAYS ON HARD.
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XXVi. ADVERTISEMENTS.
EVERY PRIZE CERTIFICATE OF MERIT
HAS BEEN AWARDED TO THE
'i^ ^^ ^^ W^ (^ <s>
IMPORTERS, ADELAIDE,
SINCE THE FORMATION OF THE «
Sont^i %Vi»ttVLlhn Agricultural anir "^oxtunltmnl ^otuiisi,
FOR THE BEST AND LARGEST COLLECTION OF
IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINERT
Exhibited hy Messrs, Tuxford at the Society's various Shows. •
shartin & BAcn,
78, 80 & 82 HINDLEY STREET, ADELAIDE,
Have most complete and extensive SHOW ROOMS, exhibiting Bedsteads and
Mattresses, Dixon's Electro-plated Ware, Cutlery, Stoves, Fenders and Fireirons,
Batiis, Lamps, Brushes, and all Kitchen Utensils.
In the WHOLESALE DEPARTMENT thgr have Bar, Sheet and Hoop
Iron, Steel, Smith's, Tinman's and Carpenter's Tools, Windbw Glass,. Oils and
Colours, Pitch and Tar, Sheep Shears and Turkey Stones, Kerosene," Portable
Forges, Hinges, Screws, Bplts and. Nuts, Wrought-Iron Pipes, Pumps, Harvest
and Garden Tools, Horseshoes, Wire Netting, Millers' Ware, Brass and Copper
Goods, Sheet Indiarubber and Pipes.
MARTIN 4* 8ACH are the Agents in 8<ywth Australia foi
AND FOR
GROVBR & BAKER'S SEWING MACHINES.
PRICES SUPPLIED TO PURCHASERS ON APPLICATION.
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ADVERTISEMENTS. XXVH,
(Late PADMAN & CO.,)
ADELAIDE, GAWLER & EAPUNDA.
Adelaide — North Terrace, opposite Railway Station, Adelaide.
Gawler — Murray-street, opposite Lyndoch Valley Road, Gawlet.
Eapunda — Comer of Main-street and Railway Road, Kapunda.
|mp0rltrs ai %Qxxcnlinxul ^mi^hmtnU
From J. & F. Howabd; Ransomes & Sims; R. Hornsbt & Sons;
CoLMAN & Morton, and other Makers.
FENCING WIRE, WEIGHING MACHINES, PORTLAND
CEMENT, &c. &c. &c.
WINDOW-GLASS, PAINTS, OILS, COLOURS, VARNISHES,
LEAD, ZINC, GLUE, &o.
GENERAIi IRONZaONGERT,
Bar and Sheet Iron, Coals, Steel, Nails, Horseshoes, Axles of all kinds,
Springs, Bolts and Nuts, Files, Blacksmiths' Tools, &c. &c.
TIN PLATES, TINMAN'S WIRE, BLOCK TIN, SOLDER, &c.
Galvanised Iron, Corrugated and Plain, Galvanised Screws, Nails,
Rivets and Burrs.
MANUFACTURERS OF
iatobei> Iron inttmng, |ip%.Jl%ap, ^t.
. PEARCE, WINCEY & CO.
HAVE ALSO
STEAM SAW MILLS AND TIMBER YARDS
At aAWLER and KAPUNDA,
And Large Stocks of Baltic Deals, Oregon Cedar, Flooring Boards,
Palings, Stringy-Bark, Spokes, Felloes, Shafts, Building
Materials, &c.
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xxvin.
* ADYEBTISEUEKTS.
HARROLD BROTHERS,
lirHOX^E^-ATiB: ANT> ItETAJOL
V
imBmMBm^EM^^
AND
GENERAL IMPORTERS,
9
X X> S3.
WOOL MB PRODUCE IDYINCED ON,
Consigned to their London House,
32 GBEAT ST. HELEN'S,
r. O N JD O N.
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ADVERTISEMENTS,
XXIX^
A« smtii^ii i s^N
t>
MANUFACTURERS.
I>-A.TE3SrTEBS
OF TBS
GAWLER PLACE & GRENFELL STREET,
PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS
OF THE IMPBOVXD IBOK
fixt-'^xad §mx5 i Safis, •
OA^A^IiEE PLA.CE
AND
ADELAIDE.
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.^XJLX, ADVEBTISEMENTS.
|r0n mh §rsss Jfrankrs,
BOILER MAKERS.
ENGINEEES, MILLWRIGHTS, & BLACKSMITHS.
Tenders and Estimates given for every description of work.
JOSEPH ALLEN,
TEMT AND TARPAULIM MAKER,
AND GENERAL IRONMONGER.
31 KINa WILLIAM STBEET, ADELAIDE.
JOSHUA GURR,
Iron, €ui, anb Cimkr Pert|attt,
CURRIE STREET, ADELAIDE.
AND
15 IS^AIN STREET, KAPUNDA.
Fencing Wire, Galvanised Iron, and all kinds of Blacksmith^ Tools.
EDWARD COX,
lommenti anj leajstoies erected on the Shortest Mee.
ALWAYS ON HAND.
ALSO, AN ASSORTMENT OF TOMB-RAILINGS.
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ADVERTISEMENTS. XXxi.
DECORA.TOR,
J. C. S. being the Inventor of Several Important Improvements
in the Art of Decorative Painting, for whicb he has received a Prize
Gold Medal, besides a large number of Testimonials from some of the
most eminent Architects and Painters in Europe, is enabled to do the
most Elegant and Fashionable House Decorations at astonishing Low Prices.
J. C. S. also begs to acquaint Proprietors that he is willing to Engage
or Contract to keep their Premises in Constant Repair and Fashionable
Order for a small Yearly Rate of Payment (as is customary on the
Continent,) and guarantees for the Superiority of aU his works.
He trusts, by strict attention to business, to merit the patronage so
liberally bestowed.
N.B.~REfERENCES OF THE HISHEST ORDER CAN BE OIVEN. COUNTRY ORDERS BY
POST Will MEET WITH IMMEDIATE AHENTION.
Mabk the Asdbess—
J . C. SOMMER,
No. 257 EUNDLE STEEET EAST,
OPFOSITB THE MABKET QATB.
H. L. VOSZ,
82 RUNDLE STREET, ADELAIDE.
Importer of "Warner's, Jenning^s, and Douglas's Force and Lift Pnmps, Hydraulic Rams,
&c. Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Oils, Paints, Colours, Window Glass, Cement, Plaster
of Paris, Gasfittings, &c. Paperhangings in great variety.
Wholesale Manufactory of Gnttex Ridging, Ac.
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XXZll.
ADYEBTISBMEKTS.
M^foksale PEmrfkcttrrjer tsi %T^Qt Capping, ^ntUnxtg ||ipjes,
&c. kc, &c.
D^er in Sheet Lead, Zinc and Block Tin, White Lead, Oils, Colours, Wmdow Glass,
Paper Hangings, Brashes, &c.
yiumMnc VaiAtlng, Olazing, Vaperhanglng, IJ^ater and Oas Fittings, Juc*
STIINBD GLASS WTSTDOWS OF EVEEY IKESCEIPTIOMr.
KING WILLIAM STREET, Opposite the Town Hall, ADELAIDE.
GLASS, LEAD, OIL AND COLOUR WAREHOUSE,
LEIGH * STREET, ADELAIDE.
iiOBEiiT naBcsair,
WIIOI.ESALE AND RETAIL DEALER
In White Lead, Oils, Coloues, Window Glass, Paperhangings,
Bbushes, Sheet Lead, Zinc, Block Tin,
Jennings* 6in., 7in., Sin. and 9in. Jack Pumps for Sheep Stations,
Wrought Iron and Lead Piping, from fin. to Sin.
FERGUSON, TJRIE, & LYON,
GLASS STAINERS, &c.
STAINED-GLASS WINDOWS,
FOR CHURCHES AND OTHER BUILDINaS,
Executed at the Stained Glass Works, Curzon^street.
ILLUMlNATEiTGOiliiiil^^ WALL
LEAD LiaHTS
In Cathedral, Crown, Sheet and Ornamental Glass.
EMBOSSED PLATE AND SHEET 6LASS, ANY DESIGN.
DESIGNS SUBMITTED WITH ESTIMATE OF COST-
STAINED GLASS WORKS,
CURZON STREET, NORTH MELBOURNE.
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F. F. BAI LLI ERE,
PUELI9EER AND IMPOUTiSU OF
MEDICAL,
ISATOBAL HISTOEY, & SCIENTITIC WOEKS.
SOLD AT LONDON PRICES NET,
A liberal Discount allowed to Libraries, Mechanios' Institutes,
Mk. Bailliere is tiie appomted Agent for
MESSRS. CHARRIERS AND LAUER'S SUROICAl INSTRUMENTS.
BOOK CATALOGUE, GRATIS ; BY POST, 6ii.
JUST PUBLISHED.
Xi>^3srr)SBE.oTja-ia:'s
JOURNAL OF EXPLORATION,
FROM CA^JCNTAHIA, IN BBIARCH OF BUHSJl AND WILIi?.
One Vol 3vo., witli Poiitkait3 and Colored Map, ahwmg aU th«
Known Tracks.
Mpat valuable to those ia searcK of Stations.
F. R BAILLIERE, PUBLISHEE & IKPOETEK,
85 COLLINS BTEEET EAST.
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ADVEETISEMENTS. XXxiii.
SOLOMON BROTHERS,
I
' IMPOETERS AND MANUFACTURERS OF
SADOLSRT a HA,R1VBSS»
HAVE ALWAYS ON SALE—
Saddles and SCarxiess, SiXisliisliL and Colonial.
'Wliips, Sits, Spvirs, Saddle CJLotlxs.
Saddlex*s' Ironmongery, SmsliTvare, Scg.
Bepairs to ScMles xmd Harness neatly amd expeditiously executed, wnd est moderate c^MTfes,
75 numiLE STREET, ADELAIDE.
JOSEPH C. GENDERS,
SADDLEES' IRONMOMEE,
COROMANDEL PLACE, GRENF^LL STREET,
ADE LAI DE. ^
BEAN BROTHERS,
AND
|m^0rta'S of (Srintterg atitr* patent IT^a^r,
MANUFACTURERS OF
BOOT UPPERS OF EyERY DESCRIPTION. *
25 & ar KING WILLIAM STEEET, ADELAIDE,
AND
TOBftENSIDE TANNERY, NEAR THEBARTON.
c
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•
XXXiv. ADVErtfcsEMlNTS.
CURRiE STREET,
GAWLER PLACE, ADELAIDE,
EOPE AND LEATHER MERCHANT.
Importer of American Ckirriages, and American
Carriage Materials, Ac,
ENGLISH AND COLONIAL
KING WILLIAM STKEET NOKTH,
J. J. ttaSEN,
(Sttrrier, ftatj^er Seller, anir §^aler in ^rmirira,
75 HINDLEY STREET, ADELAIDE,
Opposite Martin and ^Sack's.
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ADVERTISEMENTS.
XXXV.
MAGAREY & CO.,
HINDMARSH STEAM MILLS,
AND
At Jtlaclaren's Wharf, Fort,
AND
9© (DmiREIIE STlEIETc, ABELAIBE.
JOHN DARLING'S
liEUT
ON" SALE, HOESEFEED of EVEEY DESCRIPTION. *
Chaff; Oats, Barley, and Maize, Crushed or XJncrushed.
Bran and Polla/rd, Sfc, Sfc, Wholesale amd Betail,
3. U. LXHSILATEB,
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL GROCER,
AND GILBERT PLACE.
11 WESTERN MARKET, MELBOURNE.
AJSm ALL KINDS OF COLONIAL FBODUOE.
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XXXVl. ADVERTIBEMENTS.
iTOE
The Jurors of the New Zealand Industrial Exhibition of 1865 awarded Mrs
L. A. Chance a Certificate of Honorable Mention^ for excellent Sauces and Pickles,
yiz. : —
SAUCES.
Tomato I Prince of Wales
West India | Adelaide Chutnee
Assorted Cases of the above of 3 doz. each, to suit Purchasers.
ASSORTED PICKLES.
ALSO TBT MBS. L. A. ^pANCB*S NKWLT INTBODUCBD PICKLES.
Figs I Tomatoes
Qmnces * | Lemons t.nd Citrons.
Also a Larg^e Assortnient of Jam in 2-lb. Tins, packed in 4-doz. Cases. To be
had of the principal Wholesale and BetaU Grocers in Adelaide.
F. H. FAULDING & CO.,
CLARENCE PLACE, KING WILLIAM ST,, ADELAIDE.
ESTABLISHED 1845-
KRUSE'S FLUID MAGNESIA,
Proved by the Victorian Government and other Analysts and Medical Practitioners
to be more than Double the Strength of any other, and therefore the Cheapest and
most efficacious Remedy for Acidity of the Stomach, Heartburn, Nausea, Vomiting,
Headache, Dyspepsia, I»digestion, Biliousness, &c. With Kruse's Syrup of
Raspberry and Lemon, it forms a Most Agreeable Eflfervescing Drink, a pleasant
Aperient — the best Antidote for Sea Sickness, and to allay the Vomiting so distressing
during Pregnancy.
Some Chemists endeavour to push off the inferior importations, and Ae Public aie
thei^fore requested to ask particularly for •
Kruse^s Fluid J!la§:nesia, tlie Superior Colonial Productioii.
KKUSE'S INSECTICIDE is the* BEST INSECT KILLER of any description
in the Colonies.
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A!DVBRTiaaBMENTS. X3UtV».
■ F. f . BMM.ISES,
4 FUBUSHEB AND IMFOBTES OF
St^bical, Surgital, C|mttal, ^apdnral, (Ingmemiig,
|i;^raraf pstorg, itotogkal, §otamcaI,
AND OTHEE
SCIENTIFIC BOOKS.
A large and select stock of wlueh works always on sale, at
10 4 COLLINS STREET EAST.
PabUc Libraries, and otk^ Institutions supplied at reduced prices.
Mr. Bailliebe, having had considerable experience in publishing both
in England and in the colonies, begs to point out,.to auth(M*s and literati, the
advantages to be derived by placing their works in his hands for publication.
BOOKS ON ANY SUBJECT, SCIENTIFIC. OR OTHERWISE,
IMPORT]gD TO ORDER.'
MONTHLY CONSIGNMENTS SECURED FROM' ALL PARTS
OF EUROPE, AND FROM UNITED . STATES.
F. F. B A I L L I E R E,*
104 GOLLIKS STREET EAST, MELBOURNE.
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ZZZVni. ADTERTISeMENTS.
— >■ I ii j > ■ 1 1 PHI ■ , ■ ■
Setablislied 1851.
AND GENERAL IMPORTERS,
ADELAIDE-GAWLER PLACE.
MELB0UBN3-9S LITTLE COLLINS STREET WEST.
STDNET-^S BARRACK STREET.
MANCHESTEB-^SOUTH PARADE, ST. MARTS.
P. Falk & Co. are regular Importers of Stationery, Outleiy, Perfumery, BrusIiwaiB,
Combs, Iron Safes, Musical Instrmnents, Pianos, Harmoniums, Saddlery, Basketware, Patent
Medicines, Jewellery, Clocks, Watches, Silver Plate, Electro-Plate, Optical Goods, Jewellers'
Fittings, Watch Materials, Fancy Goods, Archery, Portmanteaus, Fancy Ornaments, Tobacco,
Cigars, Tobacconists' Ware, Shop Twine, Cabinetware, Cricketware, Glassware, Crockery,
Clothing, Inks, Iron Bedsteads, Miscellaneous.
All the Newest Patterns in General Fancy Goods received monthly.
Country Orders promptly executed at lowest rates.
Orders forwarded to any of the above Branches will receive imm^iate attention.
WHOLESALE JEWELLERS & GENERAL IMPORTERS,
^TllFIHlIIIKI'i \PLlh©E, l^iyiKIPILl iTKllETT,
91 SMALLBROOK ST., BIRMINGHAM:
• AND
9)5 T©EE STEISIETp STBMET,
Digitized by LjOOQIC
ADVERTISEMENTS.
"REGISTER" AND ^'OBSERVER"
GRENFELL STREET, ADELAIDE.
iTTT-ZR
^KESS
IKINTING,
^HINTING,
jLisTiD 3vi:jft.ci3:iisrjE3 iPiRiisrTiisra-, •
Of every description, executed in the most superior style, and on the most reasonable terms.
MEBSral. ANDREWS. #HOMAS, ft CLARK have great pleasure in axmoiinciiig fhe completion of their New and Oon-
modions Premises, built expressly to suit the yarious requirements of the Trade, the possession of which— together with Hm
latest and most approved Machinery and Materials, and the employment of skilful workmen — enables them to execute all
work committed to their care in a style not to be surpassed, with the utmost expedition, and at the lowest poMible rates.
JuR Impoxted— A Large Quantity of
JVew & Beautiful Founts of Bookwork Type.
Also, New Fmcy Types and Blocks.
Always in Stock, a Great Tariety of Every Description of Papers, Inks, and Cards.
JUST RECEIVED, FANCY PAPERS AND CARDS FROM DE LA RUE'S.
WOOD'ENGRAVINO AND STEREOTYPING EQUAL TO LONDON HOVSES.
Fancy Printing in Gold, Silver, and Bronze,
ft In Inks of say sad ereiy OoUmr.
Poeting and Hand Bills in any quantity got out on the shoiiest notice, by Steam.
Ptosrammeg to ?PuWic Entettainmente promptlg ant rfjeapig eiecuteti*
Books, Forma, and an the work required by Corporationa, District Coundls, Boards, Committees, 4griealinml, Insutsiioe.
Mining, and all other Societies, with piromptitade and on r e aso n a b le terms.
Bill-Heads, Mill and Cart-Notes, Brudnees and Address Cards, Cireolan. Cheques, Chemists' and other Labels (gnmased
and eut), Magarines, Periodicals, Almanacs. Catalogues, Mercantile Prioea Cozrents, Pamphlets, Mario, Deeds with Plaas^
BOOKWORK AND JOB PRINTING il| GENERAL.
a or PBaranra of every deser^tldm and ptioea can be had on ap^leation.
Printed Forms of various descriptions always on hand, such as Mill and Cart Notes,
Acceptances, Bills of Exchange; House, Shop, Store, Wanted, and other Bills; Inden-
tures, Leases, &c., &c.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
ADVERTISEMENTS.
JL IIIIAC0SORGS a €0.,
CLOTHIERS, HATTERS,
AND
GENERAL OUTFITTERS,
40 KING WILLIAM STREET,
The Ctontlemen's Tailoring Department is under the most com-
petent management.
The Boys' Ordered Clothing Department is conducted hy a separate
and experienced Cutter.
The Beady-made Clothing Department is supplied only with Gar-
ments made on the premises.
The Hat Department is in charge of a practical Hatter.
The Shirt Department will be found well supplied with White,
Loiigcloth, and all kinds of Silk and Wool Crimean Shirts, the
fit of which is guaranteed.
Ties, Scar&y Gloves^ and Collars in all the newest and most fashion-
able kinds.
The Portmanteau Boom contains every description of Travelling
and Dressing Bags and Cases, Hat and Bonnet Boxes, and Com-
pendiums, &c. &c. &c.
Men's Mercery in all kinds of Woollen, Merino, and Silk Under-
clothing.
The Fashions received by every Mail.
Every care is taken to give the utmost satisfaction to all Purchasers, and all orders
receive the most prompt attention,
FIVE P£K OENT. DISOOUNT for Oasli allowed on all Purchases above £1.
A MACGEOKGE & CO.,
40 King William Street, Adelaide.
Digitized by LjOOQIC
ADVERTISEMBNT8.
HyaNRHB
SOUTH AUSTRALIAN WINES.
PBEE MEDAL
AWABDED AT
INTERNATIONAL
EXHIBITION
OF
1862.
^l^fi
CELEB RAT E D
RIESLING, (HOCK) AND
TOKAY, WHITE.
BURGUNDY, CLARETS,
AND SHIRAZ, RED.
&xtm msmmm m^m.s%s^<s%&sss '^sm^ms<.
FOR PRICES AND FULL PARTICULARS, APPLY , TO
OR£:]VFli:i^]L. STREET OElL.lL..4.R@»
These first-class Wines, supplied to Merchan ts and Families in
suitable qt
Digitizec
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